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Rashid ZA, Bardaweel SK. Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12133. [PMID: 37569509 PMCID: PMC10418771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic metalloenzymes. MMP-9, a member of the gelatinase B family, is characterized as one of the most intricate MMPs. The crucial involvement of MMP-9 in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling underscores its significant correlation with each stage of cancer pathogenesis and progression. The design and synthesis of MMP-9 inhibitors is a potentially attractive research area. Unfortunately, to date, there is no effective MMP-9 inhibitor that passes the clinical trials and is approved by the FDA. This review primarily focuses on exploring the diverse strategies employed in the design and advancement of MMP-9 inhibitors, along with their anticancer effects and selectivity. To illuminate the essential structural characteristics necessary for the future design of novel MMP-9 inhibitors, the current narrative review highlights several recently discovered MMP-9 inhibitors exhibiting notable selectivity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanaa K. Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Almutairi S, Kalloush HM, Manoon NA, Bardaweel SK. Matrix Metalloproteinases Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment: An Updated Review (2013-2023). Molecules 2023; 28:5567. [PMID: 37513440 PMCID: PMC10384300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are identifiable members of proteolytic enzymes that can degrade a wide range of proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs can be categorized into six groups based on their substrate specificity and structural differences: collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, metalloelastase, and membrane-type MMPs. MMPs have been linked to a wide variety of biological processes, such as cell transformation and carcinogenesis. Over time, MMPs have been evaluated for their role in cancer progression, migration, and metastasis. Accordingly, various MMPs have become attractive therapeutic targets for anticancer drug development. The first generations of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors displayed effective inhibitory activities but failed in clinical trials due to poor selectivity. Thanks to the evolution of X-ray crystallography, NMR analysis, and homology modeling studies, it has been possible to characterize the active sites of various MMPs and, consequently, to develop more selective, second-generation MMP inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the computational and synthesis approaches used in the development of MMP inhibitors and their evaluation as potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriefa Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hanin Moh'd Kalloush
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Nour A Manoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Sanaa K Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Albelwi FF, Teleb M, Abu-Serie MM, Moaty MNAA, Alsubaie MS, Zakaria MA, El Kilany Y, Aouad MR, Hagar M, Rezki N. Halting Tumor Progression via Novel Non-Hydroxamate Triazole-Based Mannich Bases MMP-2/9 Inhibitors; Design, Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910324. [PMID: 34638665 PMCID: PMC8508768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key signaling modulators in the tumor microenvironment. Among MMPs, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are receiving renewed interest as validated druggable targets for halting different tumor progression events. Over the last decades, a diverse range of MMP-2/9 inhibitors has been identified starting from the early hydroxamic acid-based peptidomimetics to the next generation non-hydroxamates. Herein, focused 1,2,4-triazole-1,2,3-triazole molecular hybrids with varying lengths and decorations, mimicking the thematic features of non-hydroxamate inhibitors, were designed and synthesized using efficient protocols and were alkylated with pharmacophoric amines to develop new Mannich bases. After full spectroscopic characterization the newly synthesized triazoles tethering Mannich bases were subjected to safety assessment via MTT assay against normal human fibroblasts, then evaluated for their potential anticancer activities against colon (Caco-2) and breast (MDA-MB 231) cancers. The relatively lengthy bis-Mannich bases 15 and 16 were safer and more potent than 5-fluorouracil with sub-micromolar IC50 and promising selectivity to the screened cancer cell lines rather than normal cells. Both compounds upregulated p53 (2–5.6-fold) and suppressed cyclin D expression (0.8–0.2-fold) in the studied cancers, and thus, induced apoptosis. 15 was superior to 16 in terms of cytotoxic activities, p53 induction, and cyclin D suppression. Mechanistically, both were efficient MMP-2/9 inhibitors with comparable potencies to the reference prototype hydroxamate-based MMP inhibitor NNGH at their anticancer IC50 concentrations. 15 (IC50 = 0.143 µM) was 4-fold more potent than NNGH against MMP-9 with promising selectivity (3.27-fold) over MMP-2, whereas 16 was comparable to NNGH. Concerning MMP-2, 16 (IC50 = 0.376 µM) was 1.2-fold more active than 15. Docking simulations predicted their possible binding modes and highlighted the possible structural determinants of MMP-2/9 inhibitory activities. Computational prediction of their physicochemical properties, ADMET, and drug-likeness metrics revealed acceptable drug-like criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzia Faleh Albelwi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (F.F.A.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt;
| | - Marwa M. Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Nabil Abd Al Moaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (M.S.A.); (M.A.Z.); (Y.E.K.)
