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Ladányi A, Rásó E, Barbai T, Vízkeleti L, Puskás LG, Kovács SA, Győrffy B, Tímár J. Identification of a Tumor Cell Associated Type I IFN Resistance Gene Expression Signature of Human Melanoma, the Components of Which Have a Predictive Potential for Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2704. [PMID: 35269844 PMCID: PMC8911010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a human melanoma model using the HT168-M1 cell line to induce IFN-α2 resistance in vitro (HT168-M1res), which was proven to be maintained in vivo in SCID mice. Comparing the mRNA profile of in vitro cultured HT168-M1res cells to its sensitive counterpart, we found 79 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We found that only a 13-gene core of the DEGs was stable in vitro and only a 4-gene core was stable in vivo. Using an in silico cohort of IFN-treated melanoma tissues, we validated a differentially expressed 9-gene core of the DEGs. Furthermore, using an in silico cohort of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-treated melanoma tissues, we tested the predictive power of the DEGs for the response rate. Analysis of the top four upregulated and top four downregulated genes of the DEGs identified WFDC1, EFNA3, DDX10, and PTBP1 as predictive genes, and analysis of the "stable" genes of DEGs for predictive potential of ICI response revealed another 13 genes, out of which CDCA4, SOX4, DEK, and HSPA1B were identified as IFN-regulated genes. Interestingly, the IFN treatment associated genes and the ICI-therapy predictive genes overlapped by three genes: WFDC1, BCAN, and MT2A, suggesting a connection between the two biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ladányi
- Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Erzsébet Rásó
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary; (E.R.); (T.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Tamás Barbai
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary; (E.R.); (T.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Laura Vízkeleti
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary; (E.R.); (T.B.); (L.V.)
| | | | - Szonja A. Kovács
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (S.A.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (S.A.K.); (B.G.)
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Oncology Biomarkers Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Tímár
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary; (E.R.); (T.B.); (L.V.)
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Bona Fide Tumor Suppressor Genes Hypermethylated in Melanoma: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910674. [PMID: 34639015 PMCID: PMC8508892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function events in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) contribute to the development and progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). Epigenetic alterations are the major mechanisms of TSG inactivation, in particular, silencing by promoter CpG-island hypermethylation. TSGs are valuable tools in diagnosis and prognosis and, possibly, in future targeted therapy. The aim of this narrative review is to outline bona fide TSGs affected by promoter CpG-island hypermethylation and their functional role in the progression of CMM. We conducted a systematic literature review to identify studies providing evidence of bona fide TSGs by cell line or animal experiments. We performed a broad first search and a gene-specific second search, supplemented by reference checking. We included studies describing bona fide TSGs in CMM with promoter CpG-island hypermethylation in which inactivating mechanisms were reported. We extracted data about protein role, pathway, experiments conducted to meet the bona fide criteria and hallmarks of cancer acquired by TSG inactivation. A total of 24 studies were included, describing 24 bona fide TSGs silenced by promoter CpG-island hypermethylation in CMM. Their effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis, growth, senescence, angiogenesis, migration, invasion or metastasis is also described. These data give further insight into the role of TSGs in the progression of CMM.
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Zhu S, Ye L, Bennett S, Xu H, He D, Xu J. Molecular structure, gene expression and functional role of WFDC1 in angiogenesis and cancer. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:588-595. [PMID: 33615507 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whey acidic proteins (WAP) perform a diverse range of important biological functions, including proteinase activity, calcium transport and bacterial growth. The WAP four-disulphide core domain protein 1 (WFDC1) gene (also called PS20), encodes the 20 kDa prostate stromal protein (ps20), which is a member of the WAP-type four-disulphide core domain family of proteins, and exhibits characteristics of serine protease inhibitors, such as elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. Molecular structural analysis reveals that ps20 consists of four-disulphide bonds formed by eight cysteine residues located at the carboxyl terminus of the protein. Wfdc1-null mice were found to display no overt developmental phenotype, suggesting a dispensable role in organ growth and development. However, WFDC1 was able to mediate endothelial cell migration and pericyte stabilization, which are vital for the formation of functional vascular structures. WFDC1 was also found to be downregulated in cancers and exhibited a regulatory effect on cell proliferation. In addition, it was involved in the modulation of memory T cells during human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gaining a solid understanding of the mechanisms by which WFDC1 regulates tissue homeostasis and disease processes, in a tissue specific manner, will be an important move towards the development of WFDC1/ps20 as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dengwei He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Feng H, Jia XM, Gao NN, Tang H, Huang W, Ning N. Overexpressed VEPH1 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and migration of human cutaneous melanoma cells through inactivating the TGF-β signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2860-2875. [PMID: 31599708 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1638191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has a profound influence on populations around the world, with the underlying mechanisms controlling this disease yet to be fully identified. