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Balabashin DS, Kaliberda EN, Smirnov IV, Mokrushina YA, Bobik TV, Aliev TK, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. Development of a Serum-Free Media Based on the Optimal Combination of Recombinant Protein Additives and Hydrolysates of Non-animal Origin to Produce Immunoglobulins. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820050038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Nguyen LN, Novak N, Baumann M, Koehn J, Borth N. Bioinformatic Identification of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cold‐Shock Genes and Biological Evidence of their Cold‐Inducible Promoters. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1900359. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ly Ngoc Nguyen
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Muthgasse 11 1190 Vienna Austria
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Neža Novak
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Muthgasse 11 1190 Vienna Austria
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Martina Baumann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Muthgasse 11 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Jadranka Koehn
- Rentschler Biopharma Erwin‐Rentschler‐Strasse 21 88471 Laupheim Germany
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
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Zalai D, Tobak T, Putics Á. Impact of apoptosis on the on-line measured dielectric properties of CHO cells. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:2427-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Assessment of the effect of laser irradiations at different wavelengths (660, 810, 980, and 1064 nm) on autophagy in a rat model of mucositis. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:1289-95. [PMID: 25732242 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is known that high-dose radiation has an effect on tissue healing, but tissue healing does not occur when low dose radiation is applied. To clarify this issue, we compare the treatment success of low dose radiation with programmed cell death mechanisms on wounded tissue. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interactions of low and high-dose radiation using an autophagic mechanism. We included 35 adult Wistar-Albino rats in this study. All animals were injected with 100 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the first day and 65 mg/kg of 5-FU on the third day. The tips of 18-gauge needles were used to develop a superficial scratching on the left cheek pouch mucosa by dragging in a linear movement on third and fifth days. After mucositis formation was clinically detected, animals were divided into five groups (n = 7). Different wavelengths of laser irradiations (1064 nm, Fidelis Plus, Fotona, Slovenia; 980 nm, FOX laser, A.R.C., Germany; 810 nm, Fotona XD, Fotona, Slovenia; 660 nm, HELBO, Medizintechnik GmbH, Wels, Austria) were performed on four groups once daily for 4 days. The laser irradiation was not performed on the control group. To get the tissue from the left cheek at the end of fourth day from all animals, oval excisional biopsy was performed. Molecular analysis assessments of pathological and normal tissue taken were performed. For this purpose, the expression analysis of autophagy genes was performed. The results were evaluated by normalization and statistics analysis. We found that Ulk1, Beclin1, and Atg5 expression levels were increased in the rats when the Nd:YAG laser was applied. This increase showed that a 1064-nm laser is needed to activate the autophagic mechanism. However, in the diode applications, we found that Beclin1, Atg10, Atg5, and Atg7 expressions numerically decreased. Atg5 is responsible for the elongation of autophagosome. Becn1 is a control gene in the control mechanism of autophagy. The reduction of the expression of these genes leads us to think that it may depend on the effect of drug (5-FU) used to form model. Expressions of therapeutic genes increase to ensure hemostasis, but in our study, expressions were found to decrease. More detailed studies are needed.
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Mercier SM, Diepenbroek B, Martens D, Wijffels RH, Streefland M. Characterization of apoptosis in PER.C6® batch and perfusion cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:569-78. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Mercier
- Vaccine Process and Analytical Development Department; Crucell Holland BV; Archimedesweg 4-6 2333 CN Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bas Diepenbroek
- Vaccine Process and Analytical Development Department; Crucell Holland BV; Archimedesweg 4-6 2333 CN Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8629 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Rene H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8629 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 8629 6700 EV Wageningen The Netherlands
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Jadhav V, Hackl M, Klanert G, Hernandez Bort JA, Kunert R, Grillari J, Borth N. Stable overexpression of miR-17 enhances recombinant protein production of CHO cells. J Biotechnol 2014; 175:38-44. [PMID: 24518263 PMCID: PMC3991393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transient overexpression of miR-17 and miR-17–92 cluster enhanced growth rate. Biological effects of long term and stable overexpression of miRNAs in batch cultures were studied. Stable miR-17 engineered CHO cells had both improved growth rate and productivity.
