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Turtles in Malaysia: A Review of Conservation Status and a Call for Research. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172184. [PMID: 36077905 PMCID: PMC9454601 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Turtles are threatened all over the world. Malaysia has 24 species of turtles. This review focuses on current conservation status and some requirements for sustainability. We propose integrating concepts of ecology and molecular biology to provide almost comprehensive turtle reviews in Malaysia. Abstract Approximately 356 species of turtles inhabit saltwater and freshwater habitats globally, except in Antarctica. Twenty-four species of turtles have been reported in Malaysia, four of which are sea turtles. The state of Terengganu harbored the highest number of turtles, with 17 different reported species. Based on the IUCN Red List, 29% of turtle species in Malaysia are critically endangered. In comparison, another 25% are classified as endangered. Likewise, CITES reported that 67% of Malaysia’s turtles are threatened, while 25% are classified as critically endangered. This review discusses the checklists, molecular genetics work, conservation status, recent trends, and recommendations for future research. Factors contributing to their population declines and current endangered status are also discussed.
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Lee PLM, Schofield G, Haughey RI, Mazaris AD, Hays GC. A Review of Patterns of Multiple Paternity Across Sea Turtle Rookeries. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2017; 79:1-31. [PMID: 30012274 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Why females would mate with multiple partners and have multiple fathers for clutches or litters is a long-standing enigma. There is a broad dichotomy in hypotheses ranging from polyandry having benefits to simply being an unavoidable consequence of a high incidence of male-female encounters. If females simply give in to mating when it is too costly to avoid being harassed by males (convenience polyandry), then there should be a higher rate of mating as density increases. However, if females actively seek males because they benefit from multiple mating, then mating frequency, and consequently the incidence of multiple paternity of clutches, should be high throughout. To explore these competing explanations, here we review the incidence of multiple paternity for sea turtles nesting around the World. Across 30 rookeries, including all 7 species of sea turtle, the incidence of multiple paternity was only weakly linked to rookery size (r2=0.14). However, using high resolution at-sea GPS tracking we show that the specifics of movement patterns play a key role in driving packing density and hence the likely rate of male-female encounters. When individuals use the same focal areas, packing density could be 100× greater than when assuming individuals move independently. Once the extent of adult movements in the breeding season was considered so that movements and abundance could be combined to produce a measure of density, then across rookeries we found a very tight relationship (r2=0.96) between packing density and the incidence of multiple paternity. These findings suggest that multiple paternity in sea turtles may have no benefit, but is simply a consequence of the incidence of male-female encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L M Lee
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gail Schofield
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca I Haughey
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Antonios D Mazaris
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Graeme C Hays
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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González-Garza BI, Stow A, Sánchez-Teyer LF, Zapata-Pérez O. Genetic variation, multiple paternity, and measures of reproductive success in the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5758-69. [PMID: 26811751 PMCID: PMC4717338 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico contains some of the largest breeding groups of the globally distributed and critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). An improved understanding of the breeding system of this species and how its genetic variation is structured among nesting areas is required before the threats to its survival can be properly evaluated. Here, we genotype 1195 hatchlings and 41 nesting females at 12 microsatellite loci to assess levels of multiple paternity, genetic variation and whether individual levels of homozygosity are associated with reproductive success. Of the 50 clutches analyzed, only 6% have multiple paternity. The distribution of pairwise relatedness among nesting localities (rookeries) was not random with elevated within‐rookery relatedness, and declining relatedness with geographic distance indicating some natal philopatry. Although there was no strong evidence that particular rookeries had lost allelic variation via drift, younger turtles had significantly lower levels of genetic variation than older turtles, suggesting some loss of genetic variation. At present there is no indication that levels of genetic variation are associated with measures of reproductive success such as clutch size, hatching success, and frequency of infertile eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Idalia González-Garza
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Antigua carretera a Progreso Km 6, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yucatán México
| | - Adam Stow
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University 2109 Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Omar Zapata-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Antigua carretera a Progreso Km 6, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yucatán México