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate effects associated with VEPH1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, invasion, migration and the apoptosis of human cutaneous melanoma (CM) cells through the TGF-β signaling pathway. Microarray-based gene analysis was initially performed to screen the CM-related differentially expressed genes. The expression of VEPH1, TGF-β signaling pathway- and EMT-related genes in CM tissues and cell lines was subsequently evaluated. Gain-of- and loss-of-function experiments were conducted to examine the effects of VEPH1 and the TGF-β signaling pathway on the expression of EMT-related genes, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis in vitro. Finally, tumor formation in nude mice was conducted. VEPH1 was lowly expressed and regulated the progression of CM with involvement in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Human CM tissues were noted to activate the TGF-β signaling pathway and EMT. A375 cells treated with overexpressed VEPH1 plasmids or/and TGF-β signaling pathway inhibitor SB-431542 displayed diminished TGF-β, SMAD4, Vimentin and N-cadherin expression while the expression of E-cadherin was elevated, accompanied by decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, inhibited cell cycle entry. However, si-VEPH1 or TGF-β signaling pathway activator contributed to reverse results. Taken together, the key findings of the current study present evidence suggesting that VEPH1 protects against human CM by inhibiting the activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway, highlighting its potential as a target for the prognosis and diagnosis of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Feng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Province People's Hospital) , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Min Jia
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Province People's Hospital) , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Ni-Na Gao
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Province People's Hospital) , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Province People's Hospital) , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Ning Ning
- Department of Medical Administration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Province People's Hospital) , Changsha , P.R. China
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Phylogenetic, molecular evolution and structural analyses of the WFDC1/prostate stromal protein 20 (ps20). Gene 2019; 686:125-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Niessner H, Kosnopfel C, Sinnberg T, Beck D, Krieg K, Wanke I, Lasithiotakis K, Bonin M, Garbe C, Meier F. Combined activity of temozolomide and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus in metastatic melanoma involves DKK1. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:598-606. [PMID: 28423208 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib achieves remarkable clinical responses in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma, but its effects are limited by the onset of drug resistance. In the case of resistance, chemotherapy can still be applied as second line therapy. However, it yields low response rates and strategies are urgently needed to potentiate its effects. In a previous study, we showed that the inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway significantly increases sensitivity of melanoma cells to chemotherapeutic drugs (J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009, 129, 1500). In this study, the combination of the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide significantly increases growth inhibition and apoptosis in melanoma cells compared to temsirolimus or temozolomide alone. The combination of temozolomide with temsirolimus is not only effective in established but also in newly isolated and vemurafenib-resistant metastatic melanoma cell lines. These effects are associated with the downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and the upregulation of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf homologue 1 (DKK1). Knock-down of DKK1 suppresses apoptosis induction by the combination of temsirolimus and temozolomide. These data suggest that the inhibition of the mTOR pathway increases sensitivity of melanoma cells towards temozolomide. Chemosensitisation is associated with enhanced expression of the Wnt antagonist DKK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Niessner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Kosnopfel
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Beck
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ines Wanke
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bonin
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedegund Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Kozar I, Cesi G, Margue C, Philippidou D, Kreis S. Impact of BRAF kinase inhibitors on the miRNomes and transcriptomes of melanoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2980-2992. [PMID: 28408301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with increasing incidence worldwide. The development of BRAF kinase inhibitors as targeted treatments for patients with BRAF-mutant tumours contributed profoundly to an improved overall survival of patients with metastatic melanoma. Despite these promising results, the emergence of rapid resistance to targeted therapy remains a serious clinical issue. METHODS To investigate the impact of BRAF inhibitors on miRNomes and transcriptomes, we used in vitro melanoma models consisting of BRAF inhibitor-sensitive and -resistant cell lines generated in our laboratory. Subsequently, microarray analyses were performed followed by RT-qPCR validations. RESULTS Regarding miRNome and transcriptome changes, the long-term effects of BRAF inhibition differed in a cell line-specific manner with the two different BRAF inhibitors inducing comparable responses in three melanoma cell lines. Despite this heterogeneity, several miRNAs (e.g. miR-92a-1-5p, miR-708-5p) and genes (e.g. DOK5, PCSK2) were distinctly differentially expressed in drug-resistant versus -sensitive cell lines. Analyses of coexpressed miRNAs, as well as inversely correlated miRNA-mRNA pairs, revealed a low MITF/AXL ratio in two drug-resistant cell lines that might be regulated by miRNAs. CONCLUSION Several genes and miRNAs were differentially regulated in the drug-resistant and -sensitive cell lines and might be considered as prognostic and/or diagnostic resistance biomarkers in melanoma drug resistance. