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Deltsov ID, Ananyev IV, Meerov DB, Fershtat LL. Expanding the Limits of Organic Energetic Materials: High-Performance Alliance of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole and Furazan Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:174-182. [PMID: 38079563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A majority of known and newly synthesized energetic materials comprise polynitrogen or nitrogen-oxygen heterocycles with various explosophores. However, available structural combinations of these organic scaffolds are finite and are about to reach their limits. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a series of sulfur-containing polyazole structures comprising 1,3,4-thiadiazole and furazan rings linked by C-C bonds and enriched with energetic nitro and azo functionalities. In terms of detonation performance, all synthesized 1,3,4-thiadiazole-furazan assemblies (D = 7.7-7.9 km s-1; P = 26-28 GPa) lie between the powerful explosive TATB (D = 8.0 km s-1; P = 31 GPa) and melt-cast material TNT (D = 6.9 km s-1; P = 23 GPa). In the synthesized series, azo-bridged derivative 5 seems to be most practically interesting, as it combines a relatively high energetic performance (D = 7.9 km s-1; P = 28 GPa), a very high thermal stability (271 °C), and insensitivity to friction. By these functional properties, 5 outperforms the benchmark heat-resistant explosive hexanitrostilbene (HNS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of an energetic alliance of furazan and 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffolds and a rare case of sulfur-containing high-energy materials, which can certainly be considered as an evolutionary step in energetic materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Deltsov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V Ananyev
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-1, Leninsky Prospect, 31, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B Meerov
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Strasse, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya strasse, 20, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
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Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 3-(4-Cyano-3-nitro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-nitrofurazan: Comparison of the Influence of the NO2 and CN Groups on Crystal Packing and Density. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound was synthesized and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The analysis of the crystal packing of the title compound and its analog, bearing a nitro group instead of a nitrile one, allowed a direct comparison of two common explosophoric groups: CN and NO2. By using ΔOED-based densification approach, it is shown that the CN group is lighter in mass, less dense, and participates in intermolecular bonding to a lesser extent in comparison to the NO2 group. As a result, the cyano compound has a lower density and a looser crystal packing than the nitro analog.
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Density Estimation Method for Individual Compounds from X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of their Solvated Forms. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhilin ES, Ananyev IV, Pivkina AN, Fershtat LL. Renaissance of dinitroazetidine: novel hybrid energetic boosters and oxidizers. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14088-14096. [PMID: 36040752 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-oxygen organic materials constitute an important family of multipurpose high-energy materials. However, the preparation of energetic boosters and oxidizers for various civil and space technologies remains a challenging task and such materials usually require special precautions and fine tunability of their functional properties. To find a balance between energy and safety while retaining the oxidizing ability of target energetic materials, novel hybrid organic compounds comprising furoxan and 3,3-dinitroazetidine scaffolds enriched with additional nitro groups were synthesized. The prepared 3-(3,3-dinitroazetidinoyl)-4-nitrofuroxan and 3,3-dinitro-1-(2,2,2-trinitroethyl)azetidine have high nitrogen-oxygen contents (75-79%), positive oxygen balance to CO (up to +10.3%) and good experimental densities (1.75-1.80 g cm-3). A combination of superior detonation performance (D = 8.3-8.5 km s-1 and P = 32-33 GPa) and moderate mechanical sensitivity enables the application potential of these energetic materials as booster explosives or oxidizers. Additionally, their functional properties remain essentially competitive with other oxygen-rich energetic materials (pentaerythritol tetranitrate, ammonium dinitramide, and tetranitratoethane). Hirshfeld surface calculations supported by energy framework plots were also performed to better understand the relationship between the molecular structure and stability/sensitivity. This work unveils novel directions in the construction of balanced energetic boosters and oxidizers for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor S Zhilin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Ivan V Ananyev
