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Santos AS, Cazetta E, Faria D, Lima TM, Lopes MTG, Carvalho CDS, Alves‐Pereira A, Morante‐Filho JC, Gaiotto FA. Tropical forest loss and geographic location drive the functional genomic diversity of an endangered palm tree. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1257-1273. [PMID: 37492151 PMCID: PMC10363835 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activity has diminished forests in different terrestrial ecosystems. This is well illustrated in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, which still hosts high levels of species richness and endemism, even with only 28% of its original extent remaining. The consequences of such forest loss in remaining populations can be investigated with several approaches, including the genomic perspective, which allows a broader understanding of how human disturbance influences the genetic variability in natural populations. In this context, our study investigated the genomic responses of Euterpe edulis Martius, an endangered palm tree, in forest remnants located in landscapes presenting different forest cover amount and composed by distinct bird assemblage that disperse its seeds. We sampled 22 areas of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest in four regions using SNP markers inserted into transcribed regions of the genome of E. edulis, distinguishing neutral loci from those putatively under natural selection (outlier). We demonstrate that populations show patterns of structure and genetic variability that differ between regions, as a possible reflection of deforestation and biogeographic histories. Deforested landscapes still maintain high neutral genetic diversity due to gene flow over short distances. Overall, we not only support previous evidence with microsatellite markers, but also show that deforestation can influence the genetic variability outlier, in the scenario of selective pressures imposed by these stressful environments. Based on our findings, we suggest that, to protect genetic diversity in the long term, it is necessary to reforest and enrich deforested areas, using seeds from populations in the same management target region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesandro Souza Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da BiodiversidadeUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e GenéticaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da BiodiversidadeUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | - Deborah Faria
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da BiodiversidadeUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | - Thâmara Moura Lima
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia – Campus SeabraSeabraBrazil
| | | | | | | | - José Carlos Morante‐Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da BiodiversidadeUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | - Fernanda Amato Gaiotto
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da BiodiversidadeUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e GenéticaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
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2
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Cerqueira AF, Benchimol M, Sousa‐Santos C, Bezerra IM, Santana dos Santos M, Dalmolin ÂC, Gaiotto FA, Mielke MS. Trends and gaps in the literature on native palms of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. AUSTRAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Freitas Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz CEP: 45662‐900 Ilhéus Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Brazil
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB) CEP: 45653‐919 Ilhéus BR 415 km 22 Brazil
| | - Maíra Benchimol
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz CEP: 45662‐900 Ilhéus Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Brazil
| | - Catriane Sousa‐Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz CEP: 45662‐900 Ilhéus Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Brazil
| | - Inajara Marques Bezerra
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz CEP: 45662‐900 Ilhéus Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Brazil
| | - Martielly Santana dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz CEP: 45662‐900 Ilhéus Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Brazil
| | - Ândrea Carla Dalmolin
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB) CEP: 45653‐919 Ilhéus BR 415 km 22 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Amato Gaiotto
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz CEP: 45662‐900 Ilhéus Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Schramm Mielke
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz CEP: 45662‐900 Ilhéus Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Brazil
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3
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Pereira AG, da Silva Ferreira MF, da Silveira TC, Soler-Guilhen JH, Canal GB, Alves LB, de Almeida FAN, Gaiotto FA, Ferreira A. Patterns of genetic diversity and structure of a threatened palm species (Euterpe edulis Arecaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:161-168. [PMID: 35697755 PMCID: PMC9411632 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of distribution patterns of genetic diversity of plant and animal species has contributed to the understanding of biodiversity and evolutionary history of the Atlantic Forest. We used microsatellite markers to access the genetic diversity and structure of 26 populations and 527 adult individuals of Euterpe edulis, a native palm which is an important food resource for fauna and is intensively exploited due to economic reasons. We found high genetic diversity and inbreeding in all populations analyzed. We report highest rates of inbreeding for this species, which could reflect the anthropic impacts of selective cutting, fragmentation, and change in foraging behavior from pollinators and less availability and mobility of large dispersers. We detected by STRUCTURE, two genetic groups, Northern and Southern, which divide the Brazilian Atlantic Forest geographically. These groups have low genetic admixtures, but we found a region of lineage hybridization in the contact zone with low recent gene flow. Distribution pattern of this species corroborates results from previous studies reporting the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) have shaped the structuring of the species through movements of forests' expansion and contraction. The STRUCTURE analysis of each group revealed the presence of genetic subgroups with low rates of recurrent gene flow. Southern subgroups have higher rates of admixtures than the Northern subgroups, revealing greater historical connectivity of forests in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernanda Amato Gaiotto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adésio Ferreira