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Thus far, only little information is available on the significance and role of miRNAs with respect to kinase inhibitor treatments and emergence of drug resistance. In this study, promising miRNAs and genes were identified and associated to BRAF inhibitor-mediated resistance in melanoma. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Biochemistry of Synthetic Biology - Recent Developments" Guest Editor: Dr. Ilka Heinemann and Dr. Patrick O'Donoghue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Kozar
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Giulia Cesi
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Christiane Margue
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Demetra Philippidou
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Stephanie Kreis
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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Seberg HE, Van Otterloo E, Loftus SK, Liu H, Bonde G, Sompallae R, Gildea DE, Santana JF, Manak JR, Pavan WJ, Williams T, Cornell RA. TFAP2 paralogs regulate melanocyte differentiation in parallel with MITF. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006636. [PMID: 28249010 PMCID: PMC5352137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding transcription factor TFAP2A result in pigmentation anomalies in model organisms and premature hair graying in humans. However, the pleiotropic functions of TFAP2A and its redundantly-acting paralogs have made the precise contribution of TFAP2-type activity to melanocyte differentiation unclear. Defining this contribution may help to explain why TFAP2A expression is reduced in advanced-stage melanoma compared to benign nevi. To identify genes with TFAP2A-dependent expression in melanocytes, we profile zebrafish tissue and mouse melanocytes deficient in Tfap2a, and find that expression of a small subset of genes underlying pigmentation phenotypes is TFAP2A-dependent, including Dct, Mc1r, Mlph, and Pmel. We then conduct TFAP2A ChIP-seq in mouse and human melanocytes and find that a much larger subset of pigmentation genes is associated with active regulatory elements bound by TFAP2A. These elements are also frequently bound by MITF, which is considered the "master regulator" of melanocyte development. For example, the promoter of TRPM1 is bound by both TFAP2A and MITF, and we show that the activity of a minimal TRPM1 promoter is lost upon deletion of the TFAP2A binding sites. However, the expression of Trpm1 is not TFAP2A-dependent, implying that additional TFAP2 paralogs function redundantly to drive melanocyte differentiation, which is consistent with previous results from zebrafish. Paralogs Tfap2a and Tfap2b are both expressed in mouse melanocytes, and we show that mouse embryos with Wnt1-Cre-mediated deletion of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in the neural crest almost completely lack melanocytes but retain neural crest-derived sensory ganglia. These results suggest that TFAP2 paralogs, like MITF, are also necessary for induction of the melanocyte lineage. Finally, we observe a genetic interaction between tfap2a and mitfa in zebrafish, but find that artificially elevating expression of tfap2a does not increase levels of melanin in mitfa hypomorphic or loss-of-function mutants. Collectively, these results show that TFAP2 paralogs, operating alongside lineage-specific transcription factors such as MITF, directly regulate effectors of terminal differentiation in melanocytes. In addition, they suggest that TFAP2A activity, like MITF activity, has the potential to modulate the phenotype of melanoma cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor/genetics
- Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Mutation
- Pigmentation/genetics
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription Factor AP-2/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-2/metabolism
- Zebrafish
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Seberg
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- SDM-Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stacie K. Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Greg Bonde
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Sompallae
- Bioinformatics Division, Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Derek E. Gildea
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juan F. Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - J. Robert Manak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Trevor Williams
- SDM-Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Cornell
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Cathepsin-L and transglutaminase dependent processing of ps20: A novel mechanism for ps20 regulation via ECM cross-linking. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:328-337. [PMID: 28955923 PMCID: PMC5613349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey-acidic-protein (WAP) four-disulphide core (WFDC) proteins have important roles in the regulation of innate immunity, anti-microbial function, and the inhibition of inflammatory proteases at mucosal surfaces. It was recently demonstrated that the WFDC protein, prostate stromal 20 (ps20), encoded by the WFDC1 gene, is a potent growth inhibitory factor, and shares with other WFDC proteins the ability to modulate wound healing processes and immune responses to viral infections. However, ps20 remains relatively uncharacterised at the protein level. Using a panel of ps20 antibodies for western-blotting (WB), ELISA and immunoaffinity purification, we isolated, biochemically characterised and tested ps20 preparations for three biological properties: (i) interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) (ii) inhibition of cell proliferation, and (iii) transglutaminase2 (TG2) mediated crosslinking of ps20 to fibronectin, a process implicated in wound