1
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Chai D, Zhang Z, Jiang N, Ding J, Qiu D, Shi SY, Wang G, Fang L, Li H, Tian H, Yang J, Zhang Q, Zheng J. Co-immunization with L-Myc enhances CD8 + or CD103 + DCs mediated tumor-specific multi-functional CD8 + T cell responses. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3469-3483. [PMID: 34157192 PMCID: PMC8409417 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal carcinoma shows a high risk of invasion and metastasis without effective treatment. Herein, we developed a chitosan (CS) nanoparticle-mediated DNA vaccine containing an activated factor L-Myc and a tumor-specific antigen CAIX for renal carcinoma treatment. The subcutaneous tumor models were intramuscularly immunized with CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX or control vaccine, respectively. Compared with single immunization group, the tumor growth was significantly suppressed in CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX co-immunization group. The increased proportion and mature of CD11c+ DCs, CD8+ CD11c+ DCs and CD103+ CD11c+ DCs were observed in the splenocytes from CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX co-immunized mice. Furthermore, the enhanced antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, and multi-functional CD8+ T cell induction were detected in CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX co-immunization group compared with CS-pCAIX immunization group. Of note, the depletion of CD8 T cells resulted in the reduction of CD8+ T cells or CD8+ CD11c+ DCs and the loss of anti-tumor efficacy induced by CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX vaccine, suggesting the therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine was required for CD8+ DCs and CD103+ DCs mediated CD8+ T cells responses. Likewise, CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX co-immunization also significantly inhibited the lung metastasis of renal carcinoma models accompanied with the increased induction of multi-functional CD8+ T cell responses. Therefore, these results indicated that CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX vaccine could effectively induce CD8+ DCs and CD103+ DCs mediated tumor-specific multi-functional CD8+ T cell responses and exert the anti-tumor efficacy. This vaccine strategy offers a potential and promising approach for solid or metastatic tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zichun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiage Ding
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shang Yuchen Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Petitprez F, Ayadi M, de Reyniès A, Fridman WH, Sautès-Fridman C, Job S. Review of Prognostic Expression Markers for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643065. [PMID: 33996558 PMCID: PMC8113694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The number of prognostic markers for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has been increasing regularly over the last 15 years, without being integrated and compared. Objective: Our goal was to perform a review of prognostic markers for ccRCC to lay the ground for their use in the clinics. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed database was searched to identify RNA and protein markers whose expression level was reported as associated with survival of ccRCC patients. Relevant studies were selected through cross-reading by two readers. Evidence Synthesis: We selected 249 studies reporting an association with prognostic of either single markers or multiple-marker models. Altogether, these studies were based on a total of 341 distinct markers and 13 multiple-marker models. Twenty percent of these markers were involved in four biological pathways altered in ccRCC: cell cycle, angiogenesis, hypoxia, and immune response. The main genes (VHL, PBRM1, BAP1, and SETD2) involved in ccRCC carcinogenesis are not the most relevant for assessing survival. Conclusion: Among single markers, the most validated markers were KI67, BIRC5, TP53, CXCR4, and CA9. Of the multiple-marker models, the most famous model, ClearCode34, has been highly validated on several independent datasets, but its clinical utility has not yet been investigated. Patient Summary: Over the years, the prognosis studies have evolved from single markers to multiple-marker models. Our review highlights the highly validated prognostic markers and multiple-marker models and discusses their clinical utility for better therapeutic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Petitprez
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Mira Ayadi
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Wolf H. Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, Complément et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, Complément et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Job
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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3