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
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4
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Fontúrbel FE, Rodríguez-Gómez GB, Orellana JI, Cortés-Miranda J, Rojas-Hernández N, Vega-Retter C. Geographical context outweighs habitat disturbance effects in explaining mistletoe population genetic differentiation at a regional scale. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1389-1402. [PMID: 34995392 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic differentiation depends on ecological and evolutionary processes that operate at different spatial and temporal scales. While the geographical context is likely to determine large-scale genetic variation patterns, habitat disturbance events will probably influence small-scale genetic diversity and gene flow patterns. Therefore, the genetic diversity patterns that we observe today result from the combination of both processes, but they are rarely assessed simultaneously. We determined the population structure and genetic diversity of a hemiparasitic mistletoe (Tristerix corymbosus) from the temperate rainforests of southern Chile to determine the effects of geographical context and habitat disturbance at a regional scale and if it is affected by the abundance and occurrence of its seed disperser mutualist (the arboreal marsupial Dromiciops gliroides). We genotyped 359 individuals from 12 populations using single nucleotide polymorphisms, across three different geographical contexts and four disturbance conditions. We also used camera traps to estimate the abundance and occurrence of the seed disperser. Our results suggest that genetic differences among populations are related more to geographical context than to habitat disturbance. However, as disturbance increased, D. gliroides abundance and occurrence decreased, and mistletoe inbreeding index (FIS ) increased. We also found highly uneven gene flow among study sites. Despite the high levels of disturbance that these temperate rainforests are facing, our results suggest that mistletoe genetic differentiation at a regional scale was more influenced by historical events. However, habitat disturbance can indirectly affect mistletoe population genetic differentiation via the seed dispersal process, which may increase levels of inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E Fontúrbel
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi)
| | - Gloria B Rodríguez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José I Orellana
- Laboratorio de Vida Silvestre, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Jorge Cortés-Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noemí Rojas-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caren Vega-Retter
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Cerqueira AF, Rocha-Santos L, Benchimol M, Mielke MS. Habitat loss and canopy openness mediate leaf trait plasticity of an endangered palm in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Oecologia 2021; 196:619-631. [PMID: 33630171 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Forest cover and light availability comprise key factors for plant establishment in tropical forests. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (AF), Euterpe edulis (Areacaceae) is an endangered and keystone food resource contributing to forest functionality. We investigated the influence of forest loss and light availability on leaf traits and acclimatization of young individuals of E. edulis in AF fragments. We aimed to understand (i) how canopy openness and transmitted light are affected by forest cover at the landscape scale and the individual palm level; and (ii) how local and landscape features, combined and separately, affect key leaf traits widely known to be related to plant growth. The study was carried out in 15 forest fragments, ranging from 16 to 97% of surrounding forest cover. In each fragment, we sampled 10-20 individuals of E. edulis and analyzed nine leaf traits related to morphological, biochemical and chemical aspects. We also took hemispherical photographs to estimate canopy openness on the top of each E. edulis and also within fragment plots. We found that young plants predominantly occurred in more shaded environments. Additionally, E. edulis succeeded to acclimate in six of the nine traits analyzed, with most traits being affected by local and landscape features. It is likely that the lack of variation in traits related to protection against herbivory are limiting the species establishment in highly deforested landscapes. Our results provide novel evidence that both landscape and local contexts affect the leaf traits of E. edulis young plants leading to biochemical, chemical and morphological adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada À Conservação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 42662-900, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Rocha-Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada À Conservação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 42662-900, Brazil
| | - Maíra Benchimol
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada À Conservação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 42662-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Mielke
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada À Conservação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 42662-900, Brazil
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6
