1
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Faillace CA, Sentis A, Montoya JM. Eco-evolutionary consequences of habitat warming and fragmentation in communities. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1933-1950. [PMID: 33998139 PMCID: PMC7614044 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary dynamics can mediate species and community responses to habitat warming and fragmentation, two of the largest threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. The eco-evolutionary consequences of warming and fragmentation are typically studied independently, hindering our understanding of their simultaneous impacts. Here, we provide a new perspective rooted in trade-offs among traits for understanding their eco-evolutionary consequences. On the one hand, temperature influences traits related to metabolism, such as resource acquisition and activity levels. Such traits are also likely to have trade-offs with other energetically costly traits, like antipredator defences or dispersal. On the other hand, fragmentation can influence a variety of traits (e.g. dispersal) through its effects on the spatial environment experienced by individuals, as well as properties of populations, such as genetic structure. The combined effects of warming and fragmentation on communities should thus reflect their collective impact on traits of individuals and populations, as well as trade-offs at multiple trophic levels, leading to unexpected dynamics when effects are not additive and when evolutionary responses modulate them. Here, we provide a road map to navigate this complexity. First, we review single-species responses to warming and fragmentation. Second, we focus on consumer-resource interactions, considering how eco-evolutionary dynamics can arise in response to warming, fragmentation, and their interaction. Third, we illustrate our perspective with several example scenarios in which trait trade-offs could result in significant eco-evolutionary dynamics. Specifically, we consider the possible eco-evolutionary consequences of (i) evolution in thermal performance of a species involved in a consumer-resource interaction, (ii) ecological or evolutionary changes to encounter and attack rates of consumers, and (iii) changes to top consumer body size in tri-trophic food chains. In these scenarios, we present a number of novel, sometimes counter-intuitive, potential outcomes. Some of these expectations contrast with those solely based on ecological dynamics, for example, evolutionary responses in unexpected directions for resource species or unanticipated population declines in top consumers. Finally, we identify several unanswered questions about the conditions most likely to yield strong eco-evolutionary dynamics, how better to incorporate the role of trade-offs among traits, and the role of eco-evolutionary dynamics in governing responses to warming in fragmented communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Faillace
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,Address for correspondence (Tel: +33 5 61 04 05 89; )
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR RECOVER, 3275 Route de Cézanne- CS 40061, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
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2
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Tsuzuki Y, Sato MP, Matsuo A, Suyama Y, Ohara M. Genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation in a perennial plant
Trillium camschatcense
are subjected to its slow‐paced life history. POPUL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Tsuzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko P. Sato
- Kawatabi Field Science Center Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University Osaki Miyagi Japan
| | - Ayumi Matsuo
- Kawatabi Field Science Center Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University Osaki Miyagi Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Kawatabi Field Science Center Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University Osaki Miyagi Japan
| | - Masashi Ohara
- Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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3
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Withers SJ, Parsons S, Hauber ME, Kendrick A, Lavery SD. Genetic divergence between isolated populations of the North Island New Zealand Rifleman ( Acanthisitta chloris granti) implicates ancient biogeographic impacts rather than recent habitat fragmentation. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5998-6014. [PMID: 34141198 PMCID: PMC8207446 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigates the extent and causal mechanisms of genetic population divergence in a poorly flighted passerine, the North Island Rifleman or Titipounamu (Acanthisitta chloris granti). While this species has a historically widespread distribution, anthropogenic forest clearance has resulted in a highly fragmented current distribution. We conducted analyses of mitochondrial DNA (COI and Control Region) and 12 nuclear DNA microsatellites to test for population divergence and estimate times of divergence. diyabc and biogeobears were then used to assess likely past dispersal scenarios based on both mtDNA and nDNA. The results reveal several significantly divergent lineages across the North Island of New Zealand and indicate that some populations have been isolated for extensive periods of time (0.7-4.9 mya). Modeling indicated a dynamic history of population connectivity, with a drastic restriction in gene flow between three geographic regions, followed by a more recent re-establishment of connectivity. Our analyses indicate the dynamic influence of key geological and climatological events on the distribution of genetic diversity in this species, including support for the genetic impact of old biogeographic boundaries such as the Taupo Line and Cockayne's Line, rather than recent anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. These findings present a rare example of an avian species with a genetic history more like that of flightless taxa and so provide new general insights into vicariant processes affecting populations of passerines with limited dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Withers