healing. We show herein that ps20 preparations contain multiple molecular forms including full-length ps20 (resolving at ≈27 kDa), an exon 3 truncated form (≈22 kDa) that lacks aa113-140, and variable amounts of a putatively cleaved lower MW (≈15-17 kDa) species. Untagged purified ps20 preparations containing a mixture of these forms are biologically active in significantly suppressing prostate cell proliferation. We show that one mechanism by which lower LMW forms of ps20 arise is through cathepsin L (CL) cleavage, and confirm that CL cleaves ps20 at the C-terminus, but this does not inhibit its growth inhibitory function. However, CL cleavage abrogated the interaction between ps20 and solid-phase fibronectin. Therefore, we demonstrate for the first time that LMW forms of ps20 that lack a C-terminal immunogenic epitope can arise through CL cleavage and this cleavage impairs multimerisation and potential capacity to cross-link to ECM, but not the capacity of ps20 to inhibit cell proliferation. We propose that ps20 like other WFDC proteins can become associated with GAGs and the ECM. Furthermore, we suggest post-translational processing and cleavage of ps20 is required to generate functional protein species, and TG2 mediated crosslinking and CL cleavage form components of a ps20 regulatory apparatus.
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Key Words
- CL, cathepsin L
- CM, conditioned media
- CV, column volume
- Cathepsin
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FL, full length
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- Glycosaminoglycan
- HMW, high molecular weight
- LMW, low molecular weight
- MW, molecular weight
- Prostate cancer
- Ps20
- TR, truncated
- Transglutaminase
- WB, western blot
- WFDC1, whey acidic protein four disulphide core 1
- Whey-four-disulphide core
- ps20, prostate stromal 20
- rps20, recombinant ps20
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Salim H, Zong D, Hååg P, Novak M, Mörk B, Lewensohn R, Lundholm L, Viktorsson K. DKK1 is a potential novel mediator of cisplatin-refractoriness in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:628. [PMID: 26353782 PMCID: PMC4565013 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platinum compounds are the mainstay of chemotherapy for lung cancer. Unfortunately treatment failure remains a critical issue since about 60 % of all non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients display intrinsic platinum resistance. Methods We analyzed global gene expression profiles of NSCLC clones surviving a pulse treatment with cisplatin and mapped deregulated signaling networks in silico by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Further validation was done using siRNA. Results The pooled cisplatin-surviving NSCLC clones from each of the biological replicates demonstrated heterogeneous gene expression patterns both in terms of the number and the identity of the altered genes. Genes involved in Wnt signaling pathway (Dickkopf-1, DKK1), DNA repair machinery (XRCC2) and cell-cell/cell-matrix interaction (FMN1, LGALS9) were among the top deregulated genes by microarray in these replicates and were validated by q-RT-PCR. We focused on DKK1 which previously was reported to be overexpressed in NSCLC patients. IPA network analysis revealed coordinate up-regulation of several DKK1 transcriptional regulators (TCF4, EZH2, DNAJB6 and HDAC2) in cisplatin-surviving clones from that biological replicate. Knockdown of DKK1 by siRNA sensitized for cisplatin in two different NSCLC cell lines and in ovarian A2780 cells, but not in the A2780 cis subline made resistant to cisplatin by chronic exposure, suggesting a role of DKK1 in intrinsic but not acquired platinum refractoriness. Conclusions We identified DKK1 as a possible marker of a cisplatin-refractory phenotype and as a potential novel therapeutic target to improve platinum response of NSCLC cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1635-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hogir Salim
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dali Zong
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petra Hååg
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Metka Novak
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Birgitta Mörk
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Viktorsson
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Jiang XT, Ma YY, Guo K, Xia YJ, Wang HJ, Li L, He XJ, Huang DS, Tao HQ. Assessing the diagnostic value of serum Dickkopf-related protein 1 levels in cancer detection: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:9077-83. [PMID: 25422182 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.21.9077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to summarize the potential diagnostic value of serum DKK1 levels in cancer detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum DKK1 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a case-control study. Then we performed a meta-analysis and the pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, and summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curves were used to evaluate the overall test performance. RESULTS Serum DKK1 levels were found to be significantly upregulated in gastric cancer as compared to controls. ROC curve analysis revealed an AUC of 0.636, indicating the test has the potential to diagnose cancer with poor accuracy. The summary estimates of the pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio in meta-analysis were 0.55 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.53-0.57), 0.86 (95%CI, 0.84-0.88) and 12.25 (95%CI, 5.31-28.28), respectively. The area under the sROC was 0.85. Subgroup analysis revealed that the diagnostic accuracy of serum DKK1 in lung cancer (sensitivity: 0.69 with 95%CI, 0.66-0.74; specificity: 0.95 with 95%CI, 0.92-0.97; diagnostic odds ratio: 44.93 with 95%CI, 26.19-77.08) was significantly higher than for any other cancer. CONCLUSIONS Serum DKK1 might be useful as a noninvasive method for confirmation of cancer diagnosis, particularly in the case of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China E-mail : and
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12
