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Brook N, Dharmarajan A, Chan A, Dass CR. Potential therapeutic role for pigment epithelium-derived factor in post-menopausal breast cancer bone metastasis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7146711. [PMID: 37116213 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review discusses key oestrogens associated with the circulating pre- and post-menopausal milieu and how they may impact intratumoral oestrogen levels and breast cancer (BC) metastasis. It also identifies critical steps in BC metastasis to bone from the viewpoint of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) function, and discusses the role of several associated pro-metastatic biomarkers in BC bone metastasis. KEY FINDINGS PEDF is regulated by oestrogen in a number of oestrogen-sensitive tissues. Changes in circulating oestrogen levels associated with menopause may enhance the growth of BC bone metastases, leading to the establishment of a pre-metastatic niche. The establishment of such a pre-metastatic niche is driven by several key mediators, with pro-osteoclastic and pro-metastatic function which are upregulated by BC cells. These mediators appear to be regulated by oestrogen, as well as differentially affected by menopausal status. PEDF interacts with several pro-metastatic, pro-osteoclastic biomarkers, including C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) in BC bone metastasis. CONCLUSION Mediators such as CXCR4 and MT1-MMP underpin the ability of PEDF to function as an antimetastatic in other cancers such as osteosarcoma, highlighting the possibility that this serpin could be used as a therapeutic against BC metastasis in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Brook
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Arlene Chan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
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Abstract
During the past decade preclinical studies have defined many of the mechanisms used by tumours to hijack the skeleton and promote bone metastasis. This has led to the development and widespread clinical use of bone-targeted drugs to prevent skeletal-related events. This understanding has also identified a critical dependency between colonizing tumour cells and the cells of bone. This is particularly important when tumour cells first arrive in bone, adapt to their new microenvironment and enter a long-lived dormant state. In this Review, we discuss the role of different bone cell types in supporting disseminated tumour cell dormancy and reactivation, and highlight the new opportunities this provides for targeting the bone microenvironment to control dormancy and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Croucher
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Zuo Y, Berdeaux R, Frost JA. The RhoGEF Net1 is required for normal mammary gland development. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 28:1948-60. [PMID: 25321414 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (Net1) is a RhoA subfamily-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is overexpressed in human breast cancer and is required for breast cancer cell migration and invasion. However, the role of Net1 in normal mammary gland development or function has never been assessed. To understand the role of Net1 in the mammary gland, we have created a conditional Net1 knockout mouse model. Whole-body deletion of Net1 results in delayed mammary gland development during puberty characterized by slowed of ductal extension and reduced ductal branching. Epithelial cells within the developing ducts show reduced proliferation that is accompanied by diminished estrogen receptor-α expression and activity. Net1-deficient mammary glands also exhibit reduced phosphorylation of regulatory subunits of myosin light chain and myosin light-chain phosphatase, indicating that RhoA-dependent actomyosin contraction is compromised. Net1 deficiency also leads to disorganization of myoepithelial and ductal epithelial cells and increased periductal collagen deposition. Mammary epithelial cell transplantation experiments indicate that reduced ductal branching and disorganization are cell autonomous. These data identify for the first time a role for NET1 in vivo and indicate that NET1 expression is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in the developing mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zuo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
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Kremer R, Gagnon B, Meguerditchian AN, Nadeau L, Mayo N. Effect of Oral Bisphosphonates for Osteoporosis on Development of Skeletal Metastases in Women With Breast Cancer: Results From a Pharmaco-Epidemiological Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Mimicking breast cancer-induced bone metastasis in vivo: current transplantation models and advanced humanized strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:721-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Acting through its cognate receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) is an essential mediator of osteoclast function and survival. Preclinical data have now firmly established that blockade of tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis by RANKL inhibition will not only protect against bone destruction but will also inhibit the progression of established bone metastases and delay the formation of de novo bone metastases in cancer models. In patients with bone metastases, skeletal complications are driven by increased osteoclastic activity and may result in pathological fractures, spinal cord compression and the need for radiotherapy to the bone or orthopedic surgery (collectively known as skeletal-related events (SREs)). Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, has been demonstrated to prevent or delay SREs in patients with solid tumors that have metastasized to bone. In addition to its central role in tumor-induced osteolysis, bone destruction and skeletal tumor progression, there is emerging evidence for direct pro-metastatic effects of RANKL, independent of osteoclasts. For example, RANKL also stimulates metastasis via activity on RANK-expressing cancer cells, resulting in increased invasion and migration. Pharmacological inhibition of RANKL may also reduce bone and lung metastasis through blockade of the direct action of RANKL on metastatic cells. This review describes these distinct but potentially overlapping mechanisms by which RANKL may promote metastases.