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Ramachandran K, M R B, Jojo A, Pooleri GK, Thomas A. Role of CAIX Expression in Conventional Renal Cell Carcinomas as a Diagnostic Marker and its Prognostic Importance. Indian J Surg Oncol 2020; 12:79-84. [PMID: 33994732 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in understanding of the biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been achieved recently, which led to novel targeted therapies, revolutionising the management of patients with advanced disease. To date, there are no molecular markers which can reliably predict RCC outcome. We investigated whether a novel kidney cancer marker, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), is associated with progression and survival. A retrospective study was done on patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma over a period of 5 years. Immunohistochemical analysis using a CAIX monoclonal antibody was performed on paraffin-embedded blocks from patients treated with nephrectomy for clear cell RCC. Patients were segregated into two categories based on CA IX expression as CA IX ≤ 85% and CA IX > 85%. A comparison was made based on the survival (from date of diagnosis) with CA IX expression. Correlation of CA IX expression and TNM staging, nuclear grading, tumour volume and age was statistically studied using Student's t test. The association between survival and CA IX was done using Mann-Whitney test. The association of CA IX with rest of the prognostic variables were analysed using Fisher's exact test. In our study, CA IX expression > 85% had longer survival compared with those with lower expression ≤ 85%. A significant statistical association was seen with CAIX and lymphovascular emboli, major vessel, perinephric fat, renal sinus fat involvement and distant metastasis. CAIX reflects significant changes in tumour biology that predicts clinical outcome and identify high-risk patients for adjuvant immunotherapy and CAIX targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bindhu M R
- Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - Annie Jojo
- Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - Ginil Kumar Pooleri
- Department of Urology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala 682041 India
| | - Appu Thomas
- Department of Urology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala 682041 India
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4
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Ingels A, Hew M, Algaba F, de Boer OJ, van Moorselaar RJA, Horenblas S, Zondervan P, de la Rosette JJMCH, Pilar Laguna Pes M. Vimentin over-expression and carbonic anhydrase IX under-expression are independent predictors of recurrence, specific and overall survival in non-metastatic clear-cell renal carcinoma: a validation study. World J Urol 2016; 35:81-87. [PMID: 27207480 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-016-1854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical outcomes prognostic markers are awaited in clear-cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) to improve patient-tailored management and to assess six different markers' influence on clinical outcomes from ccRCC specimen and their incremental value combined with TNM staging. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective, multicenter study. One hundred and forty-three patients with pT1b-pT3N0M0 ccRCC were included. Pathology specimens from surgeries were centrally reviewed, mounted on a tissue micro-array and stained with six markers: CAIX, c-MYC, Ki67, p53, vimentin and PTEN. Images were captured through an Ultra Fast Scanner. Tumor expression was measured with Image Pro Plus. Cytoplasmic markers (PTEN, CAIX, vimentin, c-MYC) were expressed as surface percentage of expression. Nuclear markers (Ki67, p53) were expressed as number of cells/mm2. Clinical data and markers expression were compared with clinical outcomes. Each variable was included in the Cox proportional multivariate analyses if p < 0.10 on univariate analyses. Discrimination of the new marker was calculated with Harrell's concordance index. RESULTS At median follow-up of 63 months (IQR 35.0-91.8), on multivariate analysis, CAIX under-expression and vimentin over-expression were associated with worse survival (recurrence, specific and overall survival). A categorical marker CAIX-/Vimentin+ with cutoff points for CAIX and vimentin of 30 and 50 %, respectively, was designed. The new CAIX-/Vimentin+ marker presented a good concordance and comparable calibration to the reference model. Limitations are the retrospective design, the need for external validation and the large study period. CONCLUSION Using an automated technique of measurement, CAIX and vimentin are independent predictors of clinical outcomes in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ingels
- Department of Urology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Postbus 22660, 1100DD, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,IR4M, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Service d'urologie Hôpital Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94271, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - M Hew
- Department of Urology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Postbus 22660, 1100DD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - F Algaba
- Department of Pathology, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, c/Cartagena 340-350, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, AMC University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100DD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R J A van Moorselaar
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Horenblas
- Department of Urology, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Zondervan