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Ressler SJ, Dang TD, Wu SM, Tse DY, Gilbert BE, Vyakarnam A, Yang F, Schauer IG, Barron DA, Rowley DR. WFDC1 is a key modulator of inflammatory and wound repair responses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2951-64. [PMID: 25219356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
WFDC1/ps20 is a whey acidic protein four-disulfide core member that exhibits diverse growth and immune-associated functions in vitro. In vivo functions are unknown, although WFDC1 is lower in reactive stroma. A Wfdc1-null mouse was generated to assess core functions. Wfdc1-null mice exhibited normal developmental and adult phenotypes. However, homeostasis challenges affected inflammatory and repair processes. Wfdc1-null mice infected with influenza A exhibited 2.75-log-fold lower viral titer relative to control mice. Wfdc1-null infected lungs exhibited elevated macrophages and deposition of osteopontin, a potent macrophage chemokine. In wounding studies, Wfdc1-null mice exhibited an elevated rate of skin closure, and this too was associated with elevated deposition of osteopontin and macrophage recruitment. Wfdc1-null fibroblasts exhibited impaired spheroid formation, elevated adhesion to fibronectin, and an increased rate of wound closure in vitro. This was reversed by neutralizing antibody to osteopontin. Osteopontin mRNA and cleaved protein was up-regulated in Wfdc1-null cells treated with lipopolysaccharide or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid coordinate with constitutively active matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), a protease that cleaves osteopontin. These data suggest that WFDC1/ps20 modulates core host response mechanisms, in part, via regulation of osteopontin and MMP-9 activity. Release from WFDC1 regulation is likely a key component of inflammatory and repair response mechanisms, and involves the processing of elevated osteopontin by activated MMP-9, and subsequent macrophage recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Ressler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Truong D Dang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Samuel M Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dennis Y Tse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian E Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Isaiah G Schauer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David A Barron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Rowley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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13
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Wilson BJ, Saab KR, Ma J, Schatton T, Pütz P, Zhan Q, Murphy GF, Gasser M, Waaga-Gasser AM, Frank NY, Frank MH. ABCB5 maintains melanoma-initiating cells through a proinflammatory cytokine signaling circuit. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4196-207. [PMID: 24934811 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The drug efflux transporter ABCB5 identifies cancer stem-like cells (CSC) in diverse human malignancies, where its expression is associated with clinical disease progression and tumor recurrence. ABCB5 confers therapeutic resistance, but other functions in tumorigenesis independent of drug efflux have not been described that might help explain why it is so broadly overexpressed in human cancer. Here we show that in melanoma-initiating cells, ABCB5 controls IL1β secretion, which serves to maintain slow cycling, chemoresistant cells through an IL1β/IL8/CXCR1 cytokine signaling circuit. This CSC maintenance circuit involved reciprocal paracrine interactions with ABCB5-negative cancer cell populations. ABCB5 blockade induced cellular differentiation, reversed resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents, and impaired tumor growth in vivo. Together, our results defined a novel function for ABCB5 in CSC maintenance and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Wilson
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karim R Saab
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pablo Pütz
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Zhan
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Gasser
- Department of Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Natasha Y Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus H Frank
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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14
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DNAJB6 governs a novel regulatory loop determining Wnt/β-catenin signalling activity. Biochem J 2012; 444:573-80. [PMID: 22455953 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
DKK1 (dickkopf 1 homologue) is a secreted inhibitor of the Wnt signalling pathway and a critical modulator of tumour promotion and the tumour microenvironment. However, mechanisms regulating DKK1 expression are understudied. DNAJB6 {DnaJ [HSP40 (heat-shock protein 40 kDa)] homologue, subfamily B, member 6} is an HSP40 family member whose expression is compromised during progression of breast cancer and melanoma. Inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway by up-regulation of DKK1 is one of the key mechanisms by which DNAJB6 suppresses tumour metastasis and EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Analysis of the DKK1 promoter to define the cis-site responsible for its up-regulation by DNAJB6 revealed the presence of two binding sites for a transcriptional repressor, MSX1 (muscle segment homeobox 1). Our investigations showed that MSX1 binds the DKK1 promoter and inhibits DKK1 transcription. Interestingly, silencing DNAJB6 resulted in up-regulation of MSX1 concomitant with increased stabilization of β-catenin. ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) studies revealed that β-catenin binds the MSX1 promoter and stabilization of β-catenin elevates MSX1 transcription, indicating that β-catenin works as a transcription co-activator for MSX1. Functionally, exogenous expression of MSX1 in DNAJB6-expressing cells promotes the mesenchymal phenotype by suppression of DKK1. Thus we have identified a novel regulatory mechanism of DNAJB6-mediated DKK1 transcriptional up-regulation that can influence EMT. DKK1 is a feedback regulator of β-catenin levels and thus our studies also define an additional negative control of this β-catenin/DKK1 feedback loop by MSX1, which may potentially contribute to excessive stabilization of β-catenin.
