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Hu Y, Pan Y, Yue L, Gao X. Self-objectification and eating disorders: the psychopathological and neural processes from psychological distortion to psychosomatic illness. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2024; 4:kkae003. [PMID: 38666139 PMCID: PMC10946225 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinying Hu
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yafeng Pan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejaing 310058, China
| | - Liming Yue
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiangping Gao
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, Shanghai 200234, China
- Shanghai Institute of Early Childhood Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, Shanghai 200234, China
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2
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Noda T, Isobe M, Mishima R, Tose K, Kawabata M, Aso T, Tei S, Noma S, Murai T. Neural correlates of a mindfulness-based intervention in anorexia nervosa. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e22. [PMID: 36727159 PMCID: PMC9970176 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the neural underpinnings of the effects of mindfulness on anxiety in anorexia nervosa using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 21 anorexia patients. We used a functional magnetic resonance imaging task designed to induce weight-related anxiety and asked participants to regulate their anxiety either using or not using an acceptance strategy. Our results showed reduced activity in the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, putamen, caudate, orbital gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus following a mindfulness-based intervention. The present study provides new insight regarding the neural mechanisms underlying the effect of mindfulness-based intervention in ameliorating anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masanori Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryo Mishima
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keima Tose
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Michiko Kawabata
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aso
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Japan
| | - Shisei Tei
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; and School of Human and Social Sciences, Tokyo International University, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Noma
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; and Department of Psychiatry, Nomakokoro Clinic, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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3
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Laicher H, Int-Veen I, Torka F, Kroczek A, Bihlmaier I, Storchak H, Velten-Schurian K, Dresler T, Täglich R, Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC, Rosenbaum D. Trait rumination and social anxiety separately influence stress-induced rumination and hemodynamic responses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5512. [PMID: 35365678 PMCID: PMC8976084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate stress-reactive rumination in response to social stress and its association with social anxiety and trait rumination. From previous investigations we know that people with a certain vulnerability to rumination show increased stress-reactive rumination. However, up to date the possible influence of social anxiety on this relationship is still unclear. Therefore, we reanalyzed the data of two of our previous studies assessing healthy low and high trait ruminators and depressed patients performing the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). We measured cortical oxygenation using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) as well as different behavioral outcome measures (subjective stress levels, negative affect, state rumination). On a behavioral level, we found an influence of both, social anxiety and trait rumination, on state rumination, even when correcting for the other factor, respectively, implying two potentially independent factors of influence. On a neural level, we observed reduced activation in brain regions of the cognitive control network (CCN) for higher social anxiety and trait rumination, which might be a result of reduced cognitive and attentional control. Results indicate a specific role of social anxiety, at least on a behavioral level, and therefore implicate a crucial factor to be considered in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Laicher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Isabell Int-Veen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Torka
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Agnes Kroczek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Bihlmaier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helena Storchak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Velten-Schurian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ramona Täglich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - David Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Gandolphe MC, Nandrino JL, Hendrickx M, Willem C, Cottencin O, Gérardin P, Guardia D, Buttitta M, Zanini V, Dodin V. Specificity and wealth of autobiographical memories in restrictive and mixed anorexic patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256959. [PMID: 34506532 PMCID: PMC8432787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduced specificity of positive and negative autobiographical memories observed in anorexic (AN) patients may reflect a global disturbance in their emotional information processing. However, their emotional difficulties may differ according to the subtype of AN, implying possible differences in the manifestation of autobiographical memory impairments. The aims of the study were (1) to confirm the autobiographical memory deficits in AN patients in terms of specificity and wealth of memories, and (2) to compare autobiographical deficits according to the AN subtype: restrictive type (AR) or binge/purging type (AB). Ninety-five non-clinical (NC) individuals and 95 AN patients including 69 AR and 22 AB patients were administered the Williams' and Scott's Autobiographical Memory Test. The results confirmed a lack of specificity regardless of emotional valence in the overall AN patient group without any distinction of subtype, which was linked to the number of hospitalizations. When the AN subtype was considered, AR patients demonstrated reduced specificity for negative memories only, suggesting differences in emotional functioning or in the mechanisms underlying reduced specificity between AR and AB patients. Furthermore, the overall AN group demonstrated lower variability and complexity in their memory content than the NC group. However, this difference in the complexity of recalled memories was only found in response to negative cues. When AN subtypes were considered, AR patients showed fewer complex memories than NC individuals. Beyond a reduced specificity, AN patients also depict a poverty in the range of event recall and a difficulty in developing narrative content. The clinical implications of such autobiographical memory deficits need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Gandolphe
