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Kalashgrani MY, Mousavi SM, Akmal MH, Gholami A, Omidifar N, Chiang WH, Lai CW, Ripaj Uddin M, Althomali RH, Rahman MM. Biosensors for metastatic cancer cell detection. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 559:119685. [PMID: 38663472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Early detection and effective cancer treatment are critical to improving metastatic cancer cell diagnosis and management today. In particular, accurate qualitative diagnosis of metastatic cancer cell represents an important step in the diagnosis of cancer. Today, biosensors have been widely developed due to the daily need to measure different chemical and biological species. Biosensors are utilized to quantify chemical and biological phenomena by generating signals that are directly proportional to the quantity of the analyte present in the reaction. Biosensors are widely used in disease control, drug delivery, infection detection, detection of pathogenic microorganisms, and markers that indicate a specific disease in the body. These devices have been especially popular in the field of metastatic cancer cell diagnosis and treatment due to their portability, high sensitivity, high specificity, ease of use and short response time. This article examines biosensors for metastatic cancer cells. It also studies metastatic cancer cells and the mechanism of metastasis. Finally, the function of biosensors and biomarkers in metastatic cancer cells is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Akmal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
| | - Chin Wei Lai
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Level 3, Block A, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Universiti Malaya (UM), 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Ripaj Uddin
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Behring M, Shrestha S, Manne U, Cui X, Gonzalez-Reymundez A, Grueneberg A, Vazquez AI. Integrated landscape of copy number variation and RNA expression associated with nodal metastasis in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36836-36848. [PMID: 30627325 PMCID: PMC6305147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node metastasis (NM) in breast cancer is a clinical predictor of patient outcomes, but how its genetic underpinnings contribute to aggressive phenotypes is unclear. Our objective was to create the first landscape analysis of CNV-associated NM in ductal breast cancer. To assess the role of copy number variations (CNVs) in NM, we compared CNVs and/or associated mRNA expression in primary tumors of patients with NM to those without metastasis. Results We found CNV loss in chromosomes 1, 3, 9, 18, and 19 and gains in chromosomes 5, 8, 12, 14, 16-17, and 20 that were associated with NM and replicated in both databases. In primary tumors, per-gene CNVs associated with NM were ten times more frequent than mRNA expression; however, there were few CNV-driven changes in mRNA expression that differed by nodal status. Overlapping regions of CNV changes and mRNA expression were evident for the CTAGE5 gene. In 8q12, 11q13-14, 20q1, and 17q14-24 regions, there were gene-specific gains in CNV-driven mRNA expression associated with NM. Methods Data on CNV and mRNA expression from the TCGA and the METABRIC consortium of breast ductal carcinoma were utilized to identify CNV-based features associated with NM. Within each dataset, associations were compared across omic platforms to identify CNV-driven variations in gene expression. Only replications across both datasets were considered as determinants of NM. Conclusions Gains in CTAGE5, NDUFC2, EIF4EBP1, and PSCA genes and their expression may aid in early diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma and have potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behring
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Department of Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Biostatistics Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Agustin Gonzalez-Reymundez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alexander Grueneberg
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ana I Vazquez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Teoh ST, Ogrodzinski MP, Ross C, Hunter KW, Lunt SY. Sialic Acid Metabolism: A Key Player in Breast Cancer Metastasis Revealed by Metabolomics. Front Oncol 2018; 8:174. [PMID: 29892572 PMCID: PMC5985449 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is currently incurable. It has recently emerged that different metabolic pathways support metastatic breast cancer. To further uncover metabolic pathways enabling breast cancer metastasis, we investigated metabolic differences in mouse tumors of differing metastatic propensities using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. We found that sialic acid metabolism is upregulated in highly metastatic breast tumors. Knocking out a key gene in sialic acid metabolism, Cmas, inhibits synthesis of the activated form of sialic acid, cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid and decreases the formation of lung metastases in vivo. Thus, the sialic acid pathway may be a new target against metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Thing Teoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Martin P Ogrodzinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Christina Ross
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kent W Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Teoh ST, Lunt SY. Metabolism in cancer metastasis: bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao Thing Teoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Sophia Y. Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
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Sfakianakis S, Bei ES, Zervakis M, Vassou D, Kafetzopoulos D. On the identification of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2015; 18:773-82. [PMID: 24808221 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2013.2295262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and very common among western women. The main cause of death is not the primary tumor but its metastases at distant sites, such as lymph nodes and other organs (preferentially lung, liver, and bones). The study of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood resulting from tumor cell invasion and intravascular filtration highlights their crucial role concerning tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. Genomic research regarding CTCs monitoring for breast cancer is limited due to the lack of indicative genes for their detection and isolation. Instead of direct CTC detection, in our study, we focus on the identification of factors in peripheral blood that can indirectly reveal the presence of such cells. Using selected publicly available breast cancer and peripheral blood microarray datasets, we follow a two-step elimination procedure for the identification of several discriminant factors. Our procedure facilitates the identification of major genes involved in breast cancer pathology, which are also indicative of CTCs presence.
