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Merwin AC, Hilliard J, Larsen A, Lasken AG, Johnson I. Oh, the places you will grow: Intraspecific latitudinal clines in butterfly size suggest a phylogenetic signal. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8913. [PMID: 35600686 PMCID: PMC9120895 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Within an animal species, the body sizes of individuals at higher latitudes are often different from individuals at lower latitudes. For homeothermic species that maintain a relatively constant body temperature, such as mammals and birds, individuals at higher latitudes tend to be larger. For ectothermic species, such as insects, that do not retain their own body heat and which often do not maintain a relatively constant body temperature, patterns of body size with latitude are highly variable. This has led some authors to contend that patterns in even closely related species cannot be expected to be similar. Indeed, to our knowledge, no studies of invertebrates have found that more closely related species have more similar relationships between body size and latitude. Further, no studies have investigated the potential influence of diet quality on interspecific differences in these clines. We measured wing lengths of specimens (N = 1753) in eight lycaenid butterfly species and one species of the sister family, Riodinidae to determine if more closely related species have similar latitudinal trends. We also estimated the mean nitrogen content of caterpillars’ hosts to investigate whether this often‐limiting nutrient influences the strength and direction of latitudinal clines in body size. We found that four species are significantly smaller at higher latitudes, an additional species is marginally smaller at higher latitudes (p < .06), and four species had no significant relationship with latitude. We also found a strong phylogenetic signal for latitudinal clines in body size among our species, which indicates that some closely related species may have similar clines. However, the strength and direction of these clines did not depend on the estimated nitrogen content of caterpillars’ hosts. Our results indicate that mean nitrogen content of hosts may not be an important driver in latitudinal clines but that phylogenetic relationships among species should be accounted for when exploring other potential drivers of body‐size clines in invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Merwin
- Department of Biology and Geology Baldwin Wallace University Berea Ohio USA
| | - Justin Hilliard
- Department of Biology and Geology Baldwin Wallace University Berea Ohio USA
| | - Ashley Larsen
- Department of Biology and Geology Baldwin Wallace University Berea Ohio USA
| | | | - Icesstrená Johnson
- Department of Biology and Geology Baldwin Wallace University Berea Ohio USA
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Hoffmann AA, White VL, Jasper M, Yagui H, Sinclair SJ, Kearney MR. An endangered flightless grasshopper with strong genetic structure maintains population genetic variation despite extensive habitat loss. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5364-5380. [PMID: 34026013 PMCID: PMC8131777 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation research is dominated by vertebrate examples but the shorter generation times and high local population sizes of invertebrates may lead to very different management strategies, particularly for species with low movement rates. Here we investigate the genetic structure of an endangered flightless grasshopper, Keyacris scurra, which was used in classical evolutionary studies in the 1960s. It had a wide distribution across New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria in pre-European times but has now become threatened because of land clearing for agriculture and other activities. We revisited remnant sites of K. scurra, with populations now restricted to only one area in Victoria and a few small patches in NSW and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). Using DArtseq to generate SNP markers as well as mtDNA sequence data, we show that the remaining Victorian populations in an isolated valley are genetically distinct from the NSW populations and that all populations tend to be genetically unique, with large F ST values up to 0.8 being detected for the SNP datasets. We also find that, with one notable exception, the NSW/ACT populations separate genetically into previously described chromosomal races (2n = 15 vs. 2n = 17). Isolation by distance was detected across both the SNP and mtDNA datasets, and there was substantial differentiation within chromosomal races. Genetic diversity as measured by heterozygosity was not correlated with the size of remaining habitat where the populations were found, with high variation present in some remnant cemetery sites. However, inbreeding correlated negatively with estimated habitat size at 25-500 m patch radius. These findings emphasize the importance of small habitat areas in conserving genetic variation in such species with low mobility, and they highlight populations suitable for future translocation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary A. Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research GroupBio21 InstituteSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Vanessa L. White
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Moshe Jasper
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research GroupBio21 InstituteSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hiromi Yagui
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research GroupBio21 InstituteSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Steve J. Sinclair
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and PlanningArthur Rylah InstituteHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michael R. Kearney
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Gradish A, Keyghobadi N, Sperling F, Otis G. Population genetic structure and assessment of allochronic divergence in the Macoun’s Arctic (Oeneis macounii) butterfly. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patterns in the genetic variation of species can be used to infer their specific demographic and evolutionary history and provide insight into the general mechanisms underlying population divergence and speciation. The Macoun’s Arctic (Oeneis macounii (W.H. Edwards, 1885); MA) butterfly occurs across Canada and parts of the northern United States in association with jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon). MA’s current distribution is highly fragmented, and the extent of reproductive isolation among allopatric populations is unknown. Furthermore, although MA is biennial, adults emerge every year in some populations. These populations presumably consist of two alternate-year cohorts, providing the opportunity for sympatric divergence via allochronic isolation. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, we analyzed MA’s genetic structure to determine the current and historical role of allopatric and allochronic isolation in MA population divergence. Both markers revealed high diversity and a low, but significant, degree of spatial structure and pattern of isolation by distance. Phylogeographic structure was generally absent, with low divergence among mtDNA haplotypes. MA likely exhibits low dispersal and gene flow among most allopatric populations; however, there was no evidence of differentiation resulting from allochronic isolation for sympatric cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Gradish
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - N. Keyghobadi
