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Wang H, Sun H, Huang J, Zhang Z, Cai G, Wang C, Xiao K, Xiong X, Zhang J, Liu P, Lu X, Feng W, Wang J. Therapeutic targeting ERRγ suppresses metastasis via extracellular matrix remodeling in small cell lung cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s44321-024-00108-z. [PMID: 39085398 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive and lethal type of lung cancer, characterized by limited treatment options, early and frequent metastasis. However, the determinants of metastasis in SCLC are poorly defined. Here, we show that estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) is overexpressed in metastatic SCLC tumors, and is positively associated with SCLC progression. ERRγ functions as an essential activator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and cell adhesion, two critical steps in metastasis, by directly regulating the expression of major genes involved in these processes. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ERRγ markedly reduces collagen production, cell-matrix adhesion, microfilament production, and eventually blocks SCLC cell invasion and tumor metastasis. Notably, ERRγ antagonists significantly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis and restored SCLC vulnerability to chemotherapy in multiple cell-derived and patient-derived xenograft models. Taken together, these findings establish ERRγ as an attractive target for metastatic SCLC and provide a potential pharmacological strategy for treating this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huizi Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guodi Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, 510630, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weineng Feng
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 528000, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Junjian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
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Zhou Y, Qian M, Li J, Ruan L, Wang Y, Cai C, Gu S, Zhao X. The role of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer: From mechanism to small molecule therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116014. [PMID: 38134634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the main component of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the lung tumor microenvironment. TAMs recruited to the lung cancer can create a suitable microenvironment for the growth and metastasis of lung cancer by secreting tumor promoting factors and interfering with the function of T cells. Currently, numerous studies have reported that small molecular drugs affect lung cancer progression by selectively targeting TAMs. The main ways include blocking the recruitment of monocytes or eliminating existing TAMs in tumor tissue, reprogramming TAMs into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages or inhibiting M2 polarization of macrophages, interrupting the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages, and modulating immune function. Signaling pathways or cytokines such as CCL8, CCL2/CCR2, CSF-1/CSF-1R, STAT3, STAT6, MMPs, Caspase-8, AMPK α1, TLR3, CD47/SIRPα, have been reported to be involved in this process. Based on summarizing the role and mechanisms of TAMs in lung cancer progression, this paper particularly focuses on systematically reviewing the effects and mechanisms of small molecule drugs on lung cancer TAMs, and classified the small molecular drugs according to the way they affect TAMs. The study aims to provide new perspectives and potential therapeutic drugs for targeted macrophages treatment in lung cancer, which is of great significance and will provide more options for immunotherapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongnan Zhou
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Manqing Qian
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianlin Li
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lanxi Ruan
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yirong Wang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chenyao Cai
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shengxian Gu
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhao
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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3
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Githaka JM, Pirayeshfard L, Goping IS. Cancer invasion and metastasis: Insights from murine pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130375. [PMID: 37150225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer related mortality. A better understanding of the players that drive the aberrant invasion and migration of tumors cells will provide critical targets to inhibit metastasis. Postnatal pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis is characterized by highly proliferative, invasive, and migratory normal epithelial cells. Identifying the molecular regulators of pubertal gland development is a promising strategy since tumorigenesis and metastasis is postulated to be a consequence of aberrant reactivation of developmental stages. In this review, we summarize the pubertal morphogenesis regulators that are involved in cancer metastasis and revisit pubertal mammary gland transcriptome profiling to uncover both known and unknown metastasis genes. Our updated list of pubertal morphogenesis regulators shows that most are implicated in invasion and metastasis. This review highlights molecular linkages between development and metastasis and provides a guide for exploring novel metastatic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maringa Githaka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Leila Pirayeshfard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Ing Swie Goping