| | - Mai S. Alsubaie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (M.S.A.); (M.A.Z.); (Y.E.K.)
| | - Mohamed A. Zakaria
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (M.S.A.); (M.A.Z.); (Y.E.K.)
| | - Yeldez El Kilany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (M.S.A.); (M.A.Z.); (Y.E.K.)
| | - Mohamed Reda Aouad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (F.F.A.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Mohamed Hagar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (M.S.A.); (M.A.Z.); (Y.E.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (N.R.)
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (F.F.A.); (M.R.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (N.R.)
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Gabriel-Cromwell aziridination of amino sugars; chiral ferrocenoyl-aziridinyl sugar synthesis and their biological evaluation. Carbohydr Res 2021; 509:108430. [PMID: 34488002 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-sugar substituted chiral aziridines were synthesized via Gabriel-Cromwell reaction. Novel pure diastereomers of aziridine derivatives (4 diastereomers) were readily obtained in high yields and their structures were confirmed by means of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, Mass and optical rotations. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the unique example of N-sugar aziridine synthesis. Diastereomeric effects for prostate (PC3) and cervix (HeLa) cancers were screened and it has been observed that the epimers bearing the same sugars showed different results against PC3 and HeLa cancer cells. The novel sugar aziridines were investigated as promising prodrug candidates for prostate cancer (PC3) therapy. Moreover, the drug likeness calculations (Lipinski's rule, physicochemical properties, lipophilicity, solubility, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability radar) have indicated that the sugar aziridines can be good candidates as oral drugs.
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Mondal S, Adhikari N, Banerjee S, Amin SA, Jha T. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitors in cancer: A minireview. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 194:112260. [PMID: 32224379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc dependent proteolytic metalloenzyme. MMP-9 is one of the most complex forms of matrix metalloproteinases. MMP-9 has the ability to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) components and has important role in the pathophysiological functions. Overexpression and dysregulation of MMP-9 is associated with various diseases. Thus, regulation and inhibition of MMP-9 is an important therapeutic approach for combating various diseases including cancer. Inhibitors of MMP-9 can be used as anticancer agents. Till date no selective MMP-9 inhibitors passed the clinical trials. In this review the structure, activation, function and inhibitors of MMP-9 are mainly focused. Some highly active and/or selective MMP-9 inhibitors have been discussed which may be helpful to explore the structural significance of MMP-9 inhibitors. This study may be useful to design new potent and selective MMP-9 inhibitors against cancer in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Mondal
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Suvankar Banerjee
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, P. O. Box 17020, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Tejo C, Tirtorahardjo D, Day DP, Ma DL, Leung CH, Chan PWH. Brønsted Base-Mediated Aziridination of 2-Alkyl-Substituted-1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and 2-Acyl-Substituted-1,4-Dicarbonyl Compounds by Iminoiodanes. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of α,α-diacylaziridines and α,α,β-triacylaziridines from reaction of 2-alkyl-substituted-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and 2-acyl-substituted-1,4-dicarbonyl compounds with arylsulfonyliminoiodinanes (ArSO2N=IPh) under Brønsted base-mediated atmospheric conditions is described. The reaction mechanism is thought to involve the formal oxidation of the substrate followed by aziridination of the ensuing α,β-unsaturated intermediate by the hypervalent iodine(iii) reagent.
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