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Cure of metastatic growth of EMT6 tumor cells in mice following manipulation of CD200:CD200R signaling. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142:271-82. [PMID: 24166280 PMCID: PMC3832754 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we observed that regulation of expression of CD200, both on cells of a transplantable breast cancer, EMT6, and of the host, as well as of the receptor, CD200R in host mice, regulated local tumor growth and metastasis in immunocompetent animals. This in turn led to an improved ability to document immunity to EMT6 in CD200R1KO mice. In the current study, we have explored the ability to cure BALB/c CD200KO or CD200R1KO mice of tumors ≤1 cm3 in size by surgical resection of localized tumor, followed by immunization with irradiated EMT6 cells along with CpG as adjuvant. While control animals treated in this fashion developed significant pulmonary and liver metastases within 30 days of surgery, significant protection was seen in both CD200KO or CD200R1KO mice, with no macroscopic lung/liver metastases observed in CD200R1KO mice on sacrifice at day 300. Following surgical resection and immunization, draining lymph nodes from control mice contained tumor cells cloned at limiting dilution in vitro even before pulmonary and hepatic metastasis was seen. In contrast, within the limits of detection of the assay used (sensitivity ~1 in 107 cells), no tumor cells were detected at limiting dilution in similarly treated CD200R1KO mice, and significant reductions were seen in CD200KO mice. Infusion of anti-CD4, but less so anti-CD8, mAb into surgically treated and immunized CD200R1KO mice attenuated protection from both macroscopic (liver/lung) and microscopic (assayed by limiting dilution of DLN) metastasis. Adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from treated CD200R1KO mice to surgically treated control mice also attenuated metastatic growth of tumor, which was abolished by pretreatment of transferred cells with anti-CD4 mAb. Our data suggest that CD200:CD200R attenuates a potentially tumor-protective CD4 host response to breast cancer.
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Mehta RS, Liman AD, Passero VA, Liman AK. Lung cancer with gastrointestinal metastasis - review of theories of metastasis with three rare case descriptions. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2013; 6:203-11. [PMID: 23963996 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-013-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1 in 14 men and women during their lifetime will be diagnosed with lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. As of January 1, 2008, there were about 373,500 men and women living with lung cancer in the United States. Fewer than 60,000 of these are estimated to be alive by January 2013, reflecting a poor overall 5-year relative survival rate of under 16 %. With metastatic cancer, the overall 5-year survival is meager 4 %. On the other hand, the overall five-year survival is over 50 % when the cancer is still in the localized stage. However, unfortunately, more than half of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage Howlader et al. (2010). Cancer metastasis, the single most critical prognostic factor, is still poorly understood and a highly complex phenomenon. The most common sites of lung cancer metastasis are the lymph nodes, liver, adrenals, brain and bones. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is an exceptionally rare site of metastasis; with only a handful of cases reported in the literature Centeno et al. (Lung Cancer, 18: 101-105, 1997); Hirasaki et al. (World J Gastroenterol, 14: 5481-5483, 2008); Carr and Boulos (Br J Surg, 83: 647, 1996); Otera et al. (Eur Respir Rev, 19: 248-252, 2010); Antler et al. (Cancer, 49: 170-172, 1982); Fujiwara et al. (Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 59: 748-752, 2011); Stinchcombe et al. (J Clin Oncol, 24: 4939-4940, 2006); John et al. (J Postgrad Med, 48: 199-200, 2002); Carroll and Rajesh (Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 19: 719-720, 2001); Brown et al. (Dis Colon Rectum, 23: 343-345, 1980). We report three cases of non-small cell (squamous cell) lung cancer with GI tract metastasis-two in the colon and one in the jejunum. Then we present a review of literature exploring various theories of metastasis, as an attempt to understand the reason of preferential tumor metastasis.
