Natural Seven-Membered Terpene Lactones: Synthesis and Biological Activity

Sesquiterpenoids Isolated from the Rhizomes of Genus Atractylodes

Atractylodes plants have been used in traditional herbal medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases and contain various chemical compounds. Sesquiterpenoids are the most important therapeutic compounds in Atractylodes rhizomes. Based on studies reported from 2000 to 2022, we classified sesquiterpenoids by their chemical skeletons and original resources. Moreover, we discussed their biosynthesis and physicochemical and pharmacological features. We reported sesquiterpenoids with skeletal moieties, such as monocyclic sesquiterpenes (bisabolene- and elemene-type), bicyclic sesquiterpenes (eudesmane-, isopterocarpolone-, hydroxycarissone-, eremophilane-, bisesquiterpenoid-, guaiane- and spirovetivane-type and eudesmane lactones) and tricyclic sesquiterpenes (cyperene- and patchoulene-type), with their biosynthetic pathways, chemical modifications and in vivo metabolites. The pharmacological activities of sesquiterpenoids as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial and for treating gastrointestinal disorders have been reported for this genus.