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Xu J, Wang Y, Li P, Chen C, Jiang Z, Wang X, Liu P. PRUNE1 (located on chromosome 1q21.3) promotes multiple myeloma with 1q21 Gain by enhancing the links between purine and mitochondrion. Br J Haematol 2023; 203:599-613. [PMID: 37666675 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) with chromosome 1q21 Gain (1q21+) are clinically and biologically heterogeneous. 1q21+ in the real world actually reflects the prognosis for gain/amplification of the CKS1B gene. In this study, we found that the copy number of prune exopolyphosphatase 1 (PRUNE1), located on chromosome 1q21.3, could further stratify the prognosis of MM patients with 1q21+. Using selected reaction monitoring/multiple reaction monitoring (SRM/MRM) analysis, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal fluorescence microscopy, calculation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), we demonstrated for the first time that PRUNE1 promotes the proliferation and invasion of MM cells by stimulating purine metabolism, purine synthesis enzymes and mitochondrial functions, enhancing links between purinosomes and mitochondria. SOX11 was identified as a transcription factor for PRUNE1. Through integrated analysis of the transcriptome and proteome, CD73 was determined to be the downstream target of PRUNE1. Furthermore, it has been determined that dipyridamole can effectively suppress the proliferation of MM cells with high-expression levels of PRUNE1 in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide insights into disease-causing mechanisms and new therapeutic targets for MM patients with 1q21+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadai Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
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2
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Scoma ER, Da Costa RT, Leung HH, Urquiza P, Guitart-Mampel M, Hambardikar V, Riggs LM, Wong CO, Solesio ME. Human Prune Regulates the Metabolism of Mammalian Inorganic Polyphosphate and Bioenergetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13859. [PMID: 37762163 PMCID: PMC10531210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitous polymer that is present in all studied organisms. PolyP consists of orthophosphates (Pi) linked together by phosphoanhydride bonds. The metabolism of polyP still remains poorly understood in higher eukaryotes. Currently, only F0F1-ATP synthase, Nudt3, and Prune have been proposed to be involved in this metabolism, although their exact roles and regulation in the context of polyP biology have not been fully elucidated. In the case of Prune, in vitro studies have shown that it exhibits exopolyphosphatase activity on very short-chain polyP (up to four units of Pi), in addition to its known cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Here, we expand upon studies regarding the effects of human Prune (h-Prune) on polyP metabolism. Our data show that recombinant h-Prune is unable to hydrolyze short (13-33 Pi) and medium (45-160 Pi) chains of polyP, which are the most common chain lengths of the polymer in mammalian cells. Moreover, we found that the knockdown of h-Prune (h-Prune KD) results in significantly decreased levels of polyP in HEK293 cells. Likewise, a reduction in the levels of polyP is also observed in Drosophila melanogaster loss-of-function mutants of the h-Prune ortholog. Furthermore, while the activity of ATP synthase, and the levels of ATP, are decreased in h-Prune KD HEK293 cells, the expression of ATP5A, which is a main component of the catalytic subunit of ATP synthase, is upregulated in the same cells, likely as a compensatory mechanism. Our results also show that the effects of h-Prune on mitochondrial bioenergetics are not a result of a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or of significant changes in mitochondrial biomass. Overall, our work corroborates the role of polyP in mitochondrial bioenergetics. It also demonstrates a conserved effect of h-Prune on the metabolism of short- and medium-chain polyP (which are the predominant chain lengths found in mammalian cells). The effects of Prune in polyP are most likely exerted via the regulation of the activity of ATP synthase. Our findings pave the way for modifying the levels of polyP in mammalian cells, which could have pharmacological implications in many diseases where dysregulated bioenergetics has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest R. Scoma
- Department of Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Renata T. Da Costa
- Department of Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Ho Hang Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (H.H.L.)
| | - Pedro Urquiza
- Department of Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Mariona Guitart-Mampel
- Department of Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Vedangi Hambardikar
- Department of Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Lindsey M. Riggs
- Department of Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Ching-On Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (H.H.L.)
