1
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Nistelberger HM, Roycroft E, Macdonald AJ, McArthur S, White LC, Grady PGS, Pierson J, Sims C, Cowen S, Moseby K, Tuft K, Moritz C, Eldridge MDB, Byrne M, Ottewell K. Genetic mixing in conservation translocations increases diversity of a keystone threatened species, Bettongia lesueur. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37715549 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Translocation programmes are increasingly being informed by genetic data to monitor and enhance conservation outcomes for both natural and established populations. These data provide a window into contemporary patterns of genetic diversity, structure and relatedness that can guide managers in how to best source animals for their translocation programmes. The inclusion of historical samples, where possible, strengthens monitoring by allowing assessment of changes in genetic diversity over time and by providing a benchmark for future improvements in diversity via management practices. Here, we used reduced representation sequencing (ddRADseq) data to report on the current genetic health of three remnant and seven translocated boodie (Bettongia lesueur) populations, now extinct on the Australian mainland. In addition, we used exon capture data from seven historical mainland specimens and a subset of contemporary samples to compare pre-decline and current diversity. Both data sets showed the significant impact of population founder source (whether multiple or single) on the genetic diversity of translocated populations. Populations founded by animals from multiple sources showed significantly higher genetic diversity than the natural remnant and single-source translocation populations, and we show that by mixing the most divergent populations, exon capture heterozygosity was restored to levels close to that observed in pre-decline mainland samples. Relatedness estimates were surprisingly low across all contemporary populations and there was limited evidence of inbreeding. Our results show that a strategy of genetic mixing has led to successful conservation outcomes for the species in terms of increasing genetic diversity and provides strong rationale for mixing as a management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Nistelberger
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily Roycroft
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anna J Macdonald
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shelley McArthur
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren C White
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick G S Grady
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer Pierson
- Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Colleen Sims
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Saul Cowen
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine Moseby
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Craig Moritz
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mark D B Eldridge
- Terrestrial Vertebrates, Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kym Ottewell
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Sendell-Price AT, Ruegg KC, Robertson BC, Clegg SM. An island-hopping bird reveals how founder events shape genome-wide divergence. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2495-2510. [PMID: 33826187 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When populations colonize new areas, both strong selection and strong drift can be experienced due to novel environments and small founding populations, respectively. Empirical studies have predominantly focused on the phenotype when assessing the role of selection, and limited neutral-loci when assessing founder-induced loss of diversity. Consequently, the extent to which processes interact to influence evolutionary trajectories is difficult to assess. Genomic-level approaches provide the opportunity to simultaneously consider these processes. Here, we examine the roles of selection and drift in shaping genomic diversity and divergence in historically documented sequential island colonizations by the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis). We provide the first empirical demonstration of the rapid appearance of highly diverged genomic regions following population founding, the position of which are highly idiosyncratic. As these regions rarely contained loci putatively under selection, it is most likely that these differences arise via the stochastic nature of the founding process. However, selection is required to explain rapid evolution of larger body size in insular silvereyes. Reconciling our genomic data with these phenotypic patterns suggests there may be many genomic routes to the island phenotype, which vary across populations. Finally, we show that accelerated divergence associated with multiple founding steps is the product of genome-wide rather than localized differences, and that diversity erodes due to loss of rare alleles. However, even multiple founder events do not result in divergence and diversity levels seen in evolutionary older subspecies, and therefore do not provide a shortcut to speciation as proposed by founder-effect speciation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley T Sendell-Price
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristen C Ruegg
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Sonya M Clegg
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
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3
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Youngmann JL, Deyoung RW, Demarais S, Strickland BK, Jenkins G. Genetic Characteristics of Restored Elk Populations in Kentucky. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Youngmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and AquacultureMississippi State University P.O. Box 9690, Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Randy W. Deyoung
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University‐KingsvilleKingsville TX 78363 USA
| | - Stephen Demarais
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and AquacultureMississippi State University P.O. Box 9690, Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Bronson K. Strickland
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and AquacultureMississippi State University P.O. Box 9690, Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Gabe Jenkins
- Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources #1 Sportsman's Lane Frankfort KY 40601 USA
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4
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Nelson NJ, Briskie JV, Constantine R, Monks J, Wallis GP, Watts C, Wotton DM. The winners: species that have benefited from 30 years of conservation action. J R Soc N Z 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2018.1518249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Nelson
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James V. Briskie
- Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Joanne Monks
- Biodiversity Group, New Zealand Department of Conservation, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Graham P. Wallis
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Corinne Watts
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Debra M. Wotton
- Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Moa’s Ark Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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5
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Bogdanowicz W, Rutkowski R, Gabrielyan BK, Ryspaev A, Asatryan AN, Mkrtchyan JA, Bujalska BM. Fish introductions in the former Soviet Union: The Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan) - 80 years later. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180605. [PMID: 28683097 PMCID: PMC5500335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Soviet Union played the leading role in fish introductions in Eurasia. However, only 3% of all introductions prior to 1978 gave a commercial benefit. One of the noteworthy examples appears to be the Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan Kessler, 1877)-an endemic salmonid of Lake Sevan in Armenia. This species has been introduced to Kirghizstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, however, only the Kirghiz population has persisted in relatively high numbers. In this paper we provide the first extensive molecular study of S. ischchan using samples from the native population from Lake Sevan and three hatcheries in Armenia, as well as from the population introduced to Lake Issyk Kul in Kirghizstan. The Kirghiz population has been isolated since the introductions took place in 1930 and 1936. Our results, based on 11 nuclear microsatellites and a 905 bp fragment of the mitochondrial control region suggest that hatcheries have maintained genetic variability by way of ongoing translocations of individuals from Lake Sevan. Simultaneously, significant Garza-Williamson M-values suggest that bottlenecks could have reduced the genetic variability of the wild populations in the past. This hypothesis is supported by historical data, indicating highly manipulated water-level regulations and poaching as two main factors that dramatically impact fish abundance in the lake. On the other hand, a similar situation has been observed in Kirghizstan, but this population likely rebounded from small population size faster than the other populations examined. The Kirghiz population is significantly genetically differentiated from the other groups and have morphological features and biological attributes not observed in the source population. Genetic data imply that the effective population size in the native population is lower than that found in the introduced population, suggesting that some active protection of the Lake Sevan population may be needed urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Bogdanowicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Rutkowski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bardukh K. Gabrielyan
- Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Akylbek Ryspaev
- Institute of Biology and Pedology, Kirghizstan National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kirghizstan
| | | | | | - Barbara M. Bujalska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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6
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Genetic diversity and population differentiation within and between island populations of two sympatric Petroica robins, the Chatham Island black robin and tomtit. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Blum C, Lozano JA, Davidson PP. An artificial bioindicator system for network intrusion detection. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2015; 21:93-118. [PMID: 25951198 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An artificial bioindicator system is developed in order to solve a network intrusion detection problem. The system, inspired by an ecological approach to biological immune systems, evolves a population of agents that learn to survive in their environment. An adaptation process allows the transformation of the agent population into a bioindicator that is capable of reacting to system anomalies. Two characteristics stand out in our proposal. On the one hand, it is able to discover new, previously unseen attacks, and on the other hand, contrary to most of the existing systems for network intrusion detection, it does not need any previous training. We experimentally compare our proposal with three state-of-the-art algorithms and show that it outperforms the competing approaches on widely used benchmark data.
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8
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Olson ZH, Whittaker DG, Rhodes OE. Translocation history and genetic diversity in reintroduced bighorn sheep. J Wildl Manage 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H. Olson
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources; Purdue University; 195 Marstellar Street West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Donald G. Whittaker
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 3406 Cherry Avenue NE Salem OR 97303 USA
| | - Olin E. Rhodes
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources; Purdue University; 195 Marstellar Street West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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9
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Sutton JT, Robertson BC, Grueber CE, Stanton JAL, Jamieson IG. Characterization of MHC class II B polymorphism in bottlenecked New Zealand saddlebacks reveals low levels of genetic diversity. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:619-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Parker KA, Anderson MJ, Jenkins PF, Brunton DH. The effects of translocation-induced isolation and fragmentation on the cultural evolution of bird song. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:778-85. [PMID: 22590997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the divergence of behavioural signals in isolated populations is critical to knowing how certain barriers to gene flow can develop. For many bird species, songs are essential for conspecific recognition and mate choice. Measuring the rate of song divergence in natural populations is difficult, but translocations of endangered birds to isolated islands for conservation purposes can yield insights, as the age and source of founder populations are completely known. We found significant and rapid evolution in the structure and diversity of bird song in North Island saddlebacks, Philesturnus rufusater, in New Zealand, with two distinct lineages evolving in < 50 years. The strong environmental filters of serial translocations resulted in cultural bottlenecks that generated drift and reduced song variability within islands. This rapid divergence coupled with loss of song diversity has important implications for the behavioural evolution of this species, demonstrating previously unrecognised biological consequences of conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Parker
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Massey University, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
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11