miRNAs negatively regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level, and consequently play an important role in the control of many cellular pathways. The use of miRNAs to engineer Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is an emerging strategy to improve recombinant protein production. Here, we describe the effect of transient and stable miRNA overexpression on CHO cell phenotype. Using an established transient miRNA screening protocol, the effects of miR-17, miR-92a and cluster miR17-92a on CHO growth and protein productivity were studied and followed by analysis of cell pools with stable overexpression of these miRNAs. CHO cells stably engineered with miR-17 exhibited both enhanced growth performance and a 2-fold increase in specific productivity, which resulted in a 3-fold overall increase in EpoFc titer. While further studies of miRNA–mRNA interactions will be necessary to understand the molecular basis of this effect, these data provide valuable evidence for miR-17 as a cell engineering target to enhance CHO cell productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jadhav
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Hackl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Klanert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Juan A Hernandez Bort
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Graz, Austria.
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7
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The use of glutamine synthetase as a selection marker: recent advances in Chinese hamster ovary cell line generation processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Velez-Suberbie ML, Tarrant RDR, Tait AS, Spencer DIR, Bracewell DG. Impact of aeration strategy on CHO cell performance during antibody production. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:116-26. [PMID: 23074084 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stirred tank bioreactors using suspension adapted mammalian cells are typically used for the production of complex therapeutic proteins. The hydrodynamic conditions experienced by cells within this environment have been shown to directly impact growth, productivity, and product quality and therefore an improved understanding of the cellular response is critical. Here we investigate the sub-lethal effects of different aeration strategies on Chinese hamster ovary cells during monoclonal antibody production. Two gas delivery systems were employed to study the presence and absence of the air-liquid interface: bubbled direct gas sparging and a non-bubbled diffusive silicone membrane system. Additionally, the effect of higher gas flow rate in the sparged bioreactor was examined. Both aeration systems were run using chemically defined media with and without the shear protectant Pluronic F-68 (PF-68). Cells were unable to grow with direct gas sparging without PF-68; however, when a silicone membrane aeration system was implemented growth was comparable to the sparged bioreactor with PF-68, indicating the necessity of shear protectants in the presence of bubbles. The cultures exposed to increased hydrodynamic stress were shown by flow cytometry to have decreased F-actin intensity within the cytoskeleton and enter apoptosis earlier. This indicates that these conditions elicit a sub-lethal physiological change in cells that would not be detected by the at-line assays which are normally implemented during cell culture. These physiological changes only result in a difference in continuous centrifugation performance under high flow rate conditions. Product quality was more strongly affected by culture age than the hydrodynamic conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lourdes Velez-Suberbie
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
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Bailey LA, Hatton D, Field R, Dickson AJ. Determination of Chinese hamster ovary cell line stability and recombinant antibody expression during long-term culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2093-103. [PMID: 22896849 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are frequently used as hosts for the production of recombinant therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies, due to their ability to perform correct post-translational modifications. A potential issue when utilizing CHO cells for therapeutic protein production is the selection of cell lines that do not retain stable protein expression during long-term culture (LTC). Instability of expression impairs process yields, effective usage of time and money, and regulatory approval for the desired therapeutic. In this study, we investigated a model unstable GS-CHO cell line over a continuous period of approximately 100 generations to determine markers of mechanisms that underlie instability. In this cell line, stability of expression was retained for 40-50 generations after which time a 40% loss in antibody production was detected. The instability observed within the cell line was not due to a loss in recombinant gene copy number or decreased expression of mRNA encoding for recombinant antibody H or L chain, but was associated with lower cumulative cell time values and an apparent increased sensitivity to cellular stress (exemplified by increased mRNA expression of the stress-inducible gene GADD153). Changes were also noted in cellular metabolism during LTC (alterations to extracellular alanine accumulation, and enhanced rates of glucose and lactate utilization, during the exponential and decline phase of batch culture, respectively). Our data indicates the breadth of changes that may occur to recombinant CHO cells during LTC ranging from instability of recombinant target production at a post-mRNA level to metabolic events. Definition of the mechanisms, regulatory events, and linkages underpinning cellular phenotype changes require further detailed analysis at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Bailey