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Luo X, Li Y, Hua Z, Xue X, Wang X, Pang M, Xiao C, Zhao H, Lyu A, Liu Y. Exosomes-mediated tumor metastasis through reshaping tumor microenvironment and distant niche. J Control Release 2023; 353:327-336. [PMID: 36464063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) are the particular communicator and messenger between tumor cells and other cells containing cancer-associated genetic materials and proteins. And TDEs who are also one of the important components consisting of the tumor microenvironment (TME) can reshape and interact with TME to promote tumor development and metastasis. Moreover, due to their long-distance transmission by body fluids, TDEs can facilitate the formation of pre-metastatic niche to support tumor colonization. We discuss the main characteristics and mechanism of TDE-mediated tumor metastasis by reshaping TME and pre-metastatic niche as well as the potential of TDEs for diagnosing tumor and predicting future metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Luo
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenglai Hua
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xue
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingshi Pang
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hongkong, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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5
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Wang J, Luo Z, Lin L, Sui X, Yu L, Xu C, Zhang R, Zhao Z, Zhu Q, An B, Wang Q, Chen B, Leung ELH, Wu Q. Anoikis-Associated Lung Cancer Metastasis: Mechanisms and Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194791. [PMID: 36230714 PMCID: PMC9564242 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anoikis is a programmed cell death process resulting from the loss of interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome anoikis when tumor cells acquire metastatic potential. In lung cancer, the composition of the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion-related membrane proteins, cytoskeletal regulators, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition are involved in the process of anoikis, and the initiation of apoptosis signals is a critical step in anoikis. Inversely, activation of growth signals counteracts anoikis. This review summarizes the regulators of lung cancer-related anoikis and explores potential drug applications targeting anoikis. Abstract Tumor metastasis occurs in lung cancer, resulting in tumor progression and therapy failure. Anoikis is a mechanism of apoptosis that combats tumor metastasis; it inhibits the escape of tumor cells from the native extracellular matrix to other organs. Deciphering the regulators and mechanisms of anoikis in cancer metastasis is urgently needed to treat lung cancer. Several natural and synthetic products exhibit the pro-anoikis potential in lung cancer cells and in vivo models. These products include artonin E, imperatorin, oroxylin A, lupalbigenin, sulforaphane, renieramycin M, avicequinone B, and carbenoxolone. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anoikis regulation and relevant regulators involved in lung cancer metastasis and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting anoikis in the treatment of lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zhijie Luo
- The First Clinical Medical College, The First Hospital Affiliated, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lizhu Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College, The First Hospital Affiliated, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Oncology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Cong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qianru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Bo An
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Bi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Science, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (E.L.-H.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai 519031, China
- Correspondence: (E.L.-H.L.); (Q.W.)
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Cheng Y, Wang Q, Li K, Shi J, Wu L, Han B, Chen G, He J, Wang J, Qin H, Li X. Anlotinib for patients with small cell lung cancer and baseline liver metastases: A post hoc analysis of the ALTER 1202 trial. Cancer Med 2021; 11:1081-1087. [PMID: 34939373 PMCID: PMC8855912 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis is common in advanced small cell lung cancer (SCLC). There is no evidence-proven treatment beyond the second line in patients with SCLC and liver metastasis. This study aimed to investigate survival in patients with SCLC and liver metastasis treated with anlotinib compared with placebo. This study was a post hoc analysis of the phase II ALTER 1202 trial, including patients who had liver metastasis at baseline. The participants were randomized 2:1 to receive either 12 mg/day anlotinib (anlotinib group) or placebo (placebo group). Tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared. In the original trial, there were 39 participants with liver metastasis at baseline, including 27 and 12 in the anlotinib and placebo groups, respectively. The objective response rate was 3.7% and 0% in the anlotinib and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.9999). An elevated disease control rate was found in the anlotinib group (44.4%) compared with the placebo group (8.3%, p = 0.0173). The median PFS was 1.51 vs. 0.71 months in favor of anlotinib (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.365, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17-0.78; p = 0.0064), with no marked difference in median OS (3.29 vs. 1.91 months; HR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.22-1.16; p = 0.0996). The most common AEs in the anlotinib group were hypertension (40.7%), fatigue (29.6%), loss of appetite (22.2%), and weight loss (22.2%). There were no grade 5 AE. In conclusion, anlotinib increased PFS compared with placebo in patients with SCLC and liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianhua Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shandong Linyi Tumor Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Cancer Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gongyan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Qin