- School of Biological SciencesPrivate Bag 92019Auckland Mail CentreThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Stuart Parsons
- School of Biological SciencesPrivate Bag 92019Auckland Mail CentreThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biology and Environmental ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and BehaviorSchool of Integrative BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbana‐ChampaignILUSA
| | - Alistair Kendrick
- School of Biological SciencesPrivate Bag 92019Auckland Mail CentreThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Shane D. Lavery
- Institute of Marine SciencePrivate Bag 92019Auckland Mail CentreThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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4
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Bestion E, Cote J, Jacob S, Winandy L, Legrand D. Habitat fragmentation experiments on arthropods: what to do next? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 35:117-122. [PMID: 31472463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation has the potential to influence ecological and evolutionary dynamics in various ways. Fragmentation experiments explore these multiple influences and the underlying mechanisms. We review experiments used in arthropods and highlight gaps in biological focus, methodology and questions addressed. While the consequences on community structure were often reported, fewer studies focused on ecosystem functions and evolutionary processes, with striking gaps on genetic and eco-evolutionary dynamics. Regarding fragmentation components, matrix quality was often overlooked while inter-patch (and source-patch) distance was the most studied component. The identified gaps outlined our need to study fragmentation at different time-scales, and on teasing apart the respective roles of each fragmentation component on each eco-evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvire Bestion
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, UMR 5321, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.
| | - Julien Cote
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, UMR 5174, Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Staffan Jacob
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, UMR 5321, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Laurane Winandy
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, UMR 5174, Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Legrand
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, UMR 5321, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
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5
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Ziv Y, Davidowitz G. When Landscape Ecology Meets Physiology: Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Resource Allocation Trade-Offs. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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6
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Vincenzi S, Mangel M, Jesensek D, Garza JC, Crivelli AJ. Genetic and life-history consequences of extreme climate events. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2118. [PMID: 28148745 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events. Tests on empirical data of theory-based predictions on the consequences of extreme climate events are thus necessary to understand the adaptive potential of species and the overarching risks associated with all aspects of climate change. We tested predictions on the genetic and life-history consequences of extreme climate events in two populations of marble trout Salmo marmoratus that have experienced severe demographic bottlenecks due to flash floods. We combined long-term field and genotyping data with pedigree reconstruction in a theory-based framework. Our results show that after flash floods, reproduction occurred at a younger age in one population. In both populations, we found the highest reproductive variance in the first cohort born after the floods due to a combination of fewer parents and higher early survival of offspring. A small number of parents allowed for demographic recovery after the floods, but the genetic bottleneck further reduced genetic diversity in both populations. Our results also elucidate some of the mechanisms responsible for a greater prevalence of faster life histories after the extreme event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vincenzi
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA .,Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Marc Mangel
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | | | - John Carlos Garza
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.,Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Alain J Crivelli
- Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France
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7
