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Kwon T, Leroux AC, Zang H, Pollard D, Zehe C, Akbari S. Cell-based shear stress sensor for bioprocessing. J Biotechnol 2024; 390:71-79. [PMID: 38685415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Shear stress during bioreactor cultivation has significant impact on cell health, growth, and fate. Mammalian cells, such as T cells and stem cells, in next-generation cell therapies are especially more sensitive to shear stress present in their culture environment than bacteria. Therefore, a base knowledge about the shear stress imposed by the bioprocesses is needed to optimize the process parameters and enhance cell growth and yield. However, typical computational flow dynamics modeling or PCR-based assays have several limitations. Implementing and interpreting computational modeling often requires technical specialties and also relies on many simplifications in modeling. PCR-based assays evaluating changes in gene expression involve cumbersome sample preparation with the use of advanced lab equipment and technicians, hampering rapid and straightforward assessment of shear stress. Here, we developed a simple, cell-based shear stress sensor for measuring shear stress levels in different bioreactor types and operating conditions. We engineered a CHO-DG44 cell line to make its stress sensitive promoter EGR-1 control GFP expression. Subsequently, the stressed CHO cells were transferred into a 96 well plate, and their GFP levels (population mean fluorescence) were monitored using a cell analysis instrument (Incucyte®, Sartorius Stedim Biotech) over 24 hours. After conducting sensor characterization, which included chemical induced stress and fluid shear stress, and stability investigation, we tested the shear stress sensor in the Ambr® 250 bioreactor vessels (Sartorius Stedim Biotech) with different impeller and vessel designs. The results showed that the CHO cell-based shear stress sensors expressed higher GFP levels in response to higher shear stress magnitude or exposure time. These sensors are useful tools to assess shear stress imposed by bioreactor conditions and can facilitate the design of various bioreactor vessels with a low shear stress profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehong Kwon
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc., United States
| | | | - Han Zang
- Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Samin Akbari
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc., United States.
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2
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Xing Z, Duane G, O'Sullivan J, Chelius C, Smith L, Borys MC, Khetan A. Validation of a CFD model for cell culture bioreactors at large scale and its application in scale-up. J Biotechnol 2024; 387:79-88. [PMID: 38582408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Among all the operating parameters that control the cell culture environment inside bioreactors, appropriate mixing and aeration are crucial to ensure sufficient oxygen supply, homogeneous mixing, and CO2 stripping. A model-based manufacturing facility fit approach was applied to define agitation and bottom air flow rates during the process scale-up from laboratory to manufacturing, of which computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was the core modeling tool. The realizable k-ε turbulent dispersed Eulerian gas-liquid flow model was established and validated using experimental values for the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa). Model validation defined the process operating parameter ranges for application of the model, identified mixing issues (e.g., impeller flooding, dissolved oxygen gradients, etc.) and the impact of antifoam on kLa. Using the CFD simulation results as inputs to the models for oxygen demand, gas entrance velocity, and CO2 stripping aided in the design of the agitation and bottom air flow rates needed to meet cellular oxygen demand, control CO2 levels, mitigate risks for cell damage due to shear, foaming, as well as fire hazards due to high O2 levels in the bioreactor gas outlet. The recommended operating conditions led to the completion of five manufacturing runs with a 100% success rate. This model-based approach achieved a seamless scale-up and reduced the required number of at-scale development batches, resulting in cost and time savings of a cell culture commercialization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhuo Xing
- Biologics Development and Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA.
| | - Gearóid Duane
- Manufacturing Science and Technology Biologics, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Mulhuddart, Ireland
| | - Josiah O'Sullivan
- Manufacturing Science and Technology Biologics, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Mulhuddart, Ireland
| | - Cynthia Chelius
- Biologics Development and Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Laura Smith
- Biologics Development and Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Michael C Borys
- Biologics Development and Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA.