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
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Belluomini L, Dodi A, Caldart A, Kadrija D, Sposito M, Casali M, Sartori G, Ferrara MG, Avancini A, Bria E, Menis J, Milella M, Pilotto S. A narrative review on tumor microenvironment in oligometastatic and oligoprogressive non-small cell lung cancer: a lot remains to be done. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:3369-3384. [PMID: 34430373 PMCID: PMC8350097 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this review, we aim to collect and discuss available data about the role and composition of tumor microenvironment (TME) in oligometastatic (OMD) and oligoprogressive (OPD) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Furthermore, we aim to summarize the ongoing clinical trials evaluating as exploratory objective the TME composition, through tissue and/or blood samples, in order to clarify whether TME and its components could explain, at least partially, the oligometastatic/oligoprogressive process and could unravel the existence of predictive and/or prognostic factors for local ablative therapy (LAT). Background OMD/OPD NSCLC represent a heterogeneous group of diseases. Several data have shown that TME plays an important role in tumor progression and therefore in treatment response. The crucial role of several types of cells and molecules such as immune cells, cytokines, integrins, protease and adhesion molecules, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been widely established. Due to the peculiar activation of specific pathways and expression of adhesion molecules, metastatic cells seem to show a tropism for specific anatomic sites (the so-called “seed and soil” hypothesis). Based on this theory, metastases appear as a biologically driven process rather than a random release of cancer cells. Although the role and the function of TME at the time of progression in patients with NSCLC treated with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been investigated, limited data about the role and the biological meaning of TME are available in the specific OMD/OPD setting. Methods Through a comprehensive PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov search, we identified available and ongoing studies exploring the role of TME in oligometastatic/oligoprogressive NSCLC. Conclusions Deepening the knowledge on TME composition and function in OMD/OPD may provide innovative implications in terms of both prognosis and prediction of outcome in particular from local treatments, paving the way for future investigations of personalized approaches in both advanced and early disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Belluomini
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dodi
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Caldart
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Dzenete Kadrija
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Sposito
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Miriam Casali
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Sartori
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Miriam Grazia Ferrara
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Alice Avancini
- Biomedical, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Emilio Bria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Jessica Menis
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Pilotto
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
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Ko J, Winslow MM, Sage J. Mechanisms of small cell lung cancer metastasis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13122. [PMID: 33296145 PMCID: PMC7799359 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the ability of cancer cells to metastasize remain relatively poorly understood. Among all solid tumors, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has remarkable metastatic proclivity, with a majority of patients diagnosed with metastatic disease. Our understanding of SCLC metastasis has been hampered for many years by the paucity of material from primary tumors and metastases, as well as the lack of faithful pre-clinical models. Here, we review recent advances that are helping circumvent these limitations. These advances include methods that employ circulating tumor cells from the blood of SCLC patients and the development of diverse genetically engineered mouse models of metastatic SCLC. New insights into the cellular mechanisms of SCLC metastasis include observations of cell fate changes associated with increased metastatic ability. Ongoing studies on cell migration and organ tropism promise to expand our understanding of SCLC metastasis. Ultimately, a better molecular understanding of metastatic phenotypes may be translated into new therapeutic options to limit metastatic spread and treat metastatic SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ko
- Department of PediatricsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Department of PathologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of PediatricsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
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10