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193—SCALab—Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Louis Nandrino
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193—SCALab—Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marion Hendrickx
- GHICL Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Lille, France
| | - Clémence Willem
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193—SCALab—Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000, Lille, France
- Lille Catholic Hospital, Delegation for Clinical Research and Innovation, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Cottencin
- Service d’Addictologie, Hôpital Fontan 2, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Gérardin
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Dewi Guardia
- Clinique Lautréamont, Service de Psychiatrie de l’Adolescent, Loos, France
| | - Marie Buttitta
- Lille Catholic Hospital, Delegation for Clinical Research and Innovation, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, PSITEC Lab EA 4072, Lille, France
| | - Virginie Zanini
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Dodin
- GHICL Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Lille, France
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Puttevils L, Vanderhasselt MA, Horczak P, Vervaet M. Differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies between anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Compr Psychiatry 2021; 109:152262. [PMID: 34265598 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has identified abnormal emotion regulation (ER) as an underlying mechanism in the onset and maintenance of eating disorders. Yet, it still remains unclear whether different forms of ER, adaptive and maladaptive strategies, are similar across categories of eating disorders. METHOD A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to look at ER differences between anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), two common eating disorder pathologies with different eating patterns. RESULTS 41 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results revealed no differences in the use of maladaptive ER strategies between individuals with AN and BN, however patients with AN tend to use less adaptive ER strategies as compared to patients with BN. CONCLUSIONS Making less use of adaptive strategies in AN might be due to low body weight and high levels of alexithymia which define AN. In order to improve treatment outcome in individuals suffering from AN, these findings suggest to focus more on improving the use of adaptive ER strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Puttevils
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Belgium; Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Paula Horczak
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Belgium
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6
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French MN, Chen EY. Emotion and Psychophysiological Responses During Emotion-Eliciting Film Clips in an Eating Disorders Sample. Front Psychol 2021; 12:630426. [PMID: 34366957 PMCID: PMC8336872 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Greater vulnerability to negative emotions appears associated with the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). A systematic review of psychophysiological studies using emotion-eliciting film clips reveals that there are no studies examining the effect of standardized validated film clips on psychophysiological response across a range of EDs. Methods: Using standardized validated film clips without ED-specific content, the present study examined self-reported emotions and psychophysiological responses of women with Binge-Eating Disorder (BED; n = 57), Anorexia Nervosa (AN; n = 16), Bulimia Nervosa (BN; n = 34), and Healthy Controls (HCs; n = 26) at Baseline, during Neutral, Sad, Happy, and Fear-inducing film clips, and at Recovery. Results: Throughout the protocol, the ED groups reported significantly greater sadness and anxiety than HCs. Additionally, the AN group reported more fear, the BED group more frustration, and the BED and BN groups more tension than HCs. Compared to HCs, the BED group reported stronger urges to binge throughout the protocol, whereas BN group reported stronger urges to binge relative to the HC group only at Baseline and Recovery. The BN and BED groups experienced decreased urges to binge during all film clips compared to Baseline. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia levels were significantly lower in the BED group compared to HCs and the BN group throughout the protocol. Discussion: Standardized validated film clips can be used to elicit expected self-reported emotion and skin conductance responses in ED groups, although individuals with EDs compared HCs report greater negative emotions. Interestingly, film clips appeared to reduce urges to binge in binge-eating groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie N French
- Temple Eating Disorders Program, Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eunice Y Chen
- Temple Eating Disorders Program, Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Repetitive Negative Thinking and Eating Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of the Role of Worry and Rumination. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112448. [PMID: 34073087 PMCID: PMC8198834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of worry and rumination in eating disorders (EDs) is controversial. This meta-analysis of the literature is aimed at clarifying the relationship between repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and EDs. In accordance with the PRISMA criteria, a comprehensive search of the literature was conducted on PubMed and PsycInfo from inception to March 2021. Search terms: “eating disorder/anorexia/bulimia/binge eating disorder” AND “worry/rumination/brooding/repetitive thinking”. A manual search of reference lists was also run. Forty-three studies were included. RNT was found to be associated with anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder. A moderating effect was found for “presence/absence ED diagnosis” and “subtype of ED symptom”. ED patients showed higher RNT than the general population. No differences were observed for age or between worry and rumination in the magnitude of their association with EDs.