- Department of Urology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Postbus 22660, 1100DD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J J M C H de la Rosette
- Department of Urology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Postbus 22660, 1100DD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Pilar Laguna Pes
- Department of Urology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Postbus 22660, 1100DD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Zhao Z, Liao G, Li Y, Zhou S, Zou H, Fernando S. Prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase IX immunohistochemical expression in renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of the literature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114096. [PMID: 25426861 PMCID: PMC4245260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) protein has been correlated with progression and survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The prognostic value of CAIX in RCC however, remains inconclusive according to published works. This study aimed to analyze CAIX as a biological marker to predict RCC patient prognosis. Methods A literature search of the PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases was performed to retrieve original studies from their inception to December of 2013. Fifteen studies, collectively including a total of 2611 patients with renal cell carcinoma, were carefully reviewed. Standard meta-analysis methods were applied to evaluate the prognostic impact of CAIX expression on patient prognosis. The hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were recorded for the relationship between CAIX expression and survival, and the data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.2 software and Stata software 11.0. Results In patients with RCC, low CAIX expression was associated with poor disease-specific survival (HR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.20–2.98, P = 0.006), unfavorable progression-free survival (HR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.14–6.05, P = 0.02) and worse overall survival (HR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.28–3.21, P = 0.002). Furthermore, low CAIX expression was significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastases (odds ratio (OR) = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.15–0.62, P = 0.0009) and distant metastases (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.46–0.96, P = 0.03) and predicted a higher tumor grade (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.31–0.54, P<0.00001). Conclusions Low CAIX expression most likely indicates poor prognosis in RCC patients. Moreover, low CAIX expression was significantly associated with unfavorable clinicopathological factors. To strengthen our findings, further well-designed prospective studies should be conducted to investigate the role of CAIX expression in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhao
- Institution of Urology and Nephrology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Institution of Urology and Nephrology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shulu Zhou
- Institution of Urology and Nephrology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hequn Zou
- Institution of Urology and Nephrology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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6
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Sun Z, Liu B, Ruan X, Liu Q. An enhanced immune response against G250, induced by a heterologous DNA prime‑protein boost vaccination, using polyethyleneimine as a DNA vaccine adjuvant. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2657-62. [PMID: 25190325 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterologous DNA prime‑protein boost vaccination approach has been widely applied as an immune treatment for carcinoma. However, inefficient delivery of DNA remains a major issue. In the present study, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used as a DNA vector carrier to improve the transfection efficiency of the DNA vaccine and stimulate the humoral and cellular immunity against the renal carcinoma‑associated antigen G250. A protein vaccine was included in the immunization strategy in order to produce a prime‑boost effect. A DNA plasmid encoding an antigen G250 fragment was constructed and complexed with PEI. A protein vaccine against G250 was expressed in BL21 (DE3) Escherichia coli cells, by transformation with a pET28a(+)/C‑G250 plasmid. The protein was purified using a nickel‑nitriloacetic acid purification system. The in vitro transfection efficiency of the DNA vaccine was analyzed in HEK293 human endothelial kidney cells. The in vitro transfection efficiency in HEK293 cells was highest 48 h after transfection. Furthermore, mice were primed with 200 µg pVAX1/C‑250 plasmid complexed with PEI, and boosted using 50 µg of purified C‑G250 protein. In order to evaluate the immune response the antibody titer, splenocyte response, and interferon‑γ levels from CD8+ T‑cell splenocytes were analyzed using ELISA, lymphocyte proliferation or enzyme‑linked immunosorbent spot assays. Firstly, the pVAX1/C‑G250 plasmid was shown to be constructed successfully. As compared with the DNA group, the antibody titer, lymphocyte proliferation percentage, and cytokine production level induced by the DNA‑PEI and DNA‑PEI+C‑G250 groups were significantly higher. Furthermore, the DNA‑PEI+C‑G250 group exhibited the strongest humoral and cellular response. Owing to the adjuvant effect of PEI, the pVAX1/C‑G250‑PEI prime plus C‑G250 protein boost regimen could induce a strong immune response, and has been proved to be a potent vaccine candidate against renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqiang Sun