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Ohsfeldt E, Huang SH, Baycin-Hizal D, Kristoffersen L, Le TMT, Li E, Hristova K, Betenbaugh MJ. Increased expression of the integral membrane proteins EGFR and FGFR3 in anti-apoptotic Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:155-62. [PMID: 23586824 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have a vital role in many cellular functions, making them potential targets for therapeutic research. In this study, we investigated the coexpression of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-x(L) with model membrane proteins as a means of increasing membrane protein expression in mammalian cells. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing heterologous Bcl-x(L) and wild-type CHO cells were transfected with either epidermal growth factor receptor or fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. The CHO-Bcl-x(L) cell lines showed increased expression of both RTK proteins as compared with the wild-type CHO cell lines in transient expression analysis, as detected by Western blot and flow cytometry after 15 days of antibiotic selection in stable expression pools. Increased expression was also seen in clonal isolates from the CHO-Bcl-x(L) cell lines, whereas the clonal cell line expression was minimal in wild-type CHO cell lines. Our results demonstrate that application of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-x(L) can increase expression of RTK proteins in CHO cells. This approach may be applied to improve stable expression of other membrane proteins in the future using mammalian cell lines with Bcl-x(L) or perhaps other anti-apoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ohsfeldt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Niklas J, Priesnitz C, Rose T, Sandig V, Heinzle E. Primary metabolism in the new human cell line AGE1.HN at various substrate levels: increased metabolic efficiency and α1-antitrypsin production at reduced pyruvate load. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1637-50. [PMID: 21842438 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic responses of the new neuronal human cell line AGE1.HN to various substrate levels were analyzed in this study showing that reduced substrate and especially pyruvate load improves metabolic efficiency, leading to improved growth and α(1)-antitrypsin (A1AT) production. The adaptation of the metabolism to different pyruvate and glutamine concentrations was analyzed in detail using a full factorial design. The most important finding was an increasingly inefficient use of substrates as well as the reduction of cell proliferation with increasing pyruvate concentrations in the medium. Cultivations with different feeding profiles showed that the highest viable cell density and A1AT concentration (167% of batch) was reached in the culture with the lowest glucose level and without pyruvate feeding. Analysis of metabolic fluxes in the differently fed cultures revealed a more efficient metabolic phenotype in the cultures without pyruvate feeding. The measured in vitro enzyme activities of the selected enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism were lower in AGE1.HN compared with CHO cells, which might explain the higher sensitivity and different adaptation of AGE1.HN to increased pyruvate concentrations. The results indicate on the one hand that increasing the connectivity between glycolysis and the TCA cycle might improve substrate use and, finally, the production of A1AT. On the other hand, a better balanced substrate uptake promises a reduction of energy spilling which is increased with increasing substrate levels in this cell line. Overall, the results of this study provide important insights into the regulation of primary metabolism and into the adaptation of AGE1.HN to different substrate levels, providing guidance for further optimization of production cell lines and applied process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Niklas
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Detzel CJ, Mason DJ, Davis WC, van Wie BJ. Kinetic simulation of a centrifugal bioreactor for high population density hybridoma culture. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:1650-9. [PMID: 19806634 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Demand for increasingly complex post-translationally modified proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), necessitates the use of mammalian hosts for production. The focus of this article is a continuous centrifugal bioreactor (CCBR) capable of increasing volumetric productivity for mAb production through high density hybridoma culture, exceeding 10(8) cells/mL. At these extreme densities, environmental conditions such as substrate and inhibitor concentrations rapidly change dramatically affecting the growth rate. The development of a kinetic model predicting glucose, mAb, lactate, and ammonium concentrations based on dilution rate and cell density is shown in this article. Additionally, it is found that pH affects both growth rate and viability, and a range of 6.9-7.4 is needed to maintain growth rate above 90% of the maximum. Modeling shows that operating an 11.4 mL CCBR inoculated with 2.0 x 10(7) cells/mL at a dilution rate of 1.3 h(-1), results in a predicted growth rate 82% of the maximum value. At the same dilution rate increasing density to 6.0 x 10(7) cells/mL decreases the predicted growth rate to 60% of the maximum; however, by increasing dilution rate to 6.1 h(-1) the growth rate can be increased to 86% of the maximum. Using the kinetic model developed in this research, the concentration of glucose, mAb, lactate, and ammonium are all predicted within 13% of experimental results. This model and an understanding of how RPM impacts cell retention serve as valuable tools for maintaining high density CCBR cultures, ensuring maximum growth associated mAb production rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Detzel