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8
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Emotion Dysregulation within the CBT-E Model of Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Influence of suppression and reappraisal on eating-related symptoms and ruminative thinking in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 2021; 141:103851. [PMID: 33831710 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal on eating-related symptomatology in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Secondly, on the background of theoretical models proposing a reciprocal relationship between suppression and rumination, we sought to understand whether inhibition of emotional expression also affects ruminative thinking in eating disorders. Women with AN (n = 39), BN (n = 37) and a control group (CG, n = 41) were randomly assigned to either engage in suppression or reappraisal during a sadness-eliciting film clip. Levels of drive to eat, anticipated loss of control over eating and ruminative thoughts were rated before and after the induction of emotion regulation. Induced expressive suppression led to a decrease of reported drive to eat in AN and an increase of anticipated loss of control over eating in BN. All groups responded to suppression with greater rumination, whereas no significant changes were found for reappraisal. Mediation analyses on trait questionnaires pointed to rumination as a partial mediator of the correlation between suppression and eating disorder pathology. Results are discussed in line with recent empirical research and current emotion regulation theories.
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10
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Petersson S, Gullbing L, Perseius KI. Just like fireworks in my brain - a Swedish interview study on experiences of emotions in female patients with eating disorders. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:24. [PMID: 33597045 PMCID: PMC7890966 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with eating disorders have reported poorer emotional awareness, more emotional suppression, less use of adaptive emotional regulation strategies, and more use of maladaptive emotional regulation strategies compared to people in healthy control groups. AIM To explore experiences of emotions by a transdiagnostic sample of patients with eating disorders. METHOD Nine patients with different eating disorder diagnoses at an eating disorder outpatient clinic in Sweden were interviewed for their thoughts on emotions. The interviews were analyzed with Thematic Analysis. RESULT Four themes were constructed: "Not knowing what one feels", "Switch off, run away, or hide behind a mask", "Emotions in a lifelong perspective", and "Using eating behaviours to regulate emotions". The patients described uncertainty regarding whether they experienced emotions correctly. They described how they tried to avoid difficult emotions through suppressive strategies and eating disorder behaviour. All described strategies were inefficient and all emotions were experienced as problematic, even joy. Since joy was used as a mask, the real experience of happiness was lost and mourned. CONCLUSION All kinds of emotions were considered problematic to experience, but shame, fear, and sadness were considered worst. It is difficult to know if the emotional difficulties preceded an eating disorder, however such difficulties may have increased as a result of the eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Petersson
- Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Länssjukhuset, Hus 13, plan 7, SE-391 85, Kalmar, Sweden. .,Division of Rehabilitation, Region Kalmar County, Länssjukhuset, Hus 13, Plan 7, SE-391 85, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Lydia Gullbing
- Division of Psychiatry, Region Kalmar County, SE-391 85 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kent-Inge Perseius
- Department of Caring Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
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11
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Dougherty EN, Murphy J, Hamlett S, George R, Badillo K, Johnson NK, Haedt-Matt AA. Emotion regulation flexibility and disordered eating. Eat Behav 2020; 39:101428. [PMID: 32896682 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that individuals with eating disorders use more putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and fewer putatively adaptive strategies. However, there is growing theoretical and empirical support for the notion that the efficacy of emotion regulation strategies varies across situations. Thus, successful emotion regulation is characterized by the ability to flexibly choose between emotion regulation strategies in order to fit one's situational needs. Despite growing support for this conceptualization of successful emotion regulation, no research has investigated it in relation to disordered eating. Using the emotion regulation choice paradigm, this study investigated the association between emotion regulation flexibility and disordered eating. Women (N = 50) completed self-report questionnaires and a laboratory-based emotion regulation choice task to assess emotion regulation flexibility. Results indicated that lower emotion regulation flexibility was associated with more frequent purging and excessive exercise. Emotion regulation flexibility was not significantly associated with binge eating or overall eating disorder psychopathology. These findings suggest that individuals who engage in unhealthy compensatory behaviors exhibit reduced emotion regulation flexibility. If replicated in clinical samples, treatment for eating disorders characterized by compensatory behaviors may benefit from incorporating additional strategies to help people utilize emotion regulation strategies in a flexible, situationally appropriate manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Dougherty