| | - Maria E. Solesio
- Department of Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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Bibbò F, Sorice C, Ferrucci V, Zollo M. Functional Genomics of PRUNE1 in Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) Tied to Medulloblastoma (MB) and Other Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:758146. [PMID: 34745995 PMCID: PMC8569853 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.758146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the fundamental functions of Prune_1 in brain pathophysiology. We discuss the importance and maintenance of the function of Prune_1 and how its perturbation influences both brain pathological conditions, neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and variable brain anomalies (NMIHBA; OMIM: 617481), and tumorigenesis of medulloblastoma (MB) with functional correlations to other tumors. A therapeutic view underlying recent discoveries identified small molecules and cell penetrating peptides to impair the interaction of Prune_1 with protein partners (e.g., Nm23-H1), thus further impairing intracellular and extracellular signaling (i.e., canonical Wnt and TGF-β pathways). Identifying the mechanism of action of Prune_1 as responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), we have recognized other genes which are found overexpressed in brain tumors (e.g., MB) with functional implications in neurodevelopmental processes, as mainly linked to changes in mitotic cell cycle processes. Thus, with Prune_1 being a significant target in NDDs, we discuss how its network of action can be dysregulated during brain development, thus generating cancer and metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bibbò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Sorice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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Santoro D, Archer L, Di Loria A. Evaluation of the expression and distribution of Prune-1 in the skin of healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:446-447. [PMID: 31286578 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Linda Archer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Antonio Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, Napoli 80130, Italy
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NAMBU JUNKO, KOBAYASHI TSUYOSHI, HASHIMOTO MASAKAZU, TASHIRO HIROTAKA, SUGINO KEIZO, SHIMAMOTO FUMIO, KIKUCHI AKIRA, OHDAN HIDEKI. h-prune affects anaplastic thyroid cancer invasion and metastasis. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3445-52. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Smaldone G, Falanga A, Capasso D, Guarnieri D, Correale S, Galdiero M, Netti PA, Zollo M, Galdiero S, Di Gaetano S, Pedone E. gH625 is a viral derived peptide for effective delivery of intrinsically disordered proteins. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2555-65. [PMID: 23901273 PMCID: PMC3726435 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s44186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetically modified recombinant gH625-c-prune was prepared through conjugation of c-prune with gH625, a peptide encompassing 625-644 residues of the glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus 1, which has been proved to possess the ability to carry cargo molecules across cell membranes. C-prune is the C-terminal domain of h-prune, overexpressed in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers, interacting with multiple partners, and representing an ideal target for inhibition of cancer development. Its C-terminal domain results in an intrinsically disordered domain (IDD), and the peculiar properties of gH625 render it an optimal candidate to act as a carrier for this net negatively charged molecule by comparison with the positively charged TAT. A characterization of the recombinant gH625-c-prune fusion protein was conducted by biochemical, cellular biology and confocal microscopy means in comparison with TAT-c-prune. The results showed that the gH625-c-prune exhibited the ability to cross biomembranes, opening a new scenario on the use of gH625 as a novel multifunctional carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Smaldone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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7
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Virgilio A, Spano D, Esposito V, Di Dato V, Citarella G, Marino N, Maffia V, De Martino D, De Antonellis P, Galeone A, Zollo M. Novel pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives for inhibition of cellular proliferation and motility induced by h-prune in breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 57:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Wang XX, Sun RJ, Wu M, Li T, Zhang Y, Chen L. Differential protein expression in EC304 gastric cancer cells induced by alphastatin. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:1667-74. [PMID: 22799386 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the differential protein expression profile in EC304 gastric cancer cells induced by alphastatin. METHODS Cultured EC304 cells in the exponential phase of growth were randomly divided into alphastatin and control groups. Total proteins were extracted and the two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) technique was applied to analyze differences in expression with ImageMaster 2D Platinum 5.0 software. Proteins were identified using the MASCOT database and selected differently expressed proteins were characterised by western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS 1350 ± 90 protein spots were detected by the ImageMaster software in the 2-DE gel images from the control and alphastatin groups. The match rate was about 72-80% for the spectrum profiles, with 29 significantly different protein spots being identified, 10 upregulated, 16 downregulated, two new and one lost. The MASCOT search scores were 64-666 and the peptide matching numbers were 3-27 with sequence coverage of 8-62%. Twenty-three proteins were checked by mass spectrometry, including decrease in Nm23 and profilin-2 isoform b associated with the regulation of actin multimerisation induced by extracellular signals. CONCLUSION The proteome in EC304 cells is dramatically altered by alphastatin, which appears to play an important role in modulating cellular activity and anti-angiogenesis by regulating protein expression and signal transduction pathways through Nm23 and profilin-2 isoform b, providing new research directions for anti-angiogenic therapy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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9
