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Aizad S, Zubairi SI, Yahaya BH, Lazim AM. Centella asiatica Extract Potentiates Anticancer Activity in an Improved 3-D PHBV-Composite-CMC A549 Lung Cancer Microenvironment Scaffold. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-05072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Narkhede AA, Shevde LA, Rao SS. Biomimetic strategies to recapitulate organ specific microenvironments for studying breast cancer metastasis. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1091-1109. [PMID: 28439901 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The progression of breast cancer from the primary tumor setting to the metastatic setting is the critical event defining Stage IV disease, no longer considered curable. The microenvironment at specific organ sites is known to play a key role in influencing the ultimate fate of metastatic cells; yet microenvironmental mediated-molecular mechanisms underlying organ specific metastasis in breast cancer are not well understood. This review discusses biomimetic strategies employed to recapitulate metastatic organ microenvironments, particularly, bone, liver, lung and brain to elucidate the mechanisms dictating metastatic breast cancer cell homing and colonization. These biomimetic strategies include in vitro techniques such as biomaterial-based co-culturing techniques, microfluidics, organ-mimetic chips, bioreactor technologies, and decellularized matrices as well as cutting edge in vivo techniques to better understand the interactions between metastatic breast cancer cells and the stroma at the metastatic site. The advantages and disadvantages of these systems are discussed. In addition, how creation of biomimetic models will impact breast cancer metastasis research and their broad utility is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay A Narkhede
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL
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Scherer A, Kuhl S, Wessels D, Lusche DF, Hanson B, Ambrose J, Voss E, Fletcher E, Goldman C, Soll DR. A computer-assisted 3D model for analyzing the aggregation of tumorigenic cells reveals specialized behaviors and unique cell types that facilitate aggregate coalescence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118628. [PMID: 25790299 PMCID: PMC4366230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a 4D computer-assisted reconstruction and motion analysis system, J3D-DIAS 4.1, and applied it to the reconstruction and motion analysis of tumorigenic cells in a 3D matrix. The system is unique in that it is fast, high-resolution, acquires optical sections using DIC microscopy (hence there is no associated photoxicity), and is capable of long-term 4D reconstruction. Specifically, a z-series at 5 μm increments can be acquired in less than a minute on tissue samples embedded in a 1.5 mm thick 3D Matrigel matrix. Reconstruction can be repeated at intervals as short as every minute and continued for 30 days or longer. Images are converted to mathematical representations from which quantitative parameters can be derived. Application of this system to cancer cells from established lines and fresh tumor tissue has revealed unique behaviors and cell types not present in non-tumorigenic lines. We report here that cells from tumorigenic lines and tumors undergo rapid coalescence in 3D, mediated by specific cell types that we have named “facilitators” and “probes.” A third cell type, the “dervish”, is capable of rapid movement through the gel and does not adhere to it. These cell types have never before been described. Our data suggest that tumorigenesis in vitro is a developmental process involving coalescence facilitated by specialized cells that culminates in large hollow spheres with complex architecture. The unique effects of select monoclonal antibodies on these processes demonstrate the usefulness of the model for analyzing the mechanisms of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Scherer
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Institute, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Spencer Kuhl
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Institute, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Deborah Wessels
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Institute, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Lusche
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Institute, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Brett Hanson
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Institute, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Joseph Ambrose
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Institute, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Edward Voss
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Institute, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Emily Fletcher
- Mercy Hospital System of Des Moines, Des Moines, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Charles Goldman
- Mercy Hospital System of Des Moines, Des Moines, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David R. Soll