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Jinin Medical College, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Xiyun Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qingyong Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250013, P.R. China
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7
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Shoji S, Nakano M, Sato H, Tang XY, Osamura YR, Terachi T, Uchida T, Takeya K. The current status of tailor-made medicine with molecular biomarkers for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:111-34. [PMID: 23959576 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate use of multiple reliable molecular biomarkers in the right context will play a role in tailormade medicine of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients in the future. A total of 11,056 patients from 53 studies were included in this review. The article numbers of the each evidence levels, using the grading system defined by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, in 1b, 2a, 2b, and 3b were 5 (9%), 18 (34%), 29 (55%), and 1 (2%), respectively. The main goal of using biomarkers is to refine predictions of tumor progression, pharmacotherapy responsiveness, and cancer-specific and/or overall survival. Currently, carbonic anhydrase (CA9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in peripheral blood and p53 in tumor tissues are measured to predict metastasis, while VEGF-related proteins in peripheral blood are used to assess pharmacotherapy responsiveness with sunitinib. Furthermore, interleukin 8, osteopontin, hepatocyte growth factor, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 in peripheral blood enable assessment of responsiveness to pazopanib treatment. Other reliable molecular biomarkers include von Hippel–Lindau gene alteration, hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, CA9, and survivin in tumor tissues and VEGF in peripheral blood for predicting cancer-specific survival. In the future, studies should undergo external validation for developing tailored management of clear cell RCC with molecular biomarkers, since individual institutional studies lack the generalization and consistency required to maintain accuracy among different patient series.
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8
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George S, Bukowski RM. Biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:1737-47. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.12.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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9
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Main Histologic Types of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Differ in Expression of Prognosis-related Genes. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 14:666-673.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Gieling RG, Williams KJ. Carbonic anhydrase IX as a target for metastatic disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1470-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Rana S, Nissen F, Marr A, Markert A, Altmann A, Mier W, Debus J, Haberkorn U, Askoxylakis V. Optimization of a novel peptide ligand targeting human carbonic anhydrase IX. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38279. [PMID: 22693612 PMCID: PMC3365038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-regulated transmembrane protein over-expressed in various types of human cancer. Recently, a new peptide with affinity for human carbonic anhydrase IX (CaIX-P1) was identified using the phage display technology. Aim of the present study is to characterize the binding site in the sequence of CaIX-P1, in order to optimize the binding and metabolic properties and use it for targeting purposes. Methodology/Principal Findings Various fragments of CaIX-P1 were synthesized on solid support using Fmoc chemistry. Alanine scanning was performed for identification of the amino acids crucial for target binding. Derivatives with increased binding affinity were radiolabeled and in vitro studies were carried out on the CA IX positive human renal cell carcinoma cell line SKRC 52 and the CA IX negative human pancreatic carcinoma cell line BxPC3. Metabolic stability was investigated in cell culture medium and human serum. Organ distribution and planar scintigraphy studies were performed in Balb/c nu/nu mice carrying subcutaneously transplanted SKRC 52 tumors. The results of our studies clearly identified amino acids that are important for target binding. Among various fragments and derivatives the ligand CaIX-P1-4-10 (NHVPLSPy) was found to possess increased binding potential in SKRC 52 cells, whereas no binding capacity for BxPC3 cells was observed. Binding of radiolabeled CaIX-P1-4-10 on CA IX positive cells could be inhibited by both the unlabeled and the native CaIX-P1 peptide but not by control peptides. Stability experiments indicated the degradation site in the sequence of CaIX-P1-4-10. Biodistribution studies showed a higher in vivo accumulation in the tumor than in most healthy tissues. Conclusions Our data reveal modifications in the sequence of the CA IX affine ligand CaIX-P1 that might be favorable for improvement of target affinity and metabolic stability, which are necessary prior to the use of the ligand in clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Rana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Nissen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annabell Marr