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van der Horst G, van der Pluijm G. Preclinical models that illuminate the bone metastasis cascade. Recent Results Cancer Res 2012; 192:1-31. [PMID: 22307368 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21892-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter currently available preclinical models of tumor progression and bone metastasis, including genetically engineered mice that develop primary and metastatic carcinomas and transplantable animal models, will be described. Understanding the multistep process of incurable bone metastasis is pivotal to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Novel technologies for imaging molecules or pathologic processes in cancers and their surrounding stroma have emerged rapidly and have greatly facilitated cancer research, in particular the cellular behavior of osteotropic tumors and their response to new and existing therapeutic agents. Optical imaging, in particular, has become an important tool in preclinical bone metastasis models, clinical trials and medical practice. Advances in experimental and clinical imaging will-in the long run-result in significant improvements in diagnosis, tumor localization, enhanced drug delivery and treatment.
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Sadanandam A, Futakuchi M, Lyssiotis CA, Gibb WJ, Singh RK. A cross-species analysis of a mouse model of breast cancer-specific osteolysis and human bone metastases using gene expression profiling. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:304. [PMID: 21774828 PMCID: PMC3171728 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States. During the advanced stages of disease, many breast cancer patients suffer from bone metastasis. These metastases are predominantly osteolytic and develop when tumor cells interact with bone. In vivo models that mimic the breast cancer-specific osteolytic bone microenvironment are limited. Previously, we developed a mouse model of tumor-bone interaction in which three mouse breast cancer cell lines were implanted onto the calvaria. Analysis of tumors from this model revealed that they exhibited strong bone resorption, induction of osteoclasts and intracranial penetration at the tumor bone (TB)-interface. Methods In this study, we identified and used a TB microenvironment-specific gene expression signature from this model to extend our understanding of the metastatic bone microenvironment in human disease and to predict potential therapeutic targets. Results We identified a TB signature consisting of 934 genes that were commonly (among our 3 cell lines) and specifically (as compared to tumor-alone area within the bone microenvironment) up- and down-regulated >2-fold at the TB interface in our mouse osteolytic model. By comparing the TB signature with gene expression profiles from human breast metastases and an in vitro osteoclast model, we demonstrate that our model mimics both the human breast cancer bone microenvironment and osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, we observed enrichment in various signaling pathways specific to the TB interface; that is, TGF-β and myeloid self-renewal pathways were activated and the Wnt pathway was inactivated. Lastly, we used the TB-signature to predict cyclopenthiazide as a potential inhibitor of the TB interface. Conclusion Our mouse breast cancer model morphologically and genetically resembles the osteoclastic bone microenvironment observed in human disease. Characterization of the gene expression signature specific to the TB interface in our model revealed signaling mechanisms operative in human breast cancer metastases and predicted a therapeutic inhibitor of cancer-mediated osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anguraj Sadanandam
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA.