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - F.A.H. Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - G.W. Otis
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Analysis of genetic diversity in a peatland specialist butterfly suggests an important role for habitat quality and small habitat patches. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dupuis JR, Oliver JC, Brunet BMT, Longcore T, Johnson JJ, Sperling FAH. Genomic data indicate ubiquitous evolutionary distinctiveness among populations of California metalmark butterflies. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hiki K, Nakajima F, Tobino T. Application of cDNA-AFLP to biomarker exploration in a non-model species Grandidierella japonica. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:206-213. [PMID: 28260686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of exposure can be used to identify specific contaminants that are adversely affecting aquatic organisms. However, it remains prohibitively costly to investigate multiple novel biomarkers of exposure in a non-model species, despite the development of next-generation sequencing technology. In this study, we focused on the use of cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) as a cost-effective biomarker discovery tool to test whether it could identify biomarkers of exposure in the non-model amphipod species Grandidierella japonica. Loci were identified that were differentially expressed in amphipods exposed to reference chemicals (Cu, Zn, and nicotine) and to an environmental sample (road dust) at sublethal concentrations. Eight loci were shown to respond consistently to nicotine at different concentrations, but not to Cu or Zn. Some of the loci also responded to an environmental road dust sample containing nicotine. These findings suggest that loci identified using cDNA-AFLP could be used as biomarkers of nicotine exposure in environmental samples with complex matrices. Further studies with other organisms and toxicants are needed, but we have demonstrated that the use of cDNA-AFLP to identify biomarkers for ecotoxicological studies of non-model species is at least feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoshiro Hiki
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Fumiyuki Nakajima
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tobino
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Gradish AE, Keyghobadi N, Otis GW. Population genetic structure and genetic diversity of the threatened White Mountain arctic butterfly (Oeneis melissa semidea). CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yamamoto J, Uchida K, Takami Y. Colonization and Persistence of Urban Ant Populations as Revealed by Joint Estimation of Kinship and Population Genetic Parameters. J Hered 2013; 104:639-48. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Koen EL, Bowman J, Garroway CJ, Wilson PJ. The sensitivity of genetic connectivity measures to unsampled and under-sampled sites. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56204. [PMID: 23409155 PMCID: PMC3568052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Landscape genetic analyses assess the influence of landscape structure on genetic differentiation. It is rarely possible to collect genetic samples from all individuals on the landscape and thus it is important to assess the sensitivity of landscape genetic analyses to the effects of unsampled and under-sampled sites. Network-based measures of genetic distance, such as conditional genetic distance (cGD), might be particularly sensitive to sampling intensity because pairwise estimates are relative to the entire network. We addressed this question by subsampling microsatellite data from two empirical datasets. We found that pairwise estimates of cGD were sensitive to both unsampled and under-sampled sites, and FST, Dest, and deucl were more sensitive to under-sampled than unsampled sites. We found that the rank order of cGD was also sensitive to unsampled and under-sampled sites, but not enough to affect the outcome of Mantel tests for isolation by distance. We simulated isolation by resistance and found that although cGD estimates were sensitive to unsampled sites, by increasing the number of sites sampled the accuracy of conclusions drawn from landscape genetic analyses increased, a feature that is not possible with pairwise estimates of genetic differentiation such as FST, Dest, and deucl. We suggest that users of cGD assess the sensitivity of this measure by subsampling within their own network and use caution when making extrapolations beyond their sampled network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Koen
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
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Crawford LA, Koscinski D, Keyghobadi N. A call for more transparent reporting of error rates: the quality of AFLP data in ecological and evolutionary research. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5911-7. [PMID: 23121160 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Crawford
- Department of Biology; Western University; 1151 Richmond Street; London; Ontario; N6A 5B7; Canada
| | - Daria Koscinski
- Department of Biology; Western University; 1151 Richmond Street; London; Ontario; N6A 5B7; Canada
| | - Nusha Keyghobadi
- Department of Biology; Western University; 1151 Richmond Street; London; Ontario; N6A 5B7; Canada
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Zhang H, Hare MP. Identifying and reducing AFLP genotyping error: an example of tradeoffs when comparing population structure in broadcast spawning versus brooding oysters. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 108:616-25. [PMID: 22274647 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogeographic inferences about gene flow are strengthened through comparison of co-distributed taxa, but also depend on adequate genomic sampling. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) provide a rapid and inexpensive source of multilocus allele frequency data for making genomically robust inferences. Every AFLP study initially generates markers with a range of locus-specific genotyping error rates and applies criteria to select a subset for analysis. However, there has been very little empirical evaluation of the best tradeoff between culling all but the lowest-error loci to minimize overall genotyping error versus the potential for increasing population genetic signal by retaining more loci. Here, we used AFLPs to compare population structure in co-distributed broadcast spawning (Crassostrea virginica) and brooding (Ostrea equestris) oyster species. Using existing methods for almost entirely automated marker selection and scoring, genotyping error tradeoffs were evaluated by comparing results across a nested series of data sets with mean mismatch errors of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and >4%. Artifactual population structure was diagnosed in high-error data sets and we assessed the low-error point at which expected population substructure signal was lost. In both species, we identified substructure patterns deemed to be inaccurate at average mismatch error rates 2 and >4%. In the species comparison, the optimum data sets showed higher gene flow for the brooding oyster with more oceanic salinity tolerances. AFLP tradeoffs may differ among studies, but our results suggest that important signal may be lost in the pursuit of 'acceptable' error levels and our procedures provide a general method for empirically exploring these tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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