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Coelho GM, Santos AS, de Menezes IPP, Tarazi R, Souza FMO, Silva MDGCPC, Gaiotto FA. Genetic structure among morphotypes of the endangered Brazilian palm Euterpe edulis Mart (Arecaceae). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6039-6048. [PMID: 32607211 PMCID: PMC7319139 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) Mart has high ecological and economic importance providing food resources for more than 58 species of birds and 20 species of mammals, including humans. E. edulis is the second most exploited nontimber product from Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to overexploitation and destruction of habitats, E. edulis is threatened by extinction. Euterpe edulis populations have large morphological variations, with individuals having green, red, or yellow leaf sheath. However, no study has related phenotypic distinctions between populations and their levels of genetic structure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of different E. edulis morphotypes. We sampled 250 adult individuals in eight populations with the different morphotypes. Using 14 microsatellite markers, we access genetic diversity through population genetic parameters calculated in the GenAlex program and the diveRsity package in R. We used the Wilcoxon test to verify population bottlenecks and the genetic distance of Nei and Bayesian analysis for genetic clusters. The eight populations showed low allele richness, low observed heterozygosity, and high inbreeding values (f). In addition, six of the eight populations experienced genetic bottlenecks, which would partly explain the low genetic diversity in populations. Cluster analysis identified two clusters (K = 2), with green morphotype genetically distinguishing from yellow and red morphotypes. Thus, we show, for the first time, a strong genetic structure among E. edulis morphotypes even for geographically close populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Mendes Coelho
- Departamento de Ciências BiológicasCentro de Biotecnologia e GenéticaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | - Alesandro Souza Santos
- Departamento de Ciências BiológicasCentro de Biotecnologia e GenéticaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à ConservaçãoUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Maria Oliveira Souza
- Departamento de Ciências BiológicasCentro de Biotecnologia e GenéticaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
| | | | - Fernanda Amato Gaiotto
- Departamento de Ciências BiológicasCentro de Biotecnologia e GenéticaUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à ConservaçãoUniversidade Estadual de Santa CruzIlhéusBrazil
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7
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Borges D, Mariano-Neto E, Caribé D, Corrêa R, Gaiotto F. Changes in fine-scale spatial genetic structure related to protection status in Atlantic Rain Forest fragment. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Santos AS, Borges DB, Vivas CV, Berg CVD, Rodrigues PS, Tarazi R, Gaiotto FA. Gene pool sharing and genetic bottleneck effects in subpopulations of Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Mart. ex Miers (Lecythidaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:655-665. [PMID: 31528979 PMCID: PMC6905441 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest loss and fragmentation are the main threats to the maintenance of the Atlantic Forest, an important global biodiversity hotspot. Because of the current critical level of deforestation, ecological corridors are needed to facilitate species dispersion and gene flow among fragments. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability and gene pool sharing of Eschweilera ovata in five forest remnants in southern Bahia, Brazil using nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) and plastid simple sequence repeat (cpSSR) microsatellite markers. cpSSR marker analysis revealed the domains of four haplotypes, showing that 80% of the individuals had only four maternal origins, reflecting a founder effect and/or genetic bottleneck. The results of cpSSR and nSSR analyses indicated moderate genetic diversity, particularly in conservation units with full protection, which showed the best parameters of all areas evaluated. Another indication of the susceptibility of these populations to forest loss and fragmentation was the strong genetic bottleneck observed. In contrast, genetic structure analyses (FST and discriminant analysis of principal components) revealed gene pool sharing between the subpopulations, which may reflect the historical gene flow that occurred before forest fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesandro S Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniela B Borges
- Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Caio V Vivas
- Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Cassio Van Den Berg
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Polliana S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Amato Gaiotto
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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9
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Soares LASS, Cazetta E, Santos LR, França DDS, Gaiotto FA. Anthropogenic Disturbances Eroding the Genetic Diversity of a Threatened Palm Tree: A Multiscale Approach. Front Genet 2019; 10:1090. [PMID: 31788000 PMCID: PMC6855268 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and the illegal exploitation of natural resources are among the main drivers of species extinction around the world. These disturbances act at different scales, once changes in the landscape composition and configuration operate at large scales and exploitation of natural resources at local scales. Evidence suggests that both scales are capable of triggering genetic erosion in the remaining populations. However, most of the studies so far did not evaluate simultaneously the effects of these disturbances on genetic diversity and structure of plants. In this study, we used a multiple scale approach to empirically evaluate the impacts caused by local and landscape scale disturbances in the genetic diversity and structure of an endangered palm tree, Euterpe edulis. We sampled and genotyped with microsatellite markers 544 juveniles of E. edulis in 17 fragments of Atlantic Forest in Brazil. In addition, we estimated the local logging rate and the forest cover and isolation at landscape scale. We found that the palm populations have not undergone any recent bottleneck events and that only logging intensification had affected the fixation index and the number of private alleles. Additionally, we did not detect any evidence of spatial genetic structure or genetic divergence associated with environmental disturbance variables at different scales. However, we identified distinct genetic clusters, which may indicate a reduction of gene flow between fragments that were previously a continuous habitat. Our results show that local disturbances, which act directly on population size reduction, such as logging, modified the genetic diversity more rapidly, whereas genetic structure is probably more influenced by large-scale modifications. In this way, to maximize the conservation efforts of economically exploited species, we recommend to increase the inspection to reduce the illegal exploitation, and reforestation of degraded areas, in order to increase the gene flow in Atlantic Forest fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiza Aparecida Souza Serafim Soares
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rocha Santos
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Souza França