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development and Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
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3
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Huang H, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Xu R, Tan WS, Cai H. Suspension culture promoted the expansion of NK-92 cells ex vivo by enhancing the expression of IL-2 receptor. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300654. [PMID: 38472089 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Vigorous ex vivo expansion of NK-92 cells is a pivotal step for clinical adoptive immunotherapy. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is identified as a key cytokine for NK-92 cells, and it can stimulate cell proliferation after binding to the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). In this work, the differences in IL-2 consumption and IL-2R expression were investigated between the two culture modes. The results showed that suspension culture favored ex vivo expansion of NK-92 cells compared with static culture. The specific consumption rate of IL-2 in suspension culture was significantly higher than that in static culture. It was further found that the mRNA levels of the two IL-2R subunits remained unchanged in suspension culture, but the proportion of NK-92 cells expressing IL-2Rβ was increased, and the fluorescence intensity of IL-2Rβ was remarkably enhanced. Meanwhile, the proportion of cells expressing IL-2R receptor complex also increased significantly. Correspondingly, the phosphorylation of STAT5, a pivotal protein in the downstream signaling pathway of IL-2, was up-regulated. Notably, the expression level and colocalization coefficient of related endosomes during IL-2/IL-2R complex endocytosis were markedly elevated, suggesting the enhancement of IL-2 endocytosis. Taken together, these results implied that more IL-2 was needed to support cell growth in suspension culture. Therefore, the culture process was optimized from the perspective of cytokine utilization to further improve the NK-92 cell's expansion ability and function. This study provides valuable insight into the efficient ex vivo expansion of NK-92 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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4
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McRae O, Walls PLL, Natarajan V, Antoniou C, Bird JC. Elucidating the effects of microbubble pinch-off dynamics on mammalian cell viability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:524-534. [PMID: 37902645 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In the biotechnology industry, ensuring the health and viability of mammalian cells, especially Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, plays a significant role in the successful production of therapeutic agents. These cells are typically cultivated in aerated bioreactors, where they encounter fluid stressors from rapidly deforming bubbles. These stressors can disrupt essential biological processes and potentially lead to cell death. However, the impact of these transient, elevated stressors on cell viability remains elusive. In this study, we first employ /cgqamicrofluidics to expose CHO cells near to bubbles undergoing pinch-off, subsequently collecting and assaying the cells to quantify the reduction in viability. Observing a significant impact, we set out to understand this phenomenon. We leverage computational fluid dynamics and numerical particle tracking to map the stressor field history surrounding a rapidly deforming bubble. Separately, we expose CHO cells to a known stressor level in a flow constriction device, collecting and assaying the cells to quantify the reduction in viability. By integrating the numerical data and results from the flow constriction device experiments, we develop a predictive model for cell viability reduction. We validate this model by comparing its predictions to the earlier microfluidic results, observing good agreement. Our findings provide critical insights into the relationship between bubble-induced fluid stressors and mammalian cell viability, with implications for bioreactor design and cell culture protocol optimization in the biotechnology sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter L L Walls
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dunwoody College of Technology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Chris Antoniou
- Global Processing Engineering, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James C Bird
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Gupta R, Arora K, Roy SS, Joseph A, Rastogi R, Arora NM, Kundu PK. Platforms, advances, and technical challenges in virus-like particles-based vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123805. [PMID: 36845125 PMCID: PMC9947793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases threaten human health and global stability. Several vaccine platforms, such as DNA, mRNA, recombinant viral vectors, and virus-like particle-based vaccines have been developed to counter these viral infectious diseases. Virus-like particles (VLP) are considered real, present, licensed and successful vaccines against prevalent and emergent diseases due to their non-infectious nature, structural similarity with viruses, and high immunogenicity. However, only a few VLP-based vaccines have been commercialized, and the others are either in the clinical or preclinical phases. Notably, despite success in the preclinical phase, many vaccines are still struggling with small-scale fundamental research owing to technical difficulties. Successful production of VLP-based vaccines on a commercial scale requires a suitable platform and culture mode for large-scale production, optimization of transduction-related parameters, upstream and downstream processing, and monitoring of product quality at each step. In this review article, we focus on the advantages and disadvantages of various VLP-producing platforms, recent advances and technical challenges in VLP production, and the current status of VLP-based vaccine candidates at commercial, preclinical, and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Prabuddha K. Kundu
- Department of Research and Development, Premas Biotech Pvt Ltd., Sector IV, Industrial Model Township (IMT), Manesar, Gurgaon, India
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6
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Sharma R, Collair W, Williams A, Harrison ST, Tai SL. Design and engineering characterization of a Horizontal Tubular Bioreactor with spiral impeller for cell cultivation. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Evaluating shear in perfusion rotary lobe pump using nanoparticle aggregates and computational fluid dynamics. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1477-1488. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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An Edible, Decellularized Plant Derived Cell Carrier for Lab Grown Meat. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly expanding skeletal muscle satellite cells with cost-effective methods have been presented as a solution for meeting the growing global demand for meat. A common strategy for scaling cell proliferation employs microcarriers, small beads designed to support anchorage-dependent cells in suspension-style bioreactors. No carrier has yet been marketed for the cultivation of lab-grown meat. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a rapid, food safe, decellularization procedure to yield cell-free extracellular matrix scaffolds and evaluate them as cell carriers for lab grown meat. Broccoli florets were soaked in SDS, Tween-20, and bleach for 48 h. The decellularization process was confirmed via histology, which showed an absence of cell nuclei, and DNA quantification (0.0037 ± 0.00961 μg DNA/mg tissue). Decellularized carriers were sorted by cross sectional area (7.07 ± 1.74 mm2, 3.03 ± 1.15 mm2, and 0.49 ± 0.3 mm2) measured for eccentricity (0.73 ± 0.16). Density measurements of decellularized carriers (1.01 ± 0.01 g/cm) were comparable to traditional microcarriers. Primary bovine satellite cells were inoculated into and cultured within a reactor containing decellularized carriers. Cell adhesion was observed and cell death was limited to 2.55 ± 1.09%. These studies suggested that broccoli florets may serve as adequate edible carrier scaffolds for satellite cells.