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Salgia R, Mambetsariev I, Hewelt B, Achuthan S, Li H, Poroyko V, Wang Y, Sattler M. Modeling small cell lung cancer (SCLC) biology through deterministic and stochastic mathematical models. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26226-26242. [PMID: 29899855 PMCID: PMC5995226 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical cancer models are immensely powerful tools that are based in part on the fractal nature of biological structures, such as the geometry of the lung. Cancers of the lung provide an opportune model to develop and apply algorithms that capture changes and disease phenotypes. We reviewed mathematical models that have been developed for biological sciences and applied them in the context of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) growth, mutational heterogeneity, and mechanisms of metastasis. The ultimate goal is to develop the stochastic and deterministic nature of this disease, to link this comprehensive set of tools back to its fractalness and to provide a platform for accurate biomarker development. These techniques may be particularly useful in the context of drug development research, such as combination with existing omics approaches. The integration of these tools will be important to further understand the biology of SCLC and ultimately develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Salgia
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Isa Mambetsariev
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Blake Hewelt
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | | | - Haiqing Li
- City of Hope, Center for Informatics, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Valeriy Poroyko
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Yingyu Wang
- City of Hope, Center for Informatics, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sattler
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston 02215, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston 02115, MA, USA
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11
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Kim DI, Kim E, Kim YA, Cho SW, Lim JA, Park YJ. Macrophage Densities Correlated with CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression and Related with Poor Survival in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:469-475. [PMID: 27491720 PMCID: PMC5053061 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.3.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) have emerged as potential biomarkers in various human cancers. The aims of this study were to investigate the clinical characteristics of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) patients according to the TAM numbers in the tumor tissue, and to evaluate the associations between CXCR4 expressions and macrophage densities in ATC tumor microenvironment. METHODS Total 14 ATC samples from thyroid tissue microarray were used. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-CD163 and anti-CXCR4 antibodies. According to the immunoreactivity of CD163, all subjects were divided into two groups: low-CD163 (n=8) and high-CD163 (n=6) groups. RESULTS The mean diagnostic age was 65±7 years and the median tumor size was 4.3 cm, ranging 2.5 to 15 cm. Clinicopathological characteristics were not significantly different between low-CD163 and high-CD163 groups, while age of diagnosis was younger in high-CD163 group than that of low-CD163 group with marginal significance (56.9±5.5 years vs. 67.5±6.8 years, P=0.09). However, overall survival was significantly reduced in high-CD163 group (5.5 months [range, 1 to 10]) compared with low-CD163 groups (8.8 months [range, 6 to 121); log-rank test, P=0.0443). Moreover, high-CD163 group showed strong CXCR4 expressions in both cancer and stromal compartments, while low-CD163 group showed relatively weak, stromal-dominant CXCR4 expressions. Additionally, CD163 and CXCR4 expressions showed a strong positive correlation (γ²=0.432, P=0.013). CONCLUSION Increased number of TAMs showed poor overall survival in ATC, suggesting TAMs are potentially a prognostic biomarker for ATC. CXCR4 expression was significantly correlated with CD163-positive TAM densities, which suggest the possible role of CXCR4 in TAM recruitments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae In Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jung Ah Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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HGFL supports mammary tumorigenesis by enhancing tumor cell intrinsic survival and influencing macrophage and T-cell responses. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17445-61. [PMID: 25938541 PMCID: PMC4627320 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ron receptor is overexpressed in human breast cancers and is associated with heightened metastasis and poor survival. Ron overexpression in the mammary epithelium of mice is sufficient to induce aggressive mammary tumors with a high degree of metastasis. Despite the well-documented role of Ron in breast cancer, few studies have examined the necessity of the endogenous Ron ligand, hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFL) in mammary tumorigenesis. Herein, mammary tumor growth and metastasis were examined in mice overexpressing Ron in the mammary epithelium with or without HGFL. HGFL ablation decreased oncogenic Ron activation and delayed mammary tumor initiation. HGFL was important for tumor cell proliferation and survival. HGFL loss resulted in increased numbers of macrophages and T-cells within the tumor. T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity dramatically increased in HGFL deficient mice. Biochemical analysis of HGFL proficient tumors showed increased local HGFL production, with HGFL loss decreasing β-catenin expression and NF-κB activation. Re-expression of HGFL in HGFL deficient tumor cells stimulated cell migration and invasion with coordinate activation of NF-κB and reduced apoptosis. Together, these results demonstrate critical in vivo functions for HGFL in promoting breast tumorigenesis and suggest that targeting HGFL may inhibit tumor growth and reactivate anti-tumor immune responses.