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Institute, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Samuelson LE, Scherer RL, VanSaun MN, Fan KH, Dozier EA, Carter KJ, Koyama T, Shyr Y, Aschner M, Stanwood GD, Bornhop DJ, Matrisian LM, McIntyre JO. New tools for the quantitative assessment of prodrug delivery and neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2015; 47:88-98. [PMID: 25732874 PMCID: PMC4501381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic off-target toxicities, including neurotoxicity, are prevalent side effects in cancer patients treated with a number of otherwise highly efficacious anticancer drugs. In the current study, we have: (1) developed a new analytical metric for the in vivo preclinical assessment of systemic toxicities/neurotoxicity of new drugs and delivery systems; and (2) evaluated, in mice, the in vivo efficacy and toxicity of a versatile and modular NanoDendron (ND) drug delivery and imaging platform that we recently developed. Our paclitaxel-carrying ND prodrug, ND(PXL), is activated following proteolytic cleavage by MMP9, resulting in localized cytotoxic chemotherapy. Using click chemistry, we combined ND(PXL) with a traceable beacon, ND(PB), yielding ND(PXL)-ND(PB) that functions as a theranostic compound. In vivo fluorescence FRET imaging of this theranostic platform was used to confirm localized delivery to tumors and to assess the efficiency of drug delivery to tumors, achieving 25-30% activation in the tumors of an immunocompetent mouse model of breast cancer. In this model, ND-drug exhibited anti-tumor efficacy comparable to nab-paclitaxel, a clinical formulation. In addition, we combined neurobehavioral metrics of nociception and sensorimotor performance of individual mice to develop a novel composite toxicity score that reveals and quantifies peripheral neurotoxicity, a debilitating long-term systemic toxicity of paclitaxel therapy. Importantly, mice treated with nab-paclitaxel developed changes in behavioral metrics with significantly higher toxicity scores indicative of peripheral neuropathy, while mice treated with ND(PXL) showed no significant changes in behavioral responses or toxicity score. Our ND formulation was designed to be readily adaptable to incorporate different drugs, imaging modalities and/or targeting motifs. This formulation has significant potential for preclinical and clinical tools across multiple disease states. The studies presented here report a novel toxicity score for assessing peripheral neuropathy and demonstrate that our targeted, theranostic NDs are safe and effective, providing localized tumor delivery of a chemotherapeutic and with reduced common neurotoxic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy L. Scherer
- Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science and Engineering Department; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Michael N. VanSaun
- Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
- Department of Surgery; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Kang-Hsien Fan
- Department of Biostatistics; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - E. Ashley Dozier
- Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Kathy J. Carter
- Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Tatsuki Koyama
- Department of Biostatistics; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | | | | | - Lynn M. Matrisian
- Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
- The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - J. Oliver McIntyre
- Department of Cancer Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
- The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences; Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
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Mahale J, Smagurauskaite G, Brown K, Thomas A, Howells LM. The role of stromal fibroblasts in lung carcinogenesis: A target for chemoprevention? Int J Cancer 2015; 138:30-44. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Mahale
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
| | - Gintare Smagurauskaite
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
| | - Karen Brown
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
| | - Anne Thomas
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
| | - Lynne M. Howells
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
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Lung-derived factors mediate breast cancer cell migration through CD44 receptor-ligand interactions in a novel ex vivo system for analysis of organ-specific soluble proteins. Neoplasia 2014; 16:180-91. [PMID: 24709425 DOI: 10.1593/neo.132076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer preferentially metastasizes to lung, lymph node, liver, bone, and brain. However, it is unclear whether properties of cancer cells, properties of organ microenvironments, or a combination of both is responsible for this observed organ tropism. We hypothesized that breast cancer cells exhibit distinctive migration/growth patterns in organ microenvironments that mirror common clinical sites of breast cancer metastasis and that receptor-ligand interactions between breast cancer cells and soluble organ-derived factors mediate this behavior. Using an ex vivo model system composed of organ-conditioned media (CM), human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231,MDA-MB-468, SUM149, and SUM159) displayed cell line-specific and organ-specific patterns of migration/proliferation that corresponded to their in vivo metastatic behavior. Notably, exposure to lung-CM increased migration of all cell lines and increased proliferation in two of four lines (P < .05). Several cluster of differentiation (CD) 44 ligands including osteopontin (OPN) and L-selectin (SELL) were identified in lung-CM by protein arrays. Immunodepletion of SELL decreased migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas depletion of OPN decreased both migration and proliferation. Pretreatment of cells with a CD44-blocking antibody abrogated migration effects (P < .05). "Stemlike" breast cancer cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase and CD44 (ALDH(hi)CD44(+)) responded in a distinct chemotactic manner toward organ-CM, preferentially migrating toward lung-CM through CD44 receptor-ligand interactions (P < .05). In contrast, organ-specific changes in migration were not observed for ALDH(low)CD44(-) cells. Our data suggest that interactions between CD44(+) breast cancer cells and soluble factors present in the lung microenvironment may play an important role in determining organotropic metastatic behavior.