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PURNAMA DEWI, ZAMANI NEVIATYPUTRI, FARAJALLAH ACHMAD. Microsatellite DNA Analysis on the Polyandry of Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.20.4.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Lasala JA, Harrison JS, Williams KL, Rostal DC. Strong male-biased operational sex ratio in a breeding population of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) inferred by paternal genotype reconstruction analysis. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4736-47. [PMID: 24363901 PMCID: PMC3867908 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of a species mating systems is fundamental for understanding the natural history and evolution of that species. Polyandry can result in the multiple paternity of progeny arrays. The only previous study of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) in the USA showed that within the large peninsular Florida subpopulation, multiple paternity occurs in approximately 30% of clutches. Our study tested clutches from the smaller northern subpopulation for the presence of multiple paternal contributions. We examined mothers and up to 20 offspring from 19.5% of clutches laid across three nesting seasons (2008-2010) on the small nesting beach on Wassaw Island, Georgia, USA. We found that 75% of clutches sampled had multiple fathers with an average of 2.65 fathers per nest (1-7 fathers found). The average number of fathers per clutch varied among years and increased with female size. There was no relationship between number of fathers and hatching success. Finally, we found 195 individual paternal genotypes and determined that each male contributed to no more than a single clutch over the 3-year sampling period. Together these results suggest that the operational sex ratio is male-biased at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Lasala
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, BIOSC 9999 4324 Old Register Road, Statesboro, Georgia, 30460 ; Department of Biology, Florida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431
| | - J Scott Harrison
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, BIOSC 9999 4324 Old Register Road, Statesboro, Georgia, 30460
| | - Kris L Williams
- Caretta Research Project P.O. Box 9841, Savannah, Georgia, 31412
| | - David C Rostal
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, BIOSC 9999 4324 Old Register Road, Statesboro, Georgia, 30460
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Phillips KP, Jorgensen TH, Jolliffe KG, Jolliffe SM, Henwood J, Richardson DS. Reconstructing paternal genotypes to infer patterns of sperm storage and sexual selection in the hawksbill turtle. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2301-12. [PMID: 23379838 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postcopulatory sperm storage can serve a range of functions, including ensuring fertility, allowing delayed fertilization and facilitating sexual selection. Sperm storage is likely to be particularly important in wide-ranging animals with low population densities, but its prevalence and importance in such taxa, and its role in promoting sexual selection, are poorly known. Here, we use a powerful microsatellite array and paternal genotype reconstruction to assess the prevalence of sperm storage and test sexual selection hypotheses of genetic biases to paternity in one such species, the critically endangered hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata. In the majority of females (90.7%, N = 43), all offspring were sired by a single male. In the few cases of multiple paternity (9.3%), two males fertilized each female. Importantly, the identity and proportional fertilization success of males were consistent across all sequential nests laid by individual females over the breeding season (up to five nests over 75 days). No males were identified as having fertilized more than one female, suggesting that a large number of males are available to females. No evidence for biases to paternity based on heterozygosity or relatedness was found. These results indicate that female hawksbill turtles are predominantly monogamous within a season, store sperm for the duration of the nesting season and do not re-mate between nests. Furthermore, females do not appear to be using sperm storage to facilitate sexual selection. Consequently, the primary value of storing sperm in marine turtles may be to uncouple mating and fertilization in time and avoid costly re-mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Sakaoka K, Yoshii M, Okamoto H, Sakai F, Nagasawa K. Mate Selection Based on Genetic Relatedness of Loggerhead Turtles in Captivity. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-0944.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Moura CCDM, Guimarães EDS, Moura GJBD, Amaral GJAD, Silva ACD. Distribuição espaço-temporal e sucesso reprodutivo de Eretmochelys imbricata nas praias do Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brasil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0073-47212012005000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Este estudo objetivou verificar a distribuição temporal e espacial de Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) e aspectos de sua biologia reprodutiva, tais como tempo de incubação, sucesso reprodutivo, biometria das fêmeas, número de ninhos e fecundidade. Os dados foram coletados de 2007 a 2010 nas praias de Muro Alto, Cupe, Merepe, Porto de Galinhas e Maracaípe, todas elas localizadas no município do Ipojuca, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram analisados comparativamente parâmetros relativos à biologia reprodutiva e áreas de nidificação da espécie. Eretmochelys imbricata foi registrada nidificando entre os meses de outubro a maio, totalizando 350 ninhos monitorados em três temporadas. Os picos de desova ocorreram de janeiro a março, revelando um padrão sazonal das desovas. Houve diferença significativa entre o número de ninhos nas temporadas. A praia de Merepe apresentou uma ocorrência elevada de ninhos (46 ninhos/km) em relação às demais praias monitoradas. Quanto aos aspectos da biologia reprodutiva, o sucesso reprodutivo foi 65,6%, e o intervalo do tempo de incubação de 54 a 56 dias. As medidas biométricas foram coletadas de 59 espécimes, e apresentaram média de 92,5 cm ± 4,5 para o comprimento curvilíneo da carapaça e de 83,4 cm ± 5 para a largura curvilínea da carapaça. Os resultados podem ser utilizados para subsidiar planos de conservação e demonstram que as praias registradas neste estudo têm relevância como áreas de nidificação para E. imbricata.
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