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Purcell KM, Ling N, Stockwell CA. Evaluation of the introduction history and genetic diversity of a serially introduced fish population in New Zealand. Biol Invasions 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Suárez NM, Betancor E, Fregel R, Rodríguez F, Pestano J. Genetic signature of a severe forest fire on the endangered Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea polatzeki). CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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BREKKE PATRICIA, BENNETT PETERM, SANTURE ANNAW, EWEN JOHNG. High genetic diversity in the remnant island population of hihi and the genetic consequences of re-introduction. Mol Ecol 2010; 20:29-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Parker KA, Hauber ME, Brunton DH. Contemporary cultural evolution of a conspecific recognition signal following serial translocations. Evolution 2010; 64:2431-41. [PMID: 20394665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The divergence of conspecific recognition signals (CRS) among isolated populations facilitates the evolution of behavioral barriers to gene flow. The influence of CRS evolution on signal effectiveness in isolated populations can be assessed by testing the salience of changes in CRS from surviving ancestral populations but founder events are rarely detected. The population history of the North Island (NI) saddleback Philesturnus rufusater is absolutely known following conservation translocations which increased the number of populations from 1 to 15. With one exception there is no gene flow between these populations. The translocations have generated interisland divergence of male rhythmical song (MRS), a culturally transmitted CRS. We conducted an experimental test of behavioral discrimination in NI saddlebacks exposed to familiar and unfamiliar MRS and found that responses were significantly stronger for familiar MRS, consistent with a model of contemporary cultural evolution leading to discrimination between geographic song variants. Significantly, this result demonstrates the rapid tempo with which discrimination of CRS might evolve within isolated populations and supports both bottleneck and cultural mutation hypotheses in CRS evolution. The evolutionary implications of contemporary cultural evolution in the production and perception of CRS merit debate on the time frames over which conservation management is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Parker
- The Ecology and Conservation Group, Institute for Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland 1309, New Zealand.
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15
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Swatdipong A, Primmer CR, Vasemägi A. Historical and recent genetic bottlenecks in European grayling, Thymallus thymallus. CONSERV GENET 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-009-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Barson NJ, Cable J, Van Oosterhout C. Population genetic analysis of microsatellite variation of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in Trinidad and Tobago: evidence for a dynamic source-sink metapopulation structure, founder events and population bottlenecks. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:485-97. [PMID: 19210594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Barson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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17
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Parker KA. Translocations: Providing Outcomes for Wildlife, Resource Managers, Scientists, and the Human Community. Restor Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2008.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Taylor SS, Jamieson IG, Wallis GP. Historic and contemporary levels of genetic variation in two New Zealand passerines with different histories of decline. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:2035-47. [PMID: 17714320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared historic and contemporary genetic variation in two threatened New Zealand birds (saddlebacks and robins) with disparate bottleneck histories. Saddlebacks showed massive loss of genetic variation when extirpated from the mainland, but no significant loss of variation following a severe bottleneck in the 1960s when the last population was reduced from approximately 1000 to 36 birds. Low genetic variation was probably characteristic of this isolated island population: considerably more genetic variation would exist in saddlebacks today if a mainland population had survived. In contrast to saddlebacks, contemporary robin populations showed only a small decrease in genetic variation compared with historical populations. Genetic variation in robins was probably maintained because of their superior ability to disperse and coexist with introduced predators. These results demonstrate that contemporary genetic variation may depend more greatly on the nature of the source population and its genetic past than it does on recent bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Taylor
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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19
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TAYLOR SABRINAS, JAMIESON IANG. No evidence for loss of genetic variation following sequential translocations in extant populations of a genetically depauperate species. Mol Ecol 2007; 17:545-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Large mainland populations of South Island robins retain greater genetic diversity than offshore island refuges. CONSERV GENET 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Shepherd LD, Millar CD, Ballard G, Ainley DG, Wilson PR, Haynes GD, Baroni C, Lambert DM. Microevolution and mega-icebergs in the Antarctic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16717-22. [PMID: 16275908 PMCID: PMC1283793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502281102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microevolution is regarded as changes in the frequencies of genes in populations over time. Ancient DNA technology now provides an opportunity to demonstrate evolution over a geological time frame and to possibly identify the causal factors in any such evolutionary event. Using nine nuclear microsatellite DNA loci, we genotyped an ancient population of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) aged approximately 6,000 years B.P. Subfossil bones from this population were excavated by using an accurate stratigraphic method that allowed the identification of individuals even within the same layer. We compared the allele frequencies in the ancient population with those recorded from the modern population at the same site in Antarctica. We report significant changes in the frequencies of alleles between these two time points, hence demonstrating microevolutionary change. This study demonstrates a nuclear gene-frequency change over such a geological time frame. We discuss the possible causes of such a change, including the role of mutation, genetic drift, and the effects of gene mixing among different penguin populations. The latter is likely to be precipitated by mega-icebergs that act to promote migration among penguin colonies that typically show strong natal return.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Shepherd
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Successful island reintroductions of New Zealand robins and saddlebacks with small numbers of founders. Anim Conserv 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s1367943005002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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