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Markert
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Altmann
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vasileios Askoxylakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the latest information on biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma and their use in integrated staging systems. RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of the Von Hippel-Lindau defect and the hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha transcripted genes has led to an explosion in the understanding of molecular pathways in renal cell carcinoma. The two most prominent biomarkers are carbonic anhydrase IX and vascular endothelial-derived growth factor. Carbonic anhydrase IX has demonstrated excellent specificity and ability to predict treatment response. Vascular-derived growth factor has good correlation with stage, grade and increased levels with adverse survival. Markers such as CXCL16, ADAM10, B7-H1, Ki-67, survivin, P53, GLUT-1, calveolin-1 and endoglin are continuously being validated. CXCL16 is one of the newest biomarkers, is significantly expressed in papillary renal cell carcinoma and is an independent prognostic marker for better patient survival. The incorporation of biomarkers into integrated staging systems such as UCLA Integrated Staging System, SSIGN and Bioscore are discussed and compared. SUMMARY The use of novel molecular biomarkers are being incorporated into clinical practice. The understanding of molecular pathways will lead to tailored treatment to the individual patient.
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13
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Li G, Feng G, Cuilleron M, Zhao A, Gentil-Perret A, Cottier M, Genin C, Tostain J. CA9 level in renal cyst fluid: a possible molecular diagnosis of malignant tumours. Histopathology 2009; 54:880-884. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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14
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Gimenez SE, Secasan C, Raman JD. Prognostic markers and targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2009; 5:197-205. [PMID: 19284378 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.5.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of advanced renal cell carcinoma remains a persistent clinical challenge with high morbidity and mortality for a large proportion of patients. Until recently, available medical immunotherapy regimens yielded a therapeutic response in only 20% of patients. Advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of renal cell carcinoma have led to a rapidly expanding body of work exploring biomarkers for the disease and targeted therapeutics. We review current investigations into biomarkers and novel therapies for renal cell carcinoma, discuss the concept of anticancer vaccines, and propose a novel target for anticancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elena Gimenez
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, USA
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15
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Wang Y, Wang XY, Subjeck JR, Kim HL. Carbonic anhydrase IX has chaperone-like functions and is an immunoadjuvant. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 7:3867-77. [PMID: 19074859 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) is a hypoxia-regulated, transmembrane protein associated with neoplastic growth in a large spectrum of human tumors. CA9 is expressed in nearly all clear-cell renal tumors; levels of CA9 expression predict prognosis and response to interleukin-2 therapy. These observations may be explained by a novel chaperone-like function of CA9, which allows it to serve as an immunoadjuvant and stimulate an adaptive immune response against tumor antigens. Classic heat shock proteins (HSP) such as HSP110 and HSP70 are up-regulated in response to cellular stress and function to protect intracellular proteins from aggregation. Similarly, CA9 formed complexes with client proteins and inhibited heat-induced aggregation and enabled refolding of denatured client protein. HSP released from injured cells activate an immune response. CA9 bound dendritic cells in a receptor-specific manner. Bound CA9 was internalized by dendritic cells and processed primarily through the proteosomal pathway. In a murine melanoma model, a complex of CA9 and gp100 generated a gp100-specific antitumor response. A soluble form of CA9 shed from tumor cells had the same chaperone-like functions, providing renal tumors and hypoxic cells with a mechanism for stimulating an immune response against extracellular antigens. Interleukin-2 treatment of patient renal tumors in short-term culture increased CA9 shedding, suggesting a strategy for augmenting the immunogenicity of renal tumors. CA9 has chaperone-like functions and CA9 shed from tumors may play a direct role in stimulating an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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16