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-1, Leninsky Prospect, 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,National Research University Higher School of Economics 101000, Myasnitskaya str., 20, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla N Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Str., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation. .,National Research University Higher School of Economics 101000, Myasnitskaya str., 20, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Nitration of N-(fluorodinitroethyl)pyrazoles. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3,4-Bis(bromomethyl)furazan and its N-oxide. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chaplygin DA, Larin AA, Muravyev NV, Meerov DB, Kosareva EK, Kiselev VG, Pivkina AN, Ananyev IV, Fershtat LL. Nitrogen-rich metal-free salts: a new look at the 5-(trinitromethyl)tetrazolate anion as an energetic moiety. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13778-13785. [PMID: 34505609 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of energetic nitrogen-rich salts comprised of a 5-(trinitromethyl)tetrazolate anion and high-nitrogen cations was synthesized by simple and efficient chemical routes from readily available commercial reagents. These energetic materials were fully characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 14N) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the structure of an energetic salt containing the 3,6,7-triamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazolium cation was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The synthesized compounds exhibit decent experimental densities (1.648-1.845 g cm-3) and positive enthalpies of formation (up to 725.5 kJ mol-1) and, as a result, superior detonation performance (detonation velocities 8.2-9.2 km s-1 and detonation pressures 28.5-37.8 GPa), which is comparable to or even exceeding those of commonly used booster explosive PETN. On the other hand, high mechanical sensitivity of several novel 5-(trinitromethyl)tetrazolate salts along with their high combined nitrogen-oxygen content (>81%) and excellent detonation performance render them environmentally friendly alternatives to lead-based primary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A Chaplygin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Larin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nikita V Muravyev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Meerov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina K Kosareva
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly G Kiselev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alla N Pivkina
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V Ananyev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Anisimov AA, Ananyev IV. Revisiting the energy treatment of the density of molecular crystals: an interrelation between intermolecular interaction energies and changes of molecular volume. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Larin AA, Shaferov AV, Kulikov AS, Pivkina AN, Monogarov KA, Dmitrienko AO, Ananyev IV, Khakimov DV, Fershtat L, Makhova NN. Design and Synthesis of Nitrogen-Rich Azo-Bridged Furoxanylazoles as High-Performance Energetic Materials. Chemistry 2021; 27:14628-14637. [PMID: 34324750 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel energetic materials comprising of azo-bridged furoxanylazoles enriched with energetic functionalities was designed and synthesized. These high-energy materials were thoroughly characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, 14 N) spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular structures of representative amino and azo oxadiazole assemblies were additionally confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray powder diffraction. A comparison of contributions of explosophoric moieties into the density of energetic materials revealed that furoxan and 1,2,4-oxadiazole rings are the densest motifs while the substitution of the azide and amino fragments on the nitro and azo ones leads to an increase of the density. Azo bridged energetic materials have high nitrogen-oxygen contents (68.8-76.9%) and high thermal stability. The synthesized compounds exhibit good experimental densities (1.62-1.88 g cm -3 ), very high enthalpies of formation (846-1720 kJ mol -1 ), and, as a result, excellent detonation performance (detonation velocities 7.66-9.09 km s -1 and detonation pressures 25.0-37.7 GPa). From the application perspective, the detonation parameters of azo oxadiazole assemblies exceed those of the benchmark explosive RDX, while a combination of high detonation performance and acceptable friction sensitivity of azo(1,2,4-triazolylfuroxan) make it a promising potential alternative to PETN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Larin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Alexander V Shaferov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Alexander S Kulikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Alla N Pivkina
- Institut himiceskoj fiziki imeni N N Semenova RAN, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Konstantin A Monogarov
- Institut himiceskoj fiziki imeni N N Semenova RAN, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Artem O Dmitrienko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University: Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni M V Lomonosova, Chemistry, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Ivan V Ananyev
- A N Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS: Institut elementoorganiceskih soedinenij imeni A N Nesmeanova RAN, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Dmitry V Khakimov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Leonid Fershtat
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Nina N Makhova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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