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Psychology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60661, United States of America.
| | - Jonathan Murphy
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Psychology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60661, United States of America
| | - Skylar Hamlett
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Psychology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60661, United States of America
| | - Rachel George
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Psychology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60661, United States of America
| | - Krystal Badillo
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Psychology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60661, United States of America
| | - Nicole K Johnson
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Psychology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60661, United States of America
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Psychology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60661, United States of America
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12
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Schnepper R, Georgii C, Eichin K, Arend AK, Wilhelm FH, Vögele C, Lutz APC, van Dyck Z, Blechert J. Fight, Flight, - Or Grab a Bite! Trait Emotional and Restrained Eating Style Predicts Food Cue Responding Under Negative Emotions. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:91. [PMID: 32581738 PMCID: PMC7283754 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's society, obesity rates are rising as food intake is no longer only a response to physiological hunger signals that ensure survival. Eating can represent a reward, a response to boredom, or stress reduction and emotion regulation. While most people decrease food intake in response to stress or negative emotions, some do the opposite. Yet, it is unclear who shows emotional overeating under which circumstances. Emotion regulation theories describe emotional overeating as a learned strategy to down-regulate negative emotions. Cognitive theories, by contrast, attribute emotional overeating to perceived diet breaches in individuals who chronically attempt to diet. After consuming "forbidden foods", they eat more than individuals who do not restrict their food intake. This laboratory study investigated emotional overeating by exposing individuals to a personalized emotion induction while showing images of palatable foods. Outcome variables indexed cue reactivity to food images through picture ratings (valence, desire to eat), facial expressions (electromyography of the corrugator supercilii muscle), and brain reactivity by detecting event-related potentials (ERPs) by means of electroencephalography (EEG). The influence of emotion condition (negative, neutral) and individual differences (self-reported trait emotional and restrained eating) on outcome variables was assessed. Valence ratings and appetitive reactions of the corrugator muscle to food pictures showed a relative increase in the negative condition for individuals with higher emotional eating scores, with the opposite pattern in lower scores. Desire to eat ratings showed a similar pattern in individuals who showed a strong response to the emotion induction manipulation, indicative of a dose-response relationship. Although no differences between conditions were found for ratings or corrugator activity with restrained eating as a predictor, an ERP at P300 showed increased activation when viewing food compared to objects in the negative condition. Findings support emotion regulation theories: Emotional eaters showed an appetitive reaction in rating patterns and corrugator activity. EEG findings (increased P300) suggest a motivated attention toward food in restrained eaters, which supports cognitive theories. However, this did not translate to other variables, which might demonstrate successful restraint. Future studies may follow up on these findings by investigating eating disorders with emotion regulation difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Schnepper
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudio Georgii
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Eichin
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ann-Kathrin Arend
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank H. Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claus Vögele
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Annika P. C. Lutz
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Zoé van Dyck
