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Shanmugam R, Majee P, Shi W, Ozturk MB, Vaiyapuri TS, Idzham K, Raju A, Shin SH, Fidan K, Low JL, Chua JY, Kong YC, Qi OY, Tan E, Chok AY, Seow-En I, Wee I, Macalinao DC, Chong DQ, Chang HY, Lee F, Leow WQ, Murata-Hori M, Xiaoqian Z, Shumei C, Tan CS, Dasgupta R, Tan IB, Tergaonkar V. Iron-(Fe3+)-Dependent Reactivation of Telomerase Drives Colorectal Cancers. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:1940-1963. [PMID: 38885349 PMCID: PMC11450372 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Over-consumption of iron-rich red meat and hereditary or genetic iron overload are associated with an increased risk of colorectal carcinogenesis, yet the mechanistic basis of how metal-mediated signaling leads to oncogenesis remains enigmatic. Using fresh colorectal cancer samples we identify Pirin, an iron sensor, that overcomes a rate-limiting step in oncogenesis, by reactivating the dormant human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) subunit of the telomerase holoenzyme in an iron-(Fe3+)-dependent manner and thereby drives colorectal cancers. Chemical genetic screens combined with isothermal dose-response fingerprinting and mass spectrometry identified a small molecule SP2509 that specifically inhibits Pirin-mediated hTERT reactivation in colorectal cancers by competing with iron-(Fe3+) binding. Our findings, first to document how metal ions reactivate telomerase, provide a molecular mechanism for the well-known association between red meat and increased incidence of colorectal cancers. Small molecules like SP2509 represent a novel modality to target telomerase that acts as a driver of 90% of human cancers and is yet to be targeted in clinic. Significance: We show how iron-(Fe3+) in collusion with genetic factors reactivates telomerase, providing a molecular mechanism for the association between iron overload and increased incidence of colorectal cancers. Although no enzymatic inhibitors of telomerase have entered the clinic, we identify SP2509, a small molecule that targets telomerase reactivation and function in colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuvaran Shanmugam
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Prativa Majee
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Wei Shi
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Mert B. Ozturk
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Thamil S. Vaiyapuri
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Khaireen Idzham
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Anandhkumar Raju
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Seung H. Shin
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Kerem Fidan
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Joo-Leng Low
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Joelle Y.H. Chua
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Yap C. Kong
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Ong Y. Qi
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Emile Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Aik Y. Chok
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Isaac Seow-En
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Ian Wee
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Dominique C. Macalinao
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Dawn Q. Chong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Hong Y. Chang
- Experimental Drug Development Center, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Fiona Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Wei Q. Leow
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Maki Murata-Hori
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Zhang Xiaoqian
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Chia Shumei
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Chris S.H. Tan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ramanuj Dasgupta
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Iain B. Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Ma N, Xu C, Wang Y, Cui K, Kuang H. Telomerase reverse transcriptase protects against diabetic kidney disease by promoting AMPK/PGC-1a-regulated mitochondrial energy homeostasis. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 403:111238. [PMID: 39265716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Disordered glucose and lipid metabolism, coupled with disturbed mitochondrial bioenergetics, are pivotal in the initiation and development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). While the essential role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulating mitochondrial function in the cardiovascular system has been recognized, its specific function in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in DKD remains unclear. This study aimed to explore how TERT regulates mitochondrial function and the underlying mechanisms. In vitro, human renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells exposed to high glucose/high fat (HG/HF) presented significant downregulation of TERT and AMPK dephosphorylation. This led to decreased ATP production, altered NAD+/NADH ratios, reduced mitochondrial complex activities, increased mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Knockdown of TERT (si-TERT) further exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and lowered levels of cellular oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, as determined via a Seahorse X24 flux analyzer. Conversely, mitochondrial dysfunction was significantly alleviated after pcDNA-TERT plasmid transfection and adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9-TERT gene therapy in vivo. Notably, treatment with an AMPK inhibitor, activator, and si-PGC-1a (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α), resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased expression of genes related to energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Our findings reveal that TERT protects mitochondrial function and homeostasis by partially activating the AMPK/PGC-1a signaling pathway. These results establish a crucial foundation for understanding TERT's critical role inmitochondrial regulation and its protective effect on DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengye Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Dratwa M, Wysoczańska B, Łacina P, Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K. TERT-Regulation and Roles in Cancer Formation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589929. [PMID: 33329574 PMCID: PMC7717964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a catalytic subunit of telomerase. Telomerase complex plays a key role in cancer formation by telomere dependent or independent mechanisms. Telomere maintenance mechanisms include complex TERT changes such as gene amplifications, TERT structural variants, TERT promoter germline and somatic mutations, TERT epigenetic changes, and alternative lengthening of telomere. All of them are cancer specific at tissue histotype and at single cell level. TERT expression is regulated in tumors via multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations which affect telomerase activity. Telomerase activity via TERT expression has an impact on telomere length and can be a useful marker in diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers and a new therapy approach. In this review we want to highlight the main roles of TERT in different mechanisms of cancer development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dratwa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wysoczańska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kubik
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Feng L, Chen L, Yun J, Bi Z, Tang Y, Wu P, Hou J. Immortalization of chicken embryonic liver-derived cell line by stable expression of hMRP18S-2 for serotype 4 fowl adenovirus propagation. Biologicals 2018; 54:50-57. [PMID: 29752158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome caused by serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4) have emerged in China since 2013. FAdV is usually propagated in primary chicken embryonic liver cells or embryo yolk sac. The aim of this work was to develop an immortalized CEL cell line by stable expression of human mitochondrial ribosomal protein 18S-2, named CEL-hMRP18S-2 cells, for the propagation of FAdV-4. The maximum cell density of CEL-hMRP18S-2 cells could reach 2.65 × 106 cells/ml in four-days culture. According to the mRNA levels of cell-cycle related genes in CEL-hMRP18S-2 cells tested by qRT-PCR, we speculated that the transformation of hMRP18S-2 into CEL cells caused the functional inactivation of p53 and the significant down-regulation of p15INK4b might cause the hyperphosphorylated form of Rb, releasing E2F-1 factor and enhancing the E2F-dependent transcription for cell cycle progression. It was suspected that the up-regulated c-Myc mRNA level at the initial period of immortalization might prompt transformed cells through the G0-G1 checkpoint. The normal CPE was observed in CEL-hMRP18S-2 cells infected by FAdV-4 and microcarrier suspension culture performed for FAdV-4 propagation with 9.0 lgTCID50/ml suggested that CEL-hMRP18S-2 cells could be a useful continuous cell line for isolation of wild FAdV and production of FAdV-inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Yun
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixiang Bi
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Tang
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Zhao Z, Zhu Z, Li P, Li X, Xue X, Duo J, Ma Y. Telomere elongation protects heart and lung tissue cells from fatal damage in rats exposed to severe hypoxia. J Physiol Anthropol 2018; 37:5. [PMID: 29454386 PMCID: PMC5816383 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of acute hypoxia at high altitude on the telomere length of the cells in the heart and lung tissues remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the change in telomere length of rat heart and lung tissue cells in response to acute exposure to severe hypoxia and its role in hypoxia-induced damage to heart and lung tissues. Methods Forty male Wistar rats (6-week old) were randomized into control group (n = 10) and hypoxia group (n = 30). Rats in control group were kept at an altitude of 1500 m, while rats in hypoxia group were exposed to simulated hypoxia with an altitude of 5000 m in a low-pressure oxygen chamber for 1, 3, and 7 days (n = 10). The left ventricular and right middle lobe tissues of each rat were collected for measurement of telomere length and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and the mRNA and protein levels of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), hypoxia-inducible factor1α (HIF-1α), and hypoxia-inducible factor1α (HIF-2α). Results Increased exposure to hypoxia damaged rat heart and lung tissue cells and increased ROS production and telomere length. The mRNA and protein levels of TERT and HIF-1α were significantly higher in rats exposed to hypoxia and increased with prolonged exposure; mRNA and protein levels of HIF-2α increased only in rats exposed to hypoxia for 7 days. TERT was positively correlated with telomere length and the levels of HIF-1α but not HIF-2α. Conclusions Acute exposure to severe hypoxia causes damage to heart and lung tissues due to the production of ROS but promotes telomere length and adaptive response by upregulating TERT and HIF-1α, which protect heart and lung tissue cells from fatal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China.