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16
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Menezes ME, Devine DJ, Shevde LA, Samant RS. Dickkopf1: a tumor suppressor or metastasis promoter? Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1477-83. [PMID: 21953410 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dickkopf1 (DKK1), a secreted inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, is a negative regulator of bone formation. DKK1 acts as a switch that transitions prostate cancer bone metastases from osteolytic to osteoblastic and also is an active indicator of poor outcome for multiple myeloma. However, in other tumor types, DKK1 upregulation or overexpression suppresses tumor growth. Thus, the role of DKK1 in cancer appears to be diverse. This raises a question: Could the increased levels of DKK1 still be tumor protective when observed in high levels in the serum of patients? Here, we summarize the diverse, seemingly contradicting roles of DKK1 and attempt to explain the apparent dichotomy in its activity. We propose that DKK1 is a critical secreted factor that modulates microenvironment. Based on the location and components of the microenvironment DKK1 will support different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Menezes
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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17
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Abstract
The present evaluates the key features of the WFDC1 [WAP (whey acidic protein) four disulfide core 1] gene that encodes ps20 (20 kDa prostate stromal protein), a member of the WAP family. ps20 was first characterized as a growth inhibitory activity that was secreted by fetal urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells. Purified ps20 exhibited several activities that centre on cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. The WFDC1 gene was cloned, contained seven exons, and was mapped to chromosome 16q24, suggesting that it may function as a tumour suppressor; however, direct evidence of this has not emerged. In vivo, ps20 stimulated angiogenesis, although expression of WFDC1/ps20 was down-regulated in the reactive stroma tumour microenvironment in prostate cancer. WFDC1 expression is differential in other cancers and inflammatory conditions. Recent studies point to a role in viral infectivity. Although mechanisms of action are not fully understood, WFDC1/ps20 is emerging as a secreted matricellular protein that probably affects response to micro-organisms and tissue repair homoeostasis.
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Suthianthong P, Pulsook N, Supungul P, Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V. A double WAP domain-containing protein PmDWD from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is involved in the controlling of proteinase activities in lymphoid organ. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:783-790. [PMID: 21216291 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A homolog of mammalian secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor or SLPI known as a double WAP domain (DWD) protein has been found in penaeid shrimp and believed to play an important role in innate immune system of the shrimp. The PmDWD identified from the Penaeus monodon EST database was investigated for its expression under pathogen infection. Infections by Vibrio harveyi and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) up-regulated the expression of the PmDWD, which was peaked at about 24 h post infection and, then, subsided to more or less normal level. The PmDWD was expressed in various tissues of normal, 24-h WSSV-injected and leg-amputated shrimp, predominantly in the hemocytes. The expression was dramatically increased in lymphoid organ upon WSSV infection and leg amputation. The recombinant PmDWD (rPmDWD) was not active against the commercial proteinases: trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and subtilisin while its mutant rPmDWD_F70R was active against the subtilisin. By using agar diffusion assay, the rPmDWD inhibited the crude proteinases from lymphoid organs of leg-amputated and WSSV-infected shrimp. It inhibited the crude proteinases from Bacillus subtilis as well. Unlike the mammalian SLPIs, the rPmDWD had no antimicrobial activity against various bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranisa Suthianthong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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