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de Assis S, Warri A, Benitez C, Helferich W, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Protective effects of prepubertal genistein exposure on mammary tumorigenesis are dependent on BRCA1 expression. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1436-48. [PMID: 21680703 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether prepubertal dietary exposure to genistein reduces mammary tumorigenesis by upregulating Brca1 expression in mice. Heterozygous Brca1(+/-) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were fed control AIN93G diet or 500 ppm genistein-supplemented AIN93G diet from postnatal day (PND) 15 to PND30 and then switched to AIN93G diet. Prepubertal dietary exposure to genistein reduced 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary incidence (P = 0.029) and aggressiveness of the tumors (P < 0.001) in the WT mice and upregulated the expression of Brca1 in their mammary glands (P = 0.04). In contrast, prepubertal genistein diet neither significantly reduced mammary tumorigenesis or tumor aggressivity nor increased Brca1 mRNA expression in the Brca1(+/-) mice. These results may be related to the opposing effects of prepubertal genistein diet on the expression of Rankl and CK5/CK18 ratio (marker of luminal epithelial cell differentiation) in the mammary gland and estrogen receptor (ER-α) and progesterone receptor (PgR) protein levels in the mammary tumor: these all were reduced in the WT mice or increased in Brca1(+/-) mice. Both the WT and Brca1(+/-) mice exhibited reduced levels of amphiregulin, CK5, and CK18, delayed ductal elongation and a reduction in terminal end bud number in the normal mammary gland, and reduced HER-2 protein levels in the mammary tumors; however, these effects were not sufficient to significantly reduce mammary tumorigenesis in Brca1(+/-) mice. Our results show that upregulation of Brca1 may be required for prepubertal dietary genistein exposure to reduce later mammary tumorigenesis, perhaps because in the absence of this upregulation, mice do not exhibit genistein-induced downregulation of ER-α, PgR, and Rankl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Assis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Schramek D, Penninger JM. The many roles of RANKL-RANK signaling in bone, breast and cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1138/20110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lynch CC. Matrix metalloproteinases as master regulators of the vicious cycle of bone metastasis. Bone 2011; 48:44-53. [PMID: 20601294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a delicate balancing act between the bone matrix synthesizing osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts. Active bone metastases typically subvert this process to generate lesions that are comprised of extensive areas of pathological osteogenesis and osteolysis. The resultant increase in bone matrix remodeling enhances cytokine/growth factor bioavailability thus creating a vicious cycle that stimulates tumor progression. Given the extent of matrix remodeling occurring in the tumor-bone microenvironment, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) would be expected, since collectively they have the ability to degrade all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, in addition to being "matrix bulldozers", MMPs control the bioavailability and bioactivity of factors such as RANKL and TGFβ that have been described as crucial for tumor-bone interaction, thus implicating MMPs as key regulators of the vicious cycle of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C Lynch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Crockett JC, Mellis DJ, Scott DI, Helfrich MH. New knowledge on critical osteoclast formation and activation pathways from study of rare genetic diseases of osteoclasts: focus on the RANK/RANKL axis. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:1-20. [PMID: 20458572 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional, biochemical and genetic studies have over the past decade identified many causative genes in the osteoclast diseases osteopetrosis and Paget's disease of bone. Here, we outline all osteoclast diseases and their genetic associations and then focus specifically on those diseases caused by mutations in the critical osteoclast molecule Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa B (RANK). Both loss and gain-of-function mutations have been found in humans leading to osteopetrosis and high bone turnover phenotypes, respectively. Osteopetrosis-associated RANK mutations are widely distributed over the RANK molecule. It is likely that some negatively affect ligand binding, whereas others preclude appropriate association of RANK with downstream signalling molecules. In the Paget-like disorders, familial expansile osteolysis, early onset Paget's disease and expansile skeletal hyperphosphatasia, heterozygous insertion mutations are found in the RANK signal peptide. These prevent signal peptide cleavage, trapping the protein translated from the mutated allele in the endoplasmic reticulum. Whole animal studies replicate the hyperactive osteoclast phenotype associated with these disorders and present only with heterozygous expression of the mutation, suggesting an as yet unexplained effect of the mutant allele on normal RANK function. We discuss the cell biological studies and animal models that help us to understand the nature of these different RANK defects and describe how careful dissection of these conditions can help understand critical pathways in osteoclast development and function. We highlight areas that require further study, particularly in light of the pharmacological interest in targeting the RANK signalling pathway to treat diseases caused by excessive bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Crockett
- Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK.
