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Dimer Interface in Natural Variant NK1 Is Dispensable for HGF-Dependent Met Receptor Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179240. [PMID: 34502141 PMCID: PMC8431453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
NK1, a splicing variant of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), binds to and activates Met receptor by forming an NK1 dimer and 2:2 complex with Met. Although the structural mechanism underlying Met activation by HGF remains incompletely resolved, it has been proposed that the NK1 dimer structure participates in this activation. We investigated the NK1 dimer interface’s role in Met activation by HGF. Because N127, V140, and K144 are closely involved in the head-to-tail NK1 dimer formation, mutant NK1 proteins with replacement of these residues by alanine were prepared. In Met tyrosine phosphorylation assays, N127-NK1, V140-NK1, and K144-NK1 showed 8.3%, 23.8%, and 52.2% activity, respectively, compared with wild-type NK1. Although wild-type NK1 promoted cell migration and scattering, N127-NK1, V140-NK1, and K144-NK1 hardly or marginally promoted them, indicating loss of activity of these mutant NK1 proteins to activate Met. In contrast, mutant HGFs (N127-HGF, V140-HGF, and K144-HGF) with the same amino acid replacements as in NK1 induced Met tyrosine phosphorylation and biological responses at levels comparable to those of wild-type HGF. These results indicate that the structural basis responsible for NK1-dependent Met dimer formation and activation differs from, or is at least distinguishable from, the structural basis responsible for HGF-dependent Met activation.
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Apicella M, Giannoni E, Fiore S, Ferrari KJ, Fernández-Pérez D, Isella C, Granchi C, Minutolo F, Sottile A, Comoglio PM, Medico E, Pietrantonio F, Volante M, Pasini D, Chiarugi P, Giordano S, Corso S. Increased Lactate Secretion by Cancer Cells Sustains Non-cell-autonomous Adaptive Resistance to MET and EGFR Targeted Therapies. Cell Metab 2018; 28:848-865.e6. [PMID: 30174307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment influences cancer drug response and sustains resistance to therapies targeting receptor-tyrosine kinases. However, if and how the tumor microenvironment can be altered during treatment, contributing to resistance onset, is not known. We show that, under prolonged treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), EGFR- or MET-addicted cancer cells displayed a metabolic shift toward increased glycolysis and lactate production. We identified secreted lactate as the key molecule instructing cancer-associated fibroblasts to produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in a nuclear factor κB-dependent manner. Increased HGF, activating MET-dependent signaling in cancer cells, sustained resistance to TKIs. Functional or pharmacological targeting of molecules involved in the lactate axis abrogated in vivo resistance, demonstrating the crucial role of this metabolite in the adaptive process. This adaptive resistance mechanism was observed in lung cancer patients progressed on EGFR TKIs, demonstrating the clinical relevance of our findings and opening novel scenarios in the challenge to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apicella
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Stephany Fiore
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Karin Johanna Ferrari
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Isella
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonino Sottile
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Comoglio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy; Pathology Unit, San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Diego Pasini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; Tuscany Tumor Institute and "Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE", 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Simona Corso
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; University of Torino, Department of Oncology, 10060, Torino, Candiolo, Italy.
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Mira A, Morello V, Céspedes MV, Perera T, Comoglio PM, Mangues R, Michieli P. Stroma-derived HGF drives metabolic adaptation of colorectal cancer to angiogenesis inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38193-38213. [PMID: 28445144 PMCID: PMC5503526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of paracrine Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in the resistance to angiogenesis inhibitors (AIs) is hidden in xenograft models because mouse HGF fails to fully activate human MET. To uncover it, we compared the efficacy of AIs in wild-type and human HGF knock-in SCID mice bearing orthotopic human colorectal tumors. Species-specific HGF/MET signaling dramatically impaired the response to anti-angiogenic agents and boosted metastatic dissemination. In cell-based assays mimicking the consequences of anti-angiogenic therapy, colorectal cancer cells were completely resistant to hypoxia but extremely sensitive to nutrient deprivation. Starvation-induced apoptosis could be prevented by HGF, which promoted GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake, sustained glycolysis and activated autophagy. Pharmacological inhibition of GLUT1 in the presence of glucose killed tumor cells as effectively as glucose deprivation, and this effect was antagonized by HGF. Concomitant targeting of GLUT1 and HGF potently suppressed growth and dissemination of AI-resistant human tumors in human HGF knock-in SCID mice without exacerbating tumor hypoxia. These data suggest that stroma-derived HGF protects CRC cells against glucose starvation-induced apoptosis, promoting resistance to both AIs and anti-glycolytic agents. Combined inhibition of glucose metabolism and HGF/MET signaling (‘anti-METabolic therapy’) may represent a more effective CRC treatment compared to utterly blocking tumor blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Mira
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Virginia Morello
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Virtudes Céspedes
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramon Mangues
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Michieli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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