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Sattler RL, Willoughby JR, Swanson BJ. Decline of heterozygosity in a large but isolated population: a 45-year examination of moose genetic diversity on Isle Royale. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3584. [PMID: 28729957 PMCID: PMC5516768 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife conservation and management approaches typically focus on demographic measurements to assess population viability over both short and long periods. However, genetic diversity is an important predictor of long term population vitality. We investigated the pattern of change in genetic diversity in a large and likely isolated moose (Alces alces) population on Isle Royale (Lake Superior) from 1960–2005. We characterized samples, partitioned into five different 5-year periods, using nine microsatellite loci and a portion of the mtDNA control region. We also simulated the moose population to generate a theoretical backdrop of genetic diversity change. In the empirical data, we found that the number of alleles was consistently low and that observed heterozygosity notably declined from 1960 to 2005 (p = 0.08, R2 = 0.70). Furthermore, inbreeding coefficients approximately doubled from 0.08 in 1960–65 to 0.16 in 2000–05. Finally, we found that the empirical rate of observed heterozygosity decline was faster than the rate of observed heterozygosity loss in our simulations. Combined, these data suggest that genetic drift and inbreeding occurred in the Isle Royale moose populations over the study period, leading to significant losses in heterozygosity. Although inbreeding can be mitigated by migration, we found no evidence to support the occurrence of recent migrants into the population using analysis of our mtDNA haplotypes nor microsatellite data. Therefore, the Isle Royale moose population illustrates that even large populations are subjected to inbreeding in the absence of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renae L Sattler
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States of America.,Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK, United States of America
| | - Janna R Willoughby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Bradley J Swanson
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States of America
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8
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Wood JLA, Yates MC, Fraser DJ. Are heritability and selection related to population size in nature? Meta-analysis and conservation implications. Evol Appl 2016; 9:640-57. [PMID: 27247616 PMCID: PMC4869407 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely thought that small populations should have less additive genetic variance and respond less efficiently to natural selection than large populations. Across taxa, we meta-analytically quantified the relationship between adult census population size (N) and additive genetic variance (proxy: h (2)) and found no reduction in h (2) with decreasing N; surveyed populations ranged from four to one million individuals (1735 h (2) estimates, 146 populations, 83 species). In terms of adaptation, ecological conditions may systematically differ between populations of varying N; the magnitude of selection these populations experience may therefore also differ. We thus also meta-analytically tested whether selection changes with N and found little evidence for systematic differences in the strength, direction or form of selection with N across different trait types and taxa (7344 selection estimates, 172 populations, 80 species). Collectively, our results (i) indirectly suggest that genetic drift neither overwhelms selection more in small than in large natural populations, nor weakens adaptive potential/h (2) in small populations, and (ii) imply that natural populations of varying sizes experience a variety of environmental conditions, without consistently differing habitat quality at small N. However, we caution that the data are currently insufficient to determine whether some small populations may retain adaptive potential definitively. Further study is required into (i) selection and genetic variation in completely isolated populations of known N, under-represented taxonomic groups, and nongeneralist species, (ii) adaptive potential using multidimensional approaches and (iii) the nature of selective pressures for specific traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn L A Wood
- Department of Biology Concordia University Montreal QC Canada; Group for Interuniversity Research in Limnology and Aquatic Environment (GRIL) Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières QC Canada
| | - Matthew C Yates
- Department of Biology Concordia University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Dylan J Fraser
- Department of Biology Concordia University Montreal QC Canada; Group for Interuniversity Research in Limnology and Aquatic Environment (GRIL) Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières QC Canada
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9
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Weston KA, Robertson BC. Population structure within an alpine archipelago: strong signature of past climate change in the New Zealand rock wren (Xenicus gilviventris). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4778-94. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Weston
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - B. C. Robertson
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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10