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Massidda B, Sini M, Budroni M, Atzori F, Deidda M, Pusceddu V, Perra M, Sirigu P, Cossu A, Palomba G, Ionta M, Palmieri G. Molecular alterations in key-regulator genes among patients with T4 breast carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:458. [PMID: 20735841 PMCID: PMC2936331 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prognostic factors in patients who are diagnosed with T4 breast carcinomas are widely awaited. We here evaluated the clinical role of some molecular alterations involved in tumorigenesis in a well-characterized cohort of T4 breast cancer patients with a long follow-up period. Methods A consecutive series of 53 patients with T4 breast carcinoma was enrolled between 1992 and 2001 in Sardinia, and observed up for a median of 125 months. Archival paraffin-embedded tissue sections were used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses, in order to assess alterations in expression levels of survivin, p53, and pERK1-2 proteins as well as in amplification of CyclinD1 and h-prune genes. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were used for survival assessment and statistical analysis. Results Overall, patients carrying increased expression of pERK1-2 (p = 0.027) and survivin (p = 0.008) proteins as well as amplification of h-prune gene (p = 0.045) presented a statistically-significant poorer overall survival in comparison with cases found negative for such alterations. After multivariate analysis, the pathological response to primary chemotherapy and the survivin overexpression in primary carcinoma represented the main parameters with a role as independent prognostic factors in our series. Conclusions Although retrospective, our study identified some molecular parameters with a significant impact on prediction of the response to therapy or prognosis among T4 breast cancer patients. Further large prospective studies are needed in order to validate the use of such markers for the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Massidda
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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ASAP1 promotes tumor cell motility and invasiveness, stimulates metastasis formation in vivo, and correlates with poor survival in colorectal cancer patients. Oncogene 2010; 29:2393-403. [PMID: 20154719 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have previously performed an unbiased screen to identify genes whose expression is associated with the metastatic phenotype. Secondary screening of these genes using custom microarray chips identified ASAP1, a multi-domain adaptor protein with ADP-ribosylation factor-GAP activity, as being potentially involved in tumor progression. Here, we show that at least three different splice forms of ASAP1 are upregulated in rodent tumor models in a manner that correlates with metastatic potential. In human cancers, we found that ASAP1 expression is strongly upregulated in a variety of tumors in comparison with normal tissue and that this expression correlates with poor metastasis-free survival and prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Using loss and gain of function approaches, we were able to show that ASAP1 promotes metastasis formation in vivo and stimulates tumor cell motility, invasiveness, and adhesiveness in vitro. Furthermore, we show that ASAP1 interacts with the metastasis-promoting protein h-prune and stimulates its phosphodiesterase activity. In addition, ASAP1 binds to the SH3 domains of several proteins, including SLK with which it co-immunoprecipitates. These data support the notion that ASAP1 can contribute to the dissemination of a variety of tumor types and represent a potential target for cancer therapy.
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11
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Murakami M, Kaul R, Kumar P, Robertson ES. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase/Nm23 and Epstein-Barr virus. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 329:131-9. [PMID: 19412732 PMCID: PMC5958352 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nm23-H1 was discovered as the first metastasis suppressor gene about 20 years ago. Since then, extensive work has contributed to understanding its role in various cellular signaling pathways. Its association with a range of human cancers as well as its ability to regulate cell cycle and suppress metastasis has been explored. We have determined that the EBV-encoded nuclear antigens, EBNA3C and EBNA1, required for EBV-mediated lymphoproliferation and for maintenance EBV genome extrachromosomally in dividing mammalian cells, respectively, target and disrupt the physiological role of Nm23-H1 in the context of cell proliferation and cell migration. This review will focus on the interaction of Nm23-H1 with the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens, EBNA3C and EBNA1 and the functional significance of this interaction as it relates to EBV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program of Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Galasso A, Zollo M. The Nm23-H1-h-Prune complex in cellular physiology: a 'tip of the iceberg' protein network perspective. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 329:149-59. [PMID: 19390954 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nm23-H1 (also known as NDPKA) and h-Prune form a protein complex that is part of a little-understood protein network. Modifications of this complex correlate with cancer status. Here, we focus on the role of the Nm23-H1-h-Prune complex in cellular physiology, through an analysis of the balance between the 'bound' and 'non-bound' states of Nm23-H1 and h-Prune, whereby we speculate on the 'read-out' during cell homeostasis under non-balanced conditions. We have analysed the biochemical activities of both Nm23-H1 and h-Prune alone and in combination, focussing on the anti-metastatic activity of Nm23-H1. We have then investigated the cellular mechanisms responsible for the formation of the Nm23-H1-h-Prune complex. To evaluate the importance of the equilibrium between the formation of the Nm23-H1-h-Prune complex and the 'free' levels of Nm23-H1 and h-Prune, we propose a model based on a pro-cancer condition where this equilibrium is negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Galasso
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologia Avanzate (CEINGE), Via Comunale Margherita 482, 80145 Naples, Italy
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Hsu CG, Lin LY, Ko JL, Yang SF, Chang H, Lin CY, Tsai HT, Chen SC, Chen SC, Wang PH. High expression of human nonmetastatic clone 23 type 1 in cancer of uterine cervix and its association with poor cell differentiation and worse overall survival. J Surg Oncol 2008; 98:448-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tammenkoski M, Koivula K, Cusanelli E, Zollo M, Steegborn C, Baykov AA, Lahti R. Human Metastasis Regulator Protein H-Prune is a Short-Chain Exopolyphosphatase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:9707-13. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8010847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Tammenkoski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnological Medicine, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II of Naples, Italy, c/o CEINGE, Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Katja Koivula
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnological Medicine, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II of Naples, Italy, c/o CEINGE, Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Emilio Cusanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnological Medicine, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II of Naples, Italy, c/o CEINGE, Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnological Medicine, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II of Naples, Italy, c/o CEINGE, Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnological Medicine, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II of Naples, Italy, c/o CEINGE, Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Baykov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnological Medicine, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II of Naples, Italy, c/o CEINGE, Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - Reijo Lahti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnological Medicine, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II of Naples, Italy, c/o CEINGE, Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
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