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Wang C, Tang Z, Zhao Y, Yao R, Li L, Sun W. Three-dimensional
in vitro
cancer models: a short review. Biofabrication 2014; 6:022001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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The use of porous scaffold as a tumor model. Int J Biomater 2013; 2013:396056. [PMID: 24101930 PMCID: PMC3786466 DOI: 10.1155/2013/396056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Human cancer is a three-dimensional (3D) structure consisting of neighboring cells, extracellular matrix, and blood vessels. It is therefore critical to mimic the cancer cells and their surrounding environment during in vitro study. Our aim was to establish a 3D cancer model using a synthetic composite scaffold. Methods. High-density low-volume seeding was used to promote attachment of a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line (NCI-H460) to scaffolds. Growth patterns in 3D culture were compared with those of monolayers. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to compare the expression of Ki67, CD44, and carbonic anhydrase IX. Results. NCI-H460 readily attached to the scaffold without surface pretreatment at a rate of 35% from a load of 1.5 × 106 cells. Most cells grew vertically to form clumps along the surface of the scaffold, and cell morphology resembled tissue origin; 2D cultures exhibited characteristics of adherent epithelial cancer cell lines. Expression patterns of Ki67, CD44, and CA IX varied markedly between 3D and monolayer cultures. Conclusions. The behavior of cancer cells in our 3D model is similar to tumor growth in vivo. This model will provide the basis for future study using 3D cancer culture.
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Kimlin LC, Casagrande G, Virador VM. In vitro three-dimensional (3D) models in cancer research: an update. Mol Carcinog 2011; 52:167-82. [PMID: 22162252 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissues are three-dimensional (3D) entities as is the tumor that arises within them. Though disaggregated cancerous tissues have produced numerous cell lines for basic and applied research, it is generally agreed that these lines are poor models of in vivo phenomena. In this review we focus on in vitro 3D models used in cancer research, particularly their contribution to molecular studies of the early stages of metastasis, angiogenesis, the tumor microenvironment, and cancer stem cells. We present a summary of the various formats used in the field of tissue bioengineering as they apply to mechanistic modeling of cancer stages or processes. In addition we list studies that model specific types of malignancies, highlight drastic differences in results between 3D in vitro models and classical monolayer culturing techniques, and establish the need for standardization of 3D models for meaningful preclinical and therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Kimlin
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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10
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NF-kappaB activation within macrophages leads to an anti-tumor phenotype in a mammary tumor lung metastasis model. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R83. [PMID: 21884585 PMCID: PMC3236346 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastasis from primary tumor to the lungs is a major cause of the mortality associated with breast cancer. Both immune and inflammatory responses impact whether circulating mammary tumor cells successfully colonize the lungs leading to established metastases. Nuclear factor -kappaB (NF-κB) transcription factors regulate both immune and inflammatory responses mediated in part by the activities of macrophages. Therefore, NF-κB activity specifically within macrophages may be a critical determinant of whether circulating tumor cells successfully colonize the lungs. Methods To investigate NF-κB signaling within macrophages during metastasis, we developed novel inducible transgenic models which target expression of the reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) to macrophages using the cfms promoter in combination with inducible transgenics that express either an activator (cIKK2) or an inhibitor (IκBα-DN). Doxycyline treatment led to activation or inhibition of NF-κB within macrophages. We used a tail vein metastasis model with mammary tumor cell lines established from MMTV-Polyoma Middle T-Antigen-derived tumors to investigate the effects of modulating NF-κB in macrophages during different temporal windows of the metastatic process. Results We found that activation of NF-κB in macrophages during seeding leads to a reduction in lung metastases. The mechanism involved expression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, leading to apoptosis of tumor cells and preventing seeding in the lung. Activation of NF-κB within macrophages after the seeding phase has no significant impact on establishment of metastases. Conclusions Our results have identified a brief, defined window in which activation of NF-κB has significant anti-metastatic effects and inhibition of NF-κB results in a worse outcome.