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Marech I, Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Zuccalà V, Zizzo N, Leporini C, Luposella M, Patruno R, Filippelli G, Russo E, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, De Sarro G, Ranieri G. Tumour-associated macrophages correlate with microvascular bed extension in colorectal cancer patients. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1373-80. [PMID: 27105577 PMCID: PMC4929299 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) represent pivotal components of tumour microenvironment promoting angiogenesis, tumour progression and invasion. In colorectal cancer (CRC), there are no conclusive data about the role of TAMs in angiogenesis‐mediated tumour progression. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a correlation between TAMs, TAM immunostained area (TAMIA) microvascular density (MVD), endothelial area (EA) and cancer cells positive to VEGF‐A (CCP‐VEGF‐A) in primary tumour tissue of locally advanced CRC patients undergone to radical surgery. A series of 76 patients with CRC were selected and evaluated by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. An anti‐CD68 antibody was employed to assess TAMs and TAMIA expression, an anti‐CD34 antibody was utilized to detect MVD and EA expression, whereas an anti‐VEGF‐A antibody was used to detect CCP‐VEGF‐A; then, tumour sections were evaluated by image analysis methods. The mean ± S.D. of TAMs, MVD and CCP‐VEGF‐A was 65.58 ± 21.14, 28.53 ± 7.75 and 63% ± 37%, respectively; the mean ± S.D. of TAMIA and EA was 438.37 ± 124.14μ2 and 186.73 ± 67.22μ2, respectively. A significant correlation was found between TAMs, TAMIA, MVD and EA each other (r ranging from 0.69 to 0.84; P ranging from 0.000 to 0.004). The high level of expression of TAMs and TAMIA in tumour tissue and the significant correlation with both MVD and EA illustrate that TAMs could represent a marker that plays an important role in promoting angiogenesis‐mediated CRC. In this context, novel agents killing TAMs might be evaluated in clinical trials as a new anti‐angiogenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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14
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Premetastatic niche formation in the liver: emerging mechanisms and mouse models. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:1193-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Jung KY, Cho SW, Kim YA, Kim D, Oh BC, Park DJ, Park YJ. Cancers with Higher Density of Tumor-Associated Macrophages Were Associated with Poor Survival Rates. J Pathol Transl Med 2015; 49:318-24. [PMID: 26081823 PMCID: PMC4508569 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2015.06.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Macrophages are a component of a tumor’s microenvironment and have various roles in tumor progression and metastasis. This study evaluated the relationships between tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) density and clinical outcomes in 14 different types of human cancers. Methods: We investigated TAM density in human tissue microarray sections from 14 different types of human cancers (n = 266) and normal thyroid, lung, and breast tissues (n = 22). The five-year survival rates of each cancer were obtained from the 2011 Korea Central Cancer Registry. Results: Among 13 human cancers, excluding thyroid cancer, pancreas, lung, and gallbladder cancers had the highest density of CD163-positive macrophages (7.0±3.5%, 6.9±7.4%, and 6.9 ± 5.5%, respectively). The five-year relative survival rates of these cancers (pancreas, 8.7%; lung, 20.7%; gallbladder, 27.5%) were lower than those of other cancers. The histological subtypes in thyroid cancer exhibited significantly different CD163-positive macrophages densities (papillary, 1.8 ± 1.6% vs anaplastic, 22.9 ± 17.1%; p < .001), but no significant difference between histological subtypes was detected in lung and breast cancers. Moreover, there was no significant difference in CD163-positive macrophages densities among the TNM stages in lung, breast, and thyroid cancers. Conclusions: Cancers with higher TAM densities (pancreas, lung, anaplastic thyroid, and gallbladder) were associated with poor survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Yeun Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daein Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Vasiliauskas J, Nashu MA, Pathrose P, Starnes SL, Waltz SE. Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein is required for prostate tumor growth in the TRAMP mouse model. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5547-58. [PMID: 24980820 PMCID: PMC4170603 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ron receptor is deregulated in a variety of cancers. Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFL) is the ligand for Ron and is constitutively secreted from hepatocytes into the circulation. While a few recent reports have emerged analyzing ectopic HGFL overexpression in cancer cells, no studies have examined the effect of host-produced HGFL in tumorigenesis. To examine HGFL function in prostate cancer, the TRAMP mouse model, which is predisposed to develop prostate tumors, was utilized. Prostate tumors from TRAMP mice exhibit elevated levels of HGFL, which correlated with upregulation in human prostate cancer. To directly implicate HGFL in prostate tumorigenesis, TRAMP mice deficient in HGFL (HGFL-/-TRAMP+) were generated. HGFL-/- TRAMP+ mice developed significantly smaller prostate tumors compared to controls. Analysis of HGFL-/- tumors revealed reduced tumor vascularization. No differences in cancer cell proliferation were detected between HGFL-/- TRAMP+ and HGFL+/+ TRAMP+ mice. However, a significant increase in cancer cell death was detected in HGFL-/- TRAMP+ prostates which correlated with decreased pro-survival targets. In vitro analysis demonstrated robust STAT3 activation resulting in Bcl2-dependent survival following treatment of prostate cancer cells with HGFL. These data document a novel function for endogenous HGFL in prostate cancer by imparting a critical survival signal to tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juozas Vasiliauskas