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Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for most cancer mortality. The process of metastasis is complex, requiring the coordinated expression and fine regulation of many genes in multiple pathways in both the tumor and host tissues. Identification and characterization of the genetic programs that regulate metastasis is critical to understanding the metastatic process and discovering molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of metastasis. Genomic approaches and functional genomic analyses can systemically discover metastasis genes. In this review, we summarize the genetic tools and methods that have been used to identify and characterize the genes that play critical roles in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Yan
- University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 N. E. Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Jung SP, Kim S, Nam SJ, Kim I, Bae JW. The role of the CDH1 promoter hypermethylation in the axillary lymph node metastasis and prognosis. J Breast Cancer 2013; 16:16-22. [PMID: 23593077 PMCID: PMC3625765 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2013.16.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor genes is frequently observed in the tumor development and progression. However, the correlation between the hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor genes, CDH1 and the axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis is not fully elucidated. To verify the role of the CDH1 promoter hypermethylation in the ALN metastasis and prognosis, we compared the methylation status of the CDH1 genes in the primary lesion and the paired metastatic ALNs. METHODS We selected a total of 122 paraffin-embedded specimens of the primary and paired metastatic lymph node from 61 breast cancer patients and analyzed the frequency of hypermethylation in the primary and metastatic lymph node using the methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the methylation status of CDH1 was analyzed with the clinicopathologic characteristics, the disease-free survival and disease-specific survival. RESULTS The hypermethylation of CDH1 gene was identified in 54 (88.5%) of the 61 patients who had axillary metastasis. The hypermethylation status of the CDH1 gene was significantly increased in the metastatic ALNs compared with that in the primary tumors (60.7% vs. 45.9%, p<0.001). The hypermethylation status of the CDH1 genes in the metastatic ALNs was associated with a poor histologic grade (p=0.041) and the patients who had methylated tumor in the primary lesion showed worse disease-free survival than the patients who did not have methylated tumor (p=0.046). CONCLUSION This study suggests that hypermethylation of the CDH1 gene may play a pivotal role in the metastasis of the axillary lymph node and the breast cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Pil Jung
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangmin Kim
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Nam
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeoung Won Bae
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Nola S, Sin S, Bonin F, Lidereau R, Driouch K. A methodological approach to unravel organ-specific breast cancer metastasis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2012; 17:135-45. [PMID: 22628182 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-012-9256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed and the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality. Although major breakthroughs have emerged during the past decades concerning the characterization of major malignant tumors hallmarks, little is known about the molecular process that sustains the most deadly feature of cancer: metastasis to distant organs. In fact, this colonization of tumor cells to secondary sites is not random but rather orientated, and depends on several signalling events that are not fully elucidated yet. Understanding the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms accountable for the specific invasion of tissues by breast cancer cells is likely to be important for developing new therapeutic strategies to effectively prevent metastasis in patients diagnosed with early cancer lesions. Here, we briefly describe a multidisciplinary approach based on the molecular profiling of breast cancer metastases, the elaboration of prognostic gene signatures, the clinical validation and the experimental confirmation using cell and animal models to better address breast cancer metastasis. This methodology can be considered as a useful workflow to identify and validate the genes that trigger and support organ tropism of breast cancer cells during metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Nola
- Institut Curie, Hôpital René Huguenin, Laboratoire d'oncogénétique, 35 rue Dailly, Saint-Cloud, France
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Cardone RA, Greco MR, Capulli M, Weinman EJ, Busco G, Bellizzi A, Casavola V, Antelmi E, Ambruosi B, Dell'Aquila ME, Paradiso A, Teti A, Rucci N, Reshkin SJ. NHERF1 acts as a molecular switch to program metastatic behavior and organotropism via its PDZ domains. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2028-40. [PMID: 22496422 PMCID: PMC3364169 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the primary cause of death in cancer patients, but the molecular mechanisms driving the evolution of the phenotype toward a specific organ is one of its less understood aspects. The scaffolding protein NHERF1 reprograms the metastatic phenotype and organotropism via the differential function of its PDZ domains. Metastatic cells are highly plastic for differential expression of tumor phenotype hallmarks and metastatic organotropism. The signaling proteins orchestrating the shift of one cell phenotype and organ pattern to another are little known. Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF1) is a molecular pathway organizer, PDZ-domain protein that recruits membrane, cytoplasmic, and cytoskeletal signaling proteins into functional complexes. To gain insight into the role of NHERF1 in metastatic progression, we stably transfected a metastatic breast cell line, MDA-MB-231, with an empty vector, with wild-type NHERF1, or with NHERF1 mutated in either the PDZ1- or PDZ2-binding domains to block their binding activities. We observed that NHERF1 differentially regulates the expression of two phenotypic programs through its PDZ domains, and these programs form the mechanistic basis for metastatic organotropism. The PDZ2 domain promotes visceral metastases via increased invadopodia-dependent invasion and anchorage-independent growth, as well as by inhibition of apoptosis, whereas the PDZ1 domain promotes bone metastases by stimulating podosome nucleation, motility, neoangiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, and osteoclastogenesis in the absence of increased growth or invasion. Collectively, these findings identify NHERF1 as an important signaling nexus for coordinating cell structure with metastatic behavior and identifies the “mesenchymal-to-vasculogenic” phenotypic transition as an essential step in metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Verkooijen HM, Hartman M, Usel M, Benhamou S, Neyroud-Caspar I, Czene K, Vlastos G, Chappuis PO, Bouchardy C, Rapiti E. Breast cancer prognosis is inherited independently of patient, tumor and treatment characteristics. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2103-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ramirez NE, Zhang Z, Madamanchi A, Boyd KL, O'Rear LD, Nashabi A, Li Z, Dupont WD, Zijlstra A, Zutter MM. The α₂β₁ integrin is a metastasis suppressor in mouse models and human cancer. J Clin Invest 2010; 121:226-37. [PMID: 21135504 DOI: 10.1172/jci42328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and thereby play critical roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Although work in preclinical models suggests that β1 integrins may stimulate metastasis of a number of cancers, expression of the β1 subunit alone has not been shown to be a useful prognostic indicator in human cancer patients. Here we have demonstrated that the α2β1 integrin suppresses metastasis in a clinically relevant spontaneous mouse model of breast cancer. These data are consistent with previous studies indicating high expression of α2β1 integrin in normal breast epithelium and loss of α2β1 in poorly differentiated breast cancer. They are also consistent with our systematic analysis of microarray databases of human breast and prostate cancer, which revealed that decreased expression of the gene encoding α2 integrin, but not genes encoding α1, α3, or β1 integrin, was predictive of metastatic dissemination and decreased survival. The predictive value of α2 expression persisted within both good-risk and poor-risk cohorts defined by estrogen receptor and lymph node status. Thus, the α2β1 integrin functionally inhibits breast tumor metastasis, and α2 expression may serve as an important biomarker of metastatic potential and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma E Ramirez
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, USA
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The 'chemoinvasion' assay, 25 years and still going strong: the use of reconstituted basement membranes to study cell invasion and angiogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:677-89. [PMID: 20822888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Invasive and metastatic cells must cross basement membranes (BMs) in order to disseminate to distant sites. The 'chemoinvasion assay' using a reconstituted basement membrane, matrigel, in Boyden blind-well chambers was developed 25 years ago as a tool for invasion and metastasis research. Since then, it was adapted for investigation of how different cells types engage with and penetrate basement membrane, including research in angiogenesis, invasive cell migration, protease functions, and preclinical development of anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic agents. As novel mechanisms of metastasis and angiogenesis come to light and old paradigms are challenged, we examine how the assay can still provide innovative insights. We review established applications and variants of the matrigel invasion assay, highlight key findings derived from it and discuss future developments, including roles for accessory and cancer stem cells.
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Tumor suppressor genes are frequently methylated in lymph node metastases of breast cancers. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:378. [PMID: 20642860 PMCID: PMC2914707 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastasis represents a major adverse step in the progression of breast carcinoma. Lymph node invasion is the most relevant prognostic factor; however little is known on the molecular events associated with lymph node metastasis process. This study is to investigate the status and role of methylation in lymph node metastatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bisulfite pyrosequencing is used to screen 6 putative tumor suppressor genes (HIN-1, RASSF1A, RIL, CDH13, RARbeta2 and E-cadherin) in 38 pairs of primary breast tumors and lymph node metastases. RESULTS We found that HIN-1, CDH13, RIL, RASSF1A and RARbeta2 were frequently methylated both in primary and metastatic tissues (range: 55.3% approximately 89.5%). E-cadherin was not frequently methylated in either setting (range: 18.4% approximately 23.7%). The methylation status of HIN-1, CDH13, RIL, and RARbeta2 in lymph nodes metastasis were correlated with that in primary tumors. The Pearson correlation values ranged from 0.624 to 0.472 (p values < 0.01 to 0.001). Interestingly, we observed an association between HIN-1 methylation and hormone status in metastatic lymph nodes. Hypermethylation of HIN-1 in metastasis lymph nodes was significantly associated with expression of ER (odds ratio, 1.070; P = 0.024) and with PR (odds ratio, 1.046; P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is extended from primary to metastatic tumors during tumor progression.
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