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Martin MD, Kremers GJ, Short KW, Rocheleau JV, Xu L, Piston DW, Matrisian LM, Gorden DL. Rapid extravasation and establishment of breast cancer micrometastases in the liver microenvironment. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1319-27. [PMID: 20724460 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To examine the interplay between tumor cells and the microenvironment during early breast cancer metastasis, we developed a technique for ex vivo imaging of murine tissue explants using two-photon microscopy. Cancer cells in the liver and the lung were compared by imaging both organs at specific time points after the injection of the same polyomavirus middle T-initiated murine mammary tumor cell line. Extravasation was greatly reduced in the lung compared with the liver, with 56% of tumor cells in the liver having extravasated by 24 hours, compared with only 22% of tumor cells in the lung that have extravasated. In the liver, imaged cells continually transitioned from an intravascular location to an extravascular site, whereas in the lung, extravasation rates slowed after 6 hours. Within the liver microenvironment, the average size of the imaged micrometastatic lesions increased 4-fold between days 5 and 12. Histologic analysis of these lesions determined that by day 12, the micrometastases were heterogeneous, consisting of both tumor cells and von Willebrand factor-positive endothelial cells. Further analysis with intravenously administered lectin indicated that vessels within the micrometastatic tumor foci were patent by day 12. These data present the use of two-photon microscopy to directly compare extravasation times in metastatic sites using the same tumor cell line and highlight the differences in early events and metastatic patterns between two important secondary sites of breast cancer progression with implications for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Martin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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12
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Fei XF, Zhang QB, Dong J, Diao Y, Wang ZM, Li RJ, Wu ZC, Wang AD, Lan Q, Zhang SM, Huang Q. Development of clinically relevant orthotopic xenograft mouse model of metastatic lung cancer and glioblastoma through surgical tumor tissues injection with trocar. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2010; 29:84. [PMID: 20587035 PMCID: PMC2907866 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Orthotopic models are important in cancer research. Here we developed orthotopic xenograft mouse model of metastatic lung cancer and glioblastoma with a specially designed system. Methods Tiny fragments of surgical tumors were implanted into the mice brain with a trocar system. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect brain tumor stem cells among glioblastoma tissues, including both the original and resulting ones with monoclonal antibody against CD133. Results Besides the constant high take rates in both models; brain transplants perfectly resembled their original tumors in biological behaviors. The brain tumor stem cells, positively stained with CD133 were found, though not frequently, in both original and resulting glioblastoma tissues. Conclusions Orthotopic model established with a trocar system is effective and injection of tumor tissues containing stem cells promise the forming of new tumor mass when grafted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng Fei
- Neurosurgical Department, Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, China
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Switalla S, Lauenstein L, Prenzler F, Knothe S, Förster C, Fieguth HG, Pfennig O, Schaumann F, Martin C, Guzman CA, Ebensen T, Müller M, Hohlfeld JM, Krug N, Braun A, Sewald K. Natural innate cytokine response to immunomodulators and adjuvants in human precision-cut lung slices. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 246:107-15. [PMID: 20434477 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of lung innate immune responses is critical for developing new drugs. Well-established immune modulators like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can elicit a wide range of immunological effects. They are involved in acute lung diseases such as infections or chronic airway diseases such as COPD. LPS has a strong adjuvant activity, but its pyrogenicity has precluded therapeutic use. The bacterial lipopeptide MALP-2 and its synthetic derivative BPPcysMPEG are better tolerated. We have compared the effects of LPS and BPPcysMPEG on the innate immune response in human precision-cut lung slices. Cytokine responses were quantified by ELISA, Luminex, and Meso Scale Discovery technology. The initial response to LPS and BPPcysMPEG was marked by coordinated and significant release of the mediators IL-1β, MIP-1β, and IL-10 in viable PCLS. Stimulation of lung tissue with BPPcysMPEG, however, induced a differential response. While LPS upregulated IFN-γ, BPPcysMPEG did not. This traces back to their signaling pathways via TLR4 and TLR2/6. The calculated exposure doses selected for LPS covered ranges occurring in clinical studies with human beings. Correlation of obtained data with data from human BAL fluid after segmental provocation with endotoxin showed highly comparable effects, resulting in a coefficient of correlation >0.9. Furthermore, we were interested in modulating the response to LPS. Using dexamethasone as an immunosuppressive drug for anti-inflammatory therapy, we found a significant reduction of GM-CSF, IL-1β, and IFN-γ. The PCLS-model offers the unique opportunity to test the efficacy and toxicity of biological agents intended for use by inhalation in a complex setting in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Switalla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - L Lauenstein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - F Prenzler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Knothe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Förster
- Klinikum Region Hannover (KRH), Hannover, Germany
| | - H-G Fieguth
- Klinikum Region Hannover (KRH), Hannover, Germany
| | - O Pfennig
- Klinikum Region Hannover (KRH), Hannover, Germany
| | - F Schaumann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Martin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - C A Guzman
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T Ebensen
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - J M Hohlfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - N Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Airway Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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van Zijl F, Mikulits W. Hepatospheres: Three dimensional cell cultures resemble physiological conditions of the liver. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:1-7. [PMID: 21160950 PMCID: PMC2998947 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms in the liver on a molecular basis is a challenging task. During two dimensional (2D) culture conditions hepatocytes dedifferentiate rapidly by losing metabolic functions and structural integrity. Hence, inappropriate 2D hepatocellular models hamper studies on the xenobiotic metabolism of the liver which strongly influences drug potency. Also, the lack of effective therapies against hepatocellular carcinoma shows the urgent need for robust models to investigate liver functions in a defined hepatic microenvironment. Here, we summarize and discuss three-dimensional cultures of hepatocytes, herein referred to as hepatospheres, which provide versatile tools to investigate hepatic metabolism, stemness and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska van Zijl
- Franziska van Zijl, Wolfgang Mikulits, Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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