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Nannuru KC, Futakuchi M, Varney ML, Vincent TM, Marcusson EG, Singh RK. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 regulates mammary tumor-induced osteolysis by activating MMP9 and transforming growth factor-beta signaling at the tumor-bone interface. Cancer Res 2010. [PMID: 20406980 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-32510008-5472.can-09-3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tropism of breast cancer cells for bone and their tendency to induce an osteolytic phenotype are a result of interactions between breast cancer cells and stromal cells and are of paramount importance for bone metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that tumor-stromal interaction alters gene expression in malignant tumor cells and stromal cells creating a unique expression signature that promotes osteolytic breast cancer bone metastasis and that inhibition of such interactions can be developed as targeted therapeutics. Microarray analysis was performed to investigate gene expression profiling at the tumor-bone (TB) interface versus the tumor alone area from syngenic mice injected with three different syngenic mammary tumor cell lines that differ in their metastatic potential. We identified matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), and integrins binding sialoprotein to be genes upregulated at the TB interface and validated. To determine the functional role of MMP13 in tumor-induced osteolysis, mice with Cl66 mammary tumors were treated with MMP13 antisense oligonucleotides (MMP13-ASO) or control scrambled oligonucleotides (control-ASO). Knockdown of MMP13 expression at the TB interface leads to significant reduction in bone destruction and in the number of activated osteoclasts at the TB interface. Further analysis to evaluate the mechanism of MMP13-dependent osteolytic bone metastasis revealed that MMP13-ASO treatment decreased active MMP9, RANKL levels, and transforming growth factor-beta signaling at the TB interface. Together, our data indicate that upregulation of MMP13 at the TB interface is important in tumor-induced osteolysis and suggest that MMP13 is a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan C Nannuru
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
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Nannuru KC, Futakuchi M, Varney ML, Vincent TM, Marcusson EG, Singh RK. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 regulates mammary tumor-induced osteolysis by activating MMP9 and transforming growth factor-beta signaling at the tumor-bone interface. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3494-504. [PMID: 20406980 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The tropism of breast cancer cells for bone and their tendency to induce an osteolytic phenotype are a result of interactions between breast cancer cells and stromal cells and are of paramount importance for bone metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that tumor-stromal interaction alters gene expression in malignant tumor cells and stromal cells creating a unique expression signature that promotes osteolytic breast cancer bone metastasis and that inhibition of such interactions can be developed as targeted therapeutics. Microarray analysis was performed to investigate gene expression profiling at the tumor-bone (TB) interface versus the tumor alone area from syngenic mice injected with three different syngenic mammary tumor cell lines that differ in their metastatic potential. We identified matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), and integrins binding sialoprotein to be genes upregulated at the TB interface and validated. To determine the functional role of MMP13 in tumor-induced osteolysis, mice with Cl66 mammary tumors were treated with MMP13 antisense oligonucleotides (MMP13-ASO) or control scrambled oligonucleotides (control-ASO). Knockdown of MMP13 expression at the TB interface leads to significant reduction in bone destruction and in the number of activated osteoclasts at the TB interface. Further analysis to evaluate the mechanism of MMP13-dependent osteolytic bone metastasis revealed that MMP13-ASO treatment decreased active MMP9, RANKL levels, and transforming growth factor-beta signaling at the TB interface. Together, our data indicate that upregulation of MMP13 at the TB interface is important in tumor-induced osteolysis and suggest that MMP13 is a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan C Nannuru
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
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