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Swillen I, Vanoverbeke J, De Meester L. Inbreeding and adaptive plasticity: an experimental analysis on predator-induced responses in the water flea Daphnia. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2712-21. [PMID: 26257883 PMCID: PMC4523366 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have emphasized that inbreeding depression (ID) is enhanced under stressful conditions. Additionally, one might imagine a loss of adaptively plastic responses which may further contribute to a reduction in fitness under environmental stress. Here, we quantified ID in inbred families of the cyclical parthenogen Daphnia magna in the absence and presence of fish predation risk. We test whether predator stress affects the degree of ID and if inbred families have a reduced capacity to respond to predator stress by adaptive phenotypic plasticity. We obtained two inbred families through clonal selfing within clones isolated from a fish pond. After mild purging under standardized conditions, we compared life history traits and adaptive plasticity between inbred and outbred lineages (directly hatched from the natural dormant egg bank of the same pond). Initial purging of lineages under standardized conditions differed among inbred families and exceeded that in outbreds. The least purged inbred family exhibited strong ID for most life history traits. Predator-induced stress hardly affected the severity of ID, but the degree to which the capacity for adaptive phenotypic plasticity was retained varied strongly among the inbred families. The least purged family overall lacked the capacity for adaptive phenotypic plasticity, whereas the family that suffered only mild purging exhibited a potential for adaptive plasticity that was comparable to the outbred population. We thus found that inbred offspring may retain the capacity to respond to the presence of fish by adaptive phenotypic plasticity, but this strongly depends on the parental clone engaging in selfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Swillen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Vanoverbeke
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Alexander HK, Martin G, Martin OY, Bonhoeffer S. Evolutionary rescue: linking theory for conservation and medicine. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1161-79. [PMID: 25558278 PMCID: PMC4275089 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary responses that rescue populations from extinction when drastic environmental changes occur can be friend or foe. The field of conservation biology is concerned with the survival of species in deteriorating global habitats. In medicine, in contrast, infected patients are treated with chemotherapeutic interventions, but drug resistance can compromise eradication of pathogens. These contrasting biological systems and goals have created two quite separate research communities, despite addressing the same central question of whether populations will decline to extinction or be rescued through evolution. We argue that closer integration of the two fields, especially of theoretical understanding, would yield new insights and accelerate progress on these applied problems. Here, we overview and link mathematical modelling approaches in these fields, suggest specific areas with potential for fruitful exchange, and discuss common ideas and issues for empirical testing and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Alexander
- Institute for Integrative Biology, D-USYS, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Martin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2 - CNRS - IRD Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Oliver Y Martin
- Institute for Integrative Biology, D-USYS, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Willoughby JR, Sundaram M, Lewis TL, Swanson BJ. Population Decline in a Long-Lived Species: The Wood Turtle in Michigan. HERPETOLOGICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-12-00033r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Stiebens VA, Merino SE, Roder C, Chain FJJ, Lee PLM, Eizaguirre C. Living on the edge: how philopatry maintains adaptive potential. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130305. [PMID: 23720544 PMCID: PMC3774223 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Without genetic variation, species cannot cope with changing environments, and evolution does not proceed. In endangered species, adaptive potential may be eroded by decreased population sizes and processes that further reduce gene flow such as philopatry and local adaptations. Here, we focused on the philopatric and endangered loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting in Cape Verde as a model system to investigate the link between adaptive potential and philopatry. We produced a dataset of three complementary genomic regions to investigate female philopatric behaviour (mitochondrial DNA), male-mediated gene flow (microsatellites) and adaptive potential (major histocompatibility complex, MHC). Results revealed genetically distinct nesting colonies, indicating remarkably small-scale philopatric behaviour of females. Furthermore, these colonies also harboured local pools of MHC alleles, especially at the margins of the population's distribution, which are therefore important reserves of additional diversity for the population. Meanwhile, directional male-mediated gene flow from the margins of distribution sustains the adaptive potential for the entire rookery. We therefore present the first evidence for a positive association between philopatry and locally adapted genomic regions. Contrary to expectation, we propose that philopatry conserves a high adaptive potential at the margins of a distribution, while asymmetric gene flow maintains genetic connectivity with the rest of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Stiebens
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24105, Germany.