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Li G, Feng G, Gentil-Perret A, Genin C, Tostain J. Serum Carbonic Anhydrase 9 Level is Associated With Postoperative Recurrence of Conventional Renal Cell Cancer. J Urol 2008; 180:510-3; discussion 513-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of Urology, North Hospital, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Gang Feng
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, North Hospital, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Anne Gentil-Perret
- Department of Pathology, North Hospital, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Christian Genin
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, North Hospital, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jacques Tostain
- Department of Urology, North Hospital, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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17
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Tan X, Zhai Y, Chang W, Hou J, He S, Lin L, Yu Y, Xu D, Xiao J, Ma L, Wang G, Cao T, Cao G. Global analysis of metastasis-associated gene expression in primary cultures from clinical specimens of clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1080-8. [PMID: 18546293 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has a poor prognosis and unpredictable course, and there are no molecular markers that reliably predict ccRCC metastasis. In this study, ccRCC specimens from 84 patients were directly cultured in vitro. Primary cultures from 38 of 94 specimens contained more than 90% tumor cells at the fourth passage. After identification by immunostaining, the primary cultures of metastatic and nonmetastatic ccRCC specimens from the age- and gender-matched patients were subjected to cDNA microarray assays. A total of 842 differentially expressed genes with a FDR (false discovery rate) of 4.79% were identified. Pathway analysis and co-occurrence with "cancer", "metastasis" and "invasion" in the literature annotations functionally enriched the 842 genes and provided an indication of the reliability of our microarray assays. Novel genes associated with metastasis were selected based on protein-protein interactions between 205 differentially expressed genes that co-occurred with "metastasis" and those that did not co-occur with "metastasis" on Medline, and the results of co-expression analysis between the co-occurred genes and unpublished genes. FSTL1, AV722783, SLC15A1, DDX17, ORC2L and PKMYT1 were found to be potential ccRCC metastasis-associated novel genes, according to expression patterns in cultures and tumor tissues. Interestingly, the upregulated genes (CAV1, PKMYT1 and ORC2L) were also upregulated and the downregulated genes (FSTL1, GSTM3, CYR61, SLC15A1 and AV722783) were also downregulated in the primary ccRCC specimens compared with expression in adjacent renal tissues in 37 patients. This study has identified new candidate biomarkers and targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Hulick P, Zimmer M, Margulis V, Skates S, Hamel M, Dahl DM, Michaelson DM, Liebermann T, Signoretti S, Carney W, Wood C, Iliopoulos O. Blood Levels of Carbonic Anhydrase 9 Correlate with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Activity. Clin Proteomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12014-008-9012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Biomarkers for early detection of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may help diagnose minimal residual disease in patients at risk for RCC, can guide anti-angiogenic therapy, or may help identify candidates for adjuvant treatment. In this study, we investigated whether blood levels of carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) correlate with RCC tumor burden and therefore disease activity.
Methods
CA9 is a von Hippel–Lindau–hypoxia inducible factor target upregulated in clear cell RCC. We used an anti-CA9 antibody (M75)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test to measure CA9 levels in blood obtained before and after nephrectomy for clinically localized disease in patients with: (1) clear cell RCC, (2) papillary and chromophobe RCC or oncocytoma, or (3) benign kidney lesions, and we compared these samples to blood drawn from normal control individuals.
Results
We observed a significant (p < 0.006) decrease in the blood levels of CA9, after nephrectomy for localized disease, in the majority of patients with clear cell RCC (57%). In contrast, patients with nonclear cell RCC, benign disease, or those having undergone debulking nephrectomy for metastatic disease did not have a decrease in CA9 blood levels after nephrectomy. Preliminary longitudinal follow up measurements of CA9 levels in a small group of patients indicated that rising CA9 levels may correlate with disease progression.
Conclusions
Plasma CA9 levels correlate with disease activity in a subset of clear cell RCC patients and should be considered in future multiplex RCC biomarker development algorithms.
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19
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Li G, Feng G, Achour Y, Genin C, Tostain J. MN/CA9 as a novel molecular marker for the detection of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:91-7. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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