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Pingying Li
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Xiaohong Xue
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Jie Duo
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
| | - Yingcai Ma
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, 810007, China
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Wang Y, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Ge RL. Thymocytes maintain immune activity through telomere elongation in rats under hypoxic conditions. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1877-1882. [PMID: 26640565 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the change in thymocyte telomere length of rats exposed to different hypoxic conditions for different periods of time, as well as its effect on the immune system. A total of 110 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the three following groups: i) Sea level (SL) group, in which 10 rats were maintained at an altitude of 10 m; ii) moderate altitude (MA) group, in which 50 rats were maintained at an altitude of 2,260 m and then randomly sacrificed on days 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 (n=10 each); and iii) simulated high altitude (SHA) group, in which 50 rats were maintained at a simulated altitude of 5,000 m, and then randomly sacrificed on days 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 (n=10 each). The morphological changes of the thymus were observed, while the telomere length, the mRNA and protein expression levels of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), and the peripheral blood lymphocyte count were measured. The results indicated that hypoxia induced morphological changes and apoptosis in thymocytes, as well as atrophy of the thymus tissue, and resulted in a significant increase in telomere length and TERT mRNA and protein expression levels. This effect appeared to be more pronounced in the SHA group compared with that in the MA group; however, no statistically significant changes were observed in the peripheral blood lymphocyte count. Based on these findings, the hypoxia-associated loss of thymic function appears to be only quantitative and not qualitative, and the thymus may be able to maintain its immune function even under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China ; Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Digestion, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhong Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
| | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
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Tarocchi M, Polvani S, Peired AJ, Marroncini G, Calamante M, Ceni E, Rhodes D, Mello T, Pieraccini G, Quattrone A, Luchinat C, Galli A. Telomerase activated thymidine analogue pro-drug is a new molecule targeting hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1064-72. [PMID: 24862448 PMCID: PMC4309885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Although hepatectomy and transplantation have significantly improved survival, there is no effective chemotherapeutic treatment for HCC and its prognosis remains poor. Sustained activation of telomerase is essential for the growth and progression of HCC, suggesting that telomerase is a rational target for HCC therapy. Therefore, we developed a thymidine analogue pro-drug, acycloguanosyl-5'-thymidyltriphosphate (ACV-TP-T), which is specifically activated by telomerase in HCC cells and investigated its anti-tumour efficacy. METHODS First, we verified in vitro whether ACV-TP-T was a telomerase substrate. Second, we evaluated proliferation and apoptosis in murine (Hepa1-6) and human (Hep3B, HuH7, HepG2) hepatic cancer cells treated with ACV-TP-T. Next, we tested the in vivo treatment efficacy in HBV transgenic mice that spontaneously develop hepatic tumours, and in a syngeneic orthotopic murine model where HCC cells were implanted directly in the liver. RESULTS In vitro characterization provided direct evidence that the pro-drug was actively metabolized in liver cancer cells by telomerase to release the active form of acyclovir. Alterations in cell cycle and apoptosis were observed following in vitro treatment with ACV-TP-T. In the transgenic and orthotopic mouse models, treatment with ACV-TP-T reduced tumour growth, increased apoptosis, and reduced the proliferation of tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS ACV-TP-T is activated by telomerase in HCC cells and releases active acyclovir that reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in human and murine liver cancer cells. This pro-drug holds a great promise for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Tarocchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Polvani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Julie Peired
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Marroncini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Calamante
- ProtEra S.r.l., University Scientific Campus, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,ICCOM-CNR Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ceni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Mello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Quattrone
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,Giotto Biotech S.r.l., University Scientific Campus, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Li J, Qu Y, Chen D, Zhang L, Zhao F, Luo L, Pan L, Hua J, Mu D. The neuroprotective role and mechanisms of TERT in neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neuroscience 2013; 252:346-58. [PMID: 23968592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is reported to protect neurons from apoptosis induced by various stresses including hypoxia-ischemia (HI). However, the mechanisms by which TERT exerts its anti-apoptotic role in neurons with HI injury remain unclear. In this study, we examined the protective role and explored the possible mechanisms of TERT in neurons with HI injury in vitro. Primary cultured neurons were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 3h followed by reperfusion to mimic HI injury in vivo. Plasmids containing TERT antisense, sense nucleotides, or mock were transduced into neurons at 48h before OGD. Expression and distribution of TERT were measured by immunofluorescence labeling and western blot. The expression of cleaved caspase 3 (CC3), Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by western blot. Neuronal apoptosis was measured with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by MitoSOX Red staining. Fluorescent probe JC-1 was used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). We found that TERT expression increased at 8h and peaked at 24h in neurons after OGD. CC3 expression and neuronal apoptosis were induced and peaked at 24h after OGD. TERT inhibition significantly increased CC3 expression and neuronal apoptosis after OGD treatment. Additionally, TERT inhibition decreased the expression ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and enhanced ROS production and ΔΨm dissipation after OGD. These data suggest that TERT plays a neuroprotective role via anti-apoptosis in neurons after OGD. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with regulating Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio, attenuating ROS generation, and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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9