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Smith KE, Mason TB, Lavender JM. Rumination and eating disorder psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 61:9-23. [PMID: 29703429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rumination is a cognitive process involving repetitive thoughts about negative experiences and emotions and is associated with psychopathology. Rumination has been implicated in mood and anxiety disorders, and there is a growing body of research on rumination in relation to eating disorder (ED) psychopathology. The current meta-analytic review focused on the literature addressing rumination and ED psychopathology. A comprehensive search process identified 38 studies, which primarily used cross-sectional designs with non-clinical samples. Results demonstrated that rumination was concurrently (r = 0.33) and prospectively (r = 0.22-0.23) associated with ED psychopathology, and that groups with ED psychopathology evidenced higher levels of rumination compared to non-ED control groups (g = 0.95), though no significant differences in rumination were observed when comparing anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa groups (g = 0.09). In addition, a narrative review of five experimental studies suggested that rumination in response to ED-related stimuli was related to increased negative affect and negative body-related cognitions across clinical and non-clinical samples. The type of rumination and sample population emerged as moderators of effect sizes, such that larger effects were observed among samples using ED-specific measures of rumination and heterogeneous samples compared to only non-clinical samples. Taken together, this literature demonstrates that rumination is a salient process in ED psychopathology, though the literature is characterized by methodological limitations and the need for more fully elaborated theories on the role of rumination in EDs. Findings are discussed in the context of existing models of rumination and ED psychopathology, with suggestions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Smith
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, United States; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
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Seidel M, King JA, Ritschel F, Boehm I, Geisler D, Bernardoni F, Beck M, Pauligk S, Biemann R, Strobel A, Goschke T, Walter H, Roessner V, Ehrlich S. Processing and regulation of negative emotions in anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 18:1-8. [PMID: 29321971 PMCID: PMC5756056 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical models and recent advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) have increasingly focused on the role of alterations in the processing and regulation of emotions. To date, however, our understanding of these changes is still limited and reports of emotional dysregulation in AN have been based largely on self-report data, and there is a relative lack of objective experimental evidence or neurobiological data. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the hemodynamic correlates of passive viewing and voluntary downregulation of negative emotions by means of the reappraisal strategy detachment in AN patients. Detachment is regarded as adaptive regulation strategy associated with a reduction in emotion-related amygdala activity and increased recruitment of prefrontal brain regions associated with cognitive control processes. Emotion regulation efficacy was assessed via behavioral arousal ratings and fMRI activation elicited by an established experimental paradigm including negative images. Participants were instructed to either simply view emotional pictures or detach themselves from feelings triggered by the stimuli. The sample consisted of 36 predominantly adolescent female AN patients and a pairwise age-matched healthy control group. Behavioral and neuroimaging data analyses indicated a reduction of arousal and amygdala activity during the regulation condition for both patients and controls. However, compared with controls, individuals with AN showed increased activation in the amygdala as well as in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during the passive viewing of aversive compared with neutral pictures. These results extend previous findings indicative of altered processing of salient emotional stimuli in AN, but do not point to a general deficit in the voluntary regulation of negative emotions. Increased dlPFC activation in AN during passive viewing of negative stimuli is in line with the hypothesis that the disorder may be characterized by excessive self-control. Taken together, the data seem to suggest that reappraisal via detachment may be an effective strategy to reduce negative arousal for individuals with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seidel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph A King
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Ritschel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilka Boehm
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Geisler
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabio Bernardoni
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Beck
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Pauligk
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychology, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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