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Amato Gaiotto
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil.,Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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10
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Sander NL, Pérez‐Zavala F, Da Silva CJ, Arruda JC, Pulido MT, Barelli MAA, Rossi AB, Viana AP, Boechat MSB, Bacon CD, Cibrián‐Jaramillo A. Rivers shape population genetic structure in Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae). Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6589-6598. [PMID: 30038759 PMCID: PMC6053585 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mauritia flexuosa L.f. palm is known as the "tree of life" given its importance as fundamental food and construction resources for humans. The species is broadly distributed in wet habitats of Amazonia and dry habitats of the Amazon and Orinoco river basins and in the Cerrado savanna. We collected 179 individuals from eight different localities throughout these habitats and used microsatellites to characterize their population structure and patterns of gene flow. Overall, we found high genetic variation, except in one savanna locality. Gene flow between populations is largely congruent with river basins and the direction of water flow within and among them, suggesting their importance for seed dispersal. Further, rivers have had a higher frequency of human settlements than forested sites, contributing to population diversity and structure through increased human use and consumption of M. flexuosa along rivers. Gene flow patterns revealed that migrants are sourced primarily from within the same river basin, such as those from Madeira and Tapajós basins. Our work suggests that rivers and their inhabitants are a critical element of the landscape in Amazonia and have impacted the dispersal and subsequent distribution of tropical palm species, as shown by the patterns of genetic variation in M. flexuosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilo L. Sander
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Paisagem e EtnobiologiaCentro de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Biodiversidade e Etnobiologia do PantanalUniversidade do Estado de Mato GrossoCáceresMato GrossoBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia legalRede BionorteCuiabáMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Francisco Pérez‐Zavala
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio)Unidad de Genómica AvanzadaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuatoGuanajuatoMexico
| | - Carolina J. Da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Paisagem e EtnobiologiaCentro de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Biodiversidade e Etnobiologia do PantanalUniversidade do Estado de Mato GrossoCáceresMato GrossoBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia legalRede BionorteCuiabáMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Joari C. Arruda
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia legalRede BionorteCuiabáMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Maria T. Pulido
- Laboratorio de EtnobiologíaUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de HidalgoHidalgoMéxico
| | - Marco A. A. Barelli
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia legalRede BionorteCuiabáMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Ana B. Rossi
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia legalRede BionorteCuiabáMato GrossoBrazil
| | - Alexandre P. Viana
- Laboratório de Melhoramento VegetalUniversidade Estadual do Norte FluminenseCampos dos GoytacazesRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Marcela S. B. Boechat
- Laboratório de Melhoramento VegetalUniversidade Estadual do Norte FluminenseCampos dos GoytacazesRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Christine D. Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity CenterGöteborgSweden
| | - Angélica Cibrián‐Jaramillo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio)Unidad de Genómica AvanzadaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuatoGuanajuatoMexico
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11
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Santos AS, Cazetta E, Dodonov P, Faria D, Gaiotto FA. Landscape-scale deforestation decreases gene flow distance of a keystone tropical palm, Euterpe edulis Mart (Arecaceae). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6586-6598. [PMID: 27777732 PMCID: PMC5058530 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss represents one of the main threats to tropical forests, which have reached extremely high rates of species extinction. Forest loss negatively impacts biodiversity, affecting ecological (e.g., seed dispersal) and genetic (e.g., genetic diversity and structure) processes. Therefore, understanding how deforestation influences genetic resources is strategic for conservation. Our aim was to empirically evaluate the effects of landscape‐scale forest reduction on the spatial genetic structure and gene flow of Euterpe edulis Mart (Arecaceae), a palm tree considered a keystone resource for many vertebrate species. This study was carried out in nine forest remnants in the Atlantic Forest, northeastern Brazil, located in landscapes within a gradient of forest cover (19–83%). We collected leaves of 246 adults and 271 seedlings and performed genotyping using microsatellite markers. Our results showed that the palm populations had low spatial genetic structure, indicating that forest reduction did not influence this genetic parameter for neither seedlings nor adults. However, forest loss decreased the gene flow distance, which may negatively affect the genetic diversity of future generations by increasing the risk of local extinction of this keystone palm. For efficient strategies of genetic variability conservation and maintenance of gene flow in E. edulis, we recommend the maintenance of landscapes with intermediary to high levels of forest cover, that is, forest cover above 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesandro S Santos
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16 Ilhéus CEP 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16 Ilhéus CEP 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Pavel Dodonov
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16 Ilhéus CEP 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Deborah Faria
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16 Ilhéus CEP 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Gaiotto
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16 Ilhéus CEP 45662-900 Brazil
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