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14
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Tassou KT, Schulz R. Combined effects of temperature and pyriproxyfen stress in a full life-cycle test with Chironomus riparius (Insecta). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2384-2390. [PMID: 22865670 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditional risk assessment guidelines employ acute or chronic toxicity tests for a maximum of one generation of organisms. These tests are usually performed in the laboratory at a constant standard temperature, although in the field organisms may experience different temperatures, which may be a source of additional stress. Climate change-related temperature shifts may have serious impacts on ectotherm populations that are key components of the aquatic food chains, particularly in combination with the exposure of pollutants affecting their development. Here, a chronic full life-cycle test with Chironomus riparius from the first-instar larvae in the parental (P) generation until emergence in the subsequent F1 generation was conducted at different temperatures (16 and 24°C), testing the effect of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen at 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 µg/L. The emergence ratios were significantly affected by the interaction of temperature, chemical treatment, and generation, showing that, at lower temperatures, the negative effects of pyriproxyfen exposure were significantly greater in the F1 generation than in the P generation. The development rate showed that the effects of the interactions were significant in the F1 generation, underscoring the importance of extended exposure as a useful amendment to the risk assessment of those agrochemicals potentially influencing developmental and reproductive parameters in intact organisms. Moreover, results demonstrated that any difference from the standard temperature of 20°C might result in additional stress, leading to disruption of biological functions in C. riparius, highlighting the interaction among different global climate change-related variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi Tcha Tassou
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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15
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Shapcott A, Quinn J, Rakotoarinivo M, Dransfield J. Contrasting patterns of genetic diversity between two endangered palms with overlapping distributions, Voanioala gerardii (Arecoideae) and Lemurophoenix halleuxii (Arecoideae), from North-east Madagascar. CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Dierks
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, J.-S.-Bachstraße 11/12, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Bijlsma R, Loeschcke V. Genetic erosion impedes adaptive responses to stressful environments. Evol Appl 2011; 5:117-29. [PMID: 25568035 PMCID: PMC3353342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is increasingly subjected to human-induced changes of the environment. To persist, populations continually have to adapt to these often stressful changes including pollution and climate change. Genetic erosion in small populations, owing to fragmentation of natural habitats, is expected to obstruct such adaptive responses: (i) genetic drift will cause a decrease in the level of adaptive genetic variation, thereby limiting evolutionary responses; (ii) inbreeding and the concomitant inbreeding depression will reduce individual fitness and, consequently, the tolerance of populations to environmental stress. Importantly, inbreeding generally increases the sensitivity of a population to stress, thereby increasing the amount of inbreeding depression. As adaptation to stress is most often accompanied by increased mortality (cost of selection), the increase in the ‘cost of inbreeding’ under stress is expected to severely hamper evolutionary adaptive processes. Inbreeding thus plays a pivotal role in this process and is expected to limit the probability of genetically eroded populations to successfully adapt to stressful environmental conditions. Consequently, the dynamics of small fragmented populations may differ considerably from large nonfragmented populations. The resilience of fragmented populations to changing and deteriorating environments is expected to be greatly decreased. Alleviating inbreeding depression, therefore, is crucial to ensure population persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bijlsma
- Population and Conservation Genetics, University of Groningen, Center for Life Sciences Groningen, The Netherlands ; Theoretical Biology, University of Groningen, Center for Life Sciences Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Biosciences, Ecology and Genetics, Aarhus University Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Holt RD, Barfield M. Theoretical perspectives on the statics and dynamics of species' borders in patchy environments. Am Nat 2011; 178 Suppl 1:S6-25. [PMID: 21956092 PMCID: PMC5014989 DOI: 10.1086/661784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding range limits is a fundamental problem in ecology and evolutionary biology. In 1963, Mayr argued that "contaminating" gene flow from central populations constrained adaptation in marginal populations, preventing range expansion, while in 1984, Bradshaw suggested that absence of genetic variation prevented species from occurring everywhere. Understanding stability of range boundaries requires unraveling the interplay of demography, gene flow, and evolution of populations in concrete landscape settings. We walk through a set of interrelated spatial scenarios that illustrate interesting complexities of this interplay. To motivate our individual-based model results, we consider a hypothetical zooplankter in a landscape of discrete water bodies coupled by dispersal. We examine how patterns of dispersal influence adaptation in sink habitats where conditions are outside the species' niche. The likelihood of observing niche evolution (and thus range expansion) over any given timescale depends on (1) the degree of initial maladaptation; (2) pattern (pulsed vs. continuous, uni- vs. bidirectional), timing (juvenile vs. adult), and rate of dispersal (and hence population size); (3) mutation rate; (4) sexuality; and (5) the degree of heterogeneity in the occupied range. We also show how the genetic architecture of polygenic adaptation is influenced by the interplay of selection and dispersal in heterogeneous landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Holt
- Department of Biology, PO Box 118525, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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PEDERSEN LOUISEDYBDAHL, PEDERSEN ASGERROER, BIJLSMA R, BUNDGAARD JØRGEN. The effects of inbreeding and heat stress on male sterility inDrosophila melanogaster. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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