- Departments of Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Madison A Nashu
- Departments of Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Peterson Pathrose
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sandra L Starnes
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Susan E Waltz
- Departments of Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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17
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Gurusamy D, Ruiz-Torres SJ, Johnson AL, Smith DA, Waltz SE. Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein is a positive regulator of early mammary gland ductal morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2014; 133:11-22. [PMID: 25049204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase regulates multiple cellular processes and is important during mammary gland development and tumor progression. Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein [HGFL] is the only known ligand for the Ron receptor and recent studies have identified major roles for HGFL during breast cancer metastasis. Understanding the functional importance HGFL during mammary gland development will provide significant insights onto its contribution during tumor development and metastasis. In this study, we assessed the role of HGFL during postnatal mammary gland development using mice that were either proficient [HGFL +/+] or deficient [HGFL-/-] for HGFL. Postnatal ductal morphology and stromal cell associations were analyzed at multiple time points through puberty until adulthood. HGFL deficiency resulted in several mammary gland developmental defects including smaller terminal end buds [TEBs], significantly fewer TEBs, and delayed ductal outgrowth during early puberty. Additionally, HGFL deficient animals exhibited significantly altered TEB epithelial cell turnover with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis coupled with decreased TEB diameter. Macrophage recruitment to the TEBs was also significantly decreased in the HGFL-/- mice compared to controls. Moreover, the levels of STAT3 mRNA as well as the phosphorylation status of this protein were lower in the HGFL-/- mammary glands compared to controls. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence for HGFL as a positive regulator of mammary gland ductal morphogenesis by controlling overall epithelial cell turnover, macrophage recruitment, and STAT3 activation in the developing mammary gland. With a function in early mammary gland development, HGFL represents a potential target for the development of novel breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devikala Gurusamy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Sasha J Ruiz-Torres
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Abby L Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Dana A Smith
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Susan E Waltz
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA; Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA.
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The role of the tumor-microenvironment in lung cancer-metastasis and its relationship to potential therapeutic targets. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:558-66. [PMID: 24176790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for >80% of lung cancer cases and currently has an overall five-year survival rate of only 15%. Patients presenting with advanced stage NSCLC die within 18-months of diagnosis. Metastatic spread accounts for >70% of these deaths. Thus elucidation of the mechanistic basis of NSCLC-metastasis has potential to impact on patient quality of life and survival. Research on NSCLC metastasis has recently expanded to include non-cancer cell components of tumors-the stromal cellular compartment and extra-cellular matrix components comprising the tumor-microenvironment. Metastasis (from initial primary tumor growth through angiogenesis, intravasation, survival in the bloodstream, extravasation and metastatic growth) is an inefficient process and few released cancer cells complete the entire process. Micro-environmental interactions assist each of these steps and discovery of the mechanisms by which tumor cells co-operate with the micro-environment are uncovering key molecules providing either biomarkers or potential drug targets. The major sites of NSCLC metastasis are brain, bone, adrenal gland and the liver. The mechanistic basis of this tissue-tropism is beginning to be elucidated offering the potential to target stromal components of these tissues thus targeting therapy to the tissues affected. This review covers the principal steps involved in tumor metastasis. The role of cell-cell interactions, ECM remodeling and autocrine/paracrine signaling interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma is discussed. The mechanistic basis of lung cancer metastasis to specific organs is also described. The signaling mechanisms outlined have potential to act as future drug targets minimizing lung cancer metastatic spread and morbidity.