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Bernardes de Jesus B, Blasco MA. Telomerase at the intersection of cancer and aging. Trends Genet 2013; 29:513-20. [PMID: 23876621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer and aging have been studied as independent diseases, mounting evidence suggests that cancer is an aging-associated disease and that cancer and aging share many molecular pathways. In particular, recent studies validated telomerase activation as a potential therapeutic target for age-related diseases; in addition, abnormal telomerase expression and telomerase mutations have been associated with many different types of human tumor. Here, we revisit the connection between telomerase and cancer and aging in light of recent findings supporting a role for telomerase not only in telomere elongation, but also in metabolic fitness and Wnt activation. Understanding the physiological impact of telomerase regulation is fundamental given the therapeutic strategies that are being developed that involve telomerase modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bernardes de Jesus
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
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Holysz H, Lipinska N, Paszel-Jaworska A, Rubis B. Telomerase as a useful target in cancer fighting-the breast cancer case. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1371-80. [PMID: 23558965 PMCID: PMC3661921 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase was initially considered as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer from normal cells. During detailed studies, it appeared that its expression and activity is not only limited to cancer cells however, but in this particular cells, the telomerase is much more abundant. Thus, it has become a very promising target for an anticancer therapy. It was revealed in many studies that regulation of telomerase is a multifactorial process in mammalian cells, involving regulation of expression of telomerase subunits coding genes, post-translational protein–protein interactions, and protein phosphorylation. Numerous proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are engaged in this mechanism, and the complexity of telomerase control is studied in the context of tumor development as well as aging. Additionally, since numerous studies reveal a correlation between short telomeres and increased genome instability or cell mortality, the telomerase control appears to be one of the crucial factors to study in order to improve the cancer diagnostics and therapy or prevention. Interestingly, almost 100 % of adenocarcinoma, including breast cancer cells, expresses telomerase which makes it a good target for telomerase-related therapy. Additionally, telomerase is also supposed to be associated with drug resistance. Thus, targeting the enzyme might result in attenuation of this phenomenon. Moreover, since stem cells existence was reported, it must be considered whether targeting telomerase can bring some serious side effects and result in stem cells viability or their regenerative potential decrease. Thus, we review some molecular mechanisms engaged in therapy based on targeting telomerase in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Holysz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
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Li J, Tang B, Qu Y, Mu D. Telomerase reverse transcriptase: A novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:867-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Department of PediatricsWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Binzhi Tang
- Department of PediatricsWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of PediatricsWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of PediatricsWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA94143USA
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Gladych M, Wojtyla A, Rubis B. Human telomerase expression regulation. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:359-76. [DOI: 10.1139/o11-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since telomerase has been recognized as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells, it has become a very promising target for anti-cancer therapy. A correlation between short telomere length and increased mortality was revealed in many studies. The telomerase expression/activity appears to be one of the most crucial factors to study to improve cancer therapy and prevention. However, this multisubunit enzymatic complex can be regulated at various levels. Thus, several strategies have been proposed to control telomerase in cancer cells such as anti-sense technology against TR and TERT, ribozymes against TERT, anti-estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D, retinoic acid, quadruplex stabilizers, telomere and telomerase targeting agents, modulation of interaction with other proteins involved in the regulation of telomerase and telomeres, etc. However, the transcription control of key telomerase subunits seems to play the crucial role in whole complexes activity and cancer cells immortality. Thus, the research of telomerase regulation can bring significant insight into the knowledge concerning stem cells metabolism but also ageing. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of numerous telomerase regulation mechanisms at the transcription level in human that might become attractive anti-cancer therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gladych
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aneta Wojtyla
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Blazej Rubis
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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