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Berns M, Seeberg L, Schmidt M, Kerner T. High-dose propofol triggers short-term neuroprotection and long-term neurodegeneration in primary neuronal cultures from rat embryos. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:680-8. [PMID: 19589251 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of propofol on primary neuronal cultures from rat embryos. Primary cortical neuronal cultures were prepared from Wistar rat embryos (E18). The viability of cells exposed to 0.01, 0.1 or 1 mg/ml propofol for up to 48 h was assessed using a methyltetrazolium assay. In order to evaluate the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) receptors, cells were also preincubated with the GABA(A)-receptor antagonists, gabazine and picrotoxin. Propofol at a concentration of 1 mg/ml significantly reduced cell viability after 12 h. In contrast, this concentration led to a significant increase in cell viability at 3 and 6 h. The GABA(A)-receptor antagonists did not influence the neurodegenerative effect of propofol but abolished its neuroprotective effect. DNA fragmentation as a marker of apoptosis was elevated after 24 h propofol treatment. These results confirm that high doses of propofol can cause GABA(A) receptor triggered neuroprotection and a subsequent time-dependent, but GABA(A) independent, neurodegeneration in primary cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berns
- Department of Neonatology, Charité Centre 17 for Gynaecology, Perinatal, Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine with Perinatal Centre and Human Genetics, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Nilsang S, Kumar A, Rakshit SK. Effect of alpha-ketoglutarate on monoclonal antibody production of hybridoma cell lines in serum-free and serum-containing medium. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:489-501. [PMID: 18696264 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Process development and optimization for increase population growth and protein productivity in mammalian cell culture have been studied for many years. In this study, the behavior of hybridoma cells was investigated using six-well micro-titer plate systems with a working volume of 4 ml. Mouse hybridoma cell lines D2 and 2C83G2 were seeded in serum-free and serum-containing media and cultured for 8 days. alpha-Ketoglutarate is an integral component of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and is produced from glutamine via glutamate. To study its effect on cell growth, metabolism, and monoclonal antibody (mAb) production, 2 mM alpha-ketoglutarate (pH 7.2) was added in both media at the beginning of the cultivation and in another set after 72 h. High cell density was observed in D2 cell culturing in serum-free medium, while 2C83G2 cell line showed high cell density in serum-containing medium. However, both cell lines cultured in serum-free medium gave viability above 70% when grown for 8 days. The supplement of 2 mM alpha-ketoglutarate supported cell growth and mAb production of both hybridoma cell lines in serum-free and serum-containing medium. The addition of alpha-ketoglutarate at the beginning of the batch cultivation gave better result in cell growth and mAb production as compared to alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation after 72 h. However, addition after 72 h was better than no addition at all. This indicates that alpha-ketoglutarate have a positive effect on production and release of antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthasinee Nilsang
- Department of Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Enhanced recombinant M-CSF production in CHO cells by glycerol addition: model and validation. Cytotechnology 2007; 54:89-96. [PMID: 19003023 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of stimulatory chemical such as glycerol was found to increase recombinant protein production in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, glycerol influenced cell mitosis and reduced cell growth rate. We developed a controlled proliferation strategy to utilize the stimulation of glycerol on recombinant protein production and mitigate the problem of growth inhibition. The approach is to apply a two-stage process, where cells are cultured without glycerol for a period of time in order to obtain enough cell density and then glycerol is added to achieve high specific productivity. In addition, a model for predicting the profiles of cell proliferation and recombinant protein production was developed and validated. A two-stage process, addition of 1% glycerol after 1 day of growth, could increase the final production of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) by 38% compared with the value obtained without addition of glycerol.
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