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19
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Kim S, Cho SW, Min HS, Kim KM, Yeom GJ, Kim EY, Lee KE, Yun YG, Park DJ, Park YJ. The expression of tumor-associated macrophages in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2013; 28:192-8. [PMID: 24396678 PMCID: PMC3811699 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2013.28.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a tumorigenic role related to advanced staging and poor prognosis in many human cancers including thyroid cancers. Yet, a functional role of TAMs in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate TAM expression in human PTC with lymph node (LN) metastasis. METHODS Thirty-six patients who underwent surgery after being diagnosed with PTC with LN metastasis were included. Primary tumor tissues were immunohistochemically stained with an anti-CD68 antibody and clinical characteristics according to TAM density were evaluated. RESULTS The TAM densities (CD68(+) cells) varied from 5% to 70%, in all tumor areas, while few cells were stained in adjacent normal tissues. TAMs were identified as CD68(+) cells with thin, elongated cytoplasmic extensions that formed a canopy structure over tumor cells. Comparing clinicopathologic characteristics between tumors with low (<25%) and high (25% to 70%) TAM densities, primary tumors were larger in the high density group than in the low density group (2.0±0.1 vs. 1.5±0.1; P=0.009). CONCLUSION TAMs were identified in primary PTC tumors with LN metastasis and higher TAM densities were related to larger tumor sizes, suggesting a tumorigenic role of TAMs in human PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sook Min
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Gye Jeong Yeom
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo Gyu Yun
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Since the discovery of MSP (macrophage-stimulating protein; also known as MST1 and hepatocyte growth factor-like (HGFL)) as the ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase RON (also known as MST1R) in the early 1990s, the roles of this signalling axis in cancer pathogenesis has been extensively studied in various model systems. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence has revealed that MSP-RON signalling is important for the invasive growth of different types of cancers. Currently, small-molecule inhibitors and antibodies blocking RON signalling are under investigation. Substantial responses have been achieved in human tumour xenograft models, laying the foundation for clinical validation. In this Review, we discuss recent advances that demonstrate the importance of MSP-RON signalling in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ping Yao
- Viral Oncogenesis Section in State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
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Gurusamy D, Gray JK, Pathrose P, Kulkarni RM, Finkleman FD, Waltz SE. Myeloid-specific expression of Ron receptor kinase promotes prostate tumor growth. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1752-63. [PMID: 23328584 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ron receptor kinase (MST1R) is important in promoting epithelial tumorigenesis, but the potential contributions of its specific expression in stromal cells have not been examined. Herein, we show that the Ron receptor is expressed in mouse and human stromal cells of the prostate tumor microenvironment. To test the significance of stromal Ron expression, prostate cancer cells were orthotopically implanted into the prostates of either wild-type or Ron tyrosine kinase deficient (TK(-/-); Mst1r(-/-)) hosts. In TK(-/-) hosts, prostate cancer cell growth was significantly reduced as compared with tumor growth in TK(+/+) hosts. Prostate tumors in TK(-/-) hosts exhibited an increase in tumor cell apoptosis, macrophage infiltration and altered cytokine expression. Reciprocal bone marrow transplantation studies and myeloid cell-specific ablation of Ron showed that loss of Ron in myeloid cells is sufficient to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth. Interestingly, depletion of CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T cells, was able to restore prostate tumor growth in hosts devoid of myeloid-specific Ron expression. These studies show a critical role for the Ron receptor in the tumor microenvironment, whereby Ron loss in tumor-associated macrophages inhibits prostate cancer cell growth, at least in part, by derepressing the activity of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devikala Gurusamy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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