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9
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ABSTRACTS (BY NUMBER). Tissue Eng Part A 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.29025.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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10
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Microwell bag culture for large-scale production of homogeneous islet-like clusters. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5221. [PMID: 35338209 PMCID: PMC8956638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem-cell derived cells can be used for type I diabetes treatment, but we require at least 105–106 islet-like clusters per patient. Although thousands of uniform cell clusters can be produced using a conventional microwell plate, numerous obstacles need to be overcome for its clinical use. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel bag culture method for the production of uniform cell clusters on a large scale (105–106 clusters). We prepared small-scale culture bags (< 105 clusters) with microwells at the bottom and optimized the conditions for producing uniform-sized clusters in the bag using undifferentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Subsequently, we verified the suitability of the bag culture method using iPSC-derived pancreatic islet cells (iPICs) and successfully demonstrate the production of 6.5 × 105 uniform iPIC clusters using a large-scale bag. In addition, we simplified the pre- and post-process of the culture—a degassing process before cell seeding and a cluster harvesting process. In conclusion, compared with conventional methods, the cluster production method using bags exhibits improved scalability, sterility, and operability for both clinical and research use.
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11
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Flow Patterns of Multiple Axial‐Radial Impellers for Potential Use in Aerated Stirred Tanks. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Bioengineering Outlook on Cultivated Meat Production. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030402. [PMID: 35334693 PMCID: PMC8950996 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat (also referred to as cultivated meat or cell-based meat)—CM—is fabricated through the process of cellular agriculture (CA), which entails application of bioengineering, i.e., tissue engineering (TE) principles to the production of food. The main TE principles include usage of cells, grown in a controlled environment provided by bioreactors and cultivation media supplemented with growth factors and other needed nutrients and signaling molecules, and seeded onto the immobilization elements—microcarriers and scaffolds that provide the adhesion surfaces necessary for anchor-dependent cells and offer 3D organization for multiple cell types. Theoretically, many solutions from regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering can be applied in CM-TE, i.e., CA. However, in practice, there are a number of specificities regarding fabrication of a CM product that needs to fulfill not only the majority of functional criteria of muscle and fat TE, but also has to possess the sensory and nutritional qualities of a traditional food component, i.e., the meat it aims to replace. This is the reason that bioengineering aimed at CM production needs to be regarded as a specific scientific discipline of a multidisciplinary nature, integrating principles from biomedical engineering as well as from food manufacturing, design and development, i.e., food engineering. An important requirement is also the need to use as little as possible of animal-derived components in the whole CM bioprocess. In this review, we aim to present the current knowledge on different bioengineering aspects, pertinent to different current scientific disciplines but all relevant for CM engineering, relevant for muscle TE, including different cell sources, bioreactor types, media requirements, bioprocess monitoring and kinetics and their modifications for use in CA, all in view of their potential for efficient CM bioprocess scale-up. We believe such a review will offer a good overview of different bioengineering strategies for CM production and will be useful to a range of interested stakeholders, from students just entering the CA field to experienced researchers looking for the latest innovations in the field.
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13
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Wang H, Duan X, Feng X, Mao ZS, Yang C. Effect of impeller type and scale-up on spatial distribution of shear rate in a stirred tank. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Kreitmayer D, Gopireddy SR, Matsuura T, Aki Y, Katayama Y, Nakano T, Eguchi T, Kakihara H, Nonaka K, Profitlich T, Urbanetz NA, Gutheil E. CFD-Based and Experimental Hydrodynamic Characterization of the Single-Use Bioreactor Xcellerex TM XDR-10. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:22. [PMID: 35049731 PMCID: PMC8773232 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the hydrodynamic conditions in bioreactors is of utmost importance for the selection of operating conditions during cell culture process development. In the present study, the two-phase flow in the lab-scale single-use bioreactor XcellerexTM XDR-10 is characterized for working volumes from 4.5 L to 10 L, impeller speeds from 40 rpm to 360 rpm, and sparging with two different microporous spargers at rates from 0.02 L min-1 to 0.5 L min-1. The numerical simulations are performed with the one-way coupled Euler-Lagrange and the Euler-Euler models. The results of the agitated liquid height, the mixing time, and the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient are compared to experiments. For the unbaffled XDR-10, strong surface vortex formation is found for the maximum impeller speed. To support the selection of suitable impeller speeds for cell cultivation, the surface vortex formation, the average turbulence energy dissipation rate, the hydrodynamic stress, and the mixing time are analyzed and discussed. Surface vortex formation is observed for the maximum impeller speed. Mixing times are below 30 s across all conditions, and volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficients of up to 22.1 h-1 are found. The XDR-10 provides hydrodynamic conditions which are well suited for the cultivation of animal cells, despite the unusual design of a single bottom-mounted impeller and an unbaffled cultivation bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kreitmayer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Srikanth R. Gopireddy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Yuichi Aki
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Yuta Katayama
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Takuya Nakano
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Takuma Eguchi
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Hirofumi Kakihara
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukushima 971-8183, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.A.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (T.E.); (H.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Thomas Profitlich
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Nora A. Urbanetz
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany; (S.R.G.); (T.P.); (N.A.U.)
| | - Eva Gutheil
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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15
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New Insights from Locally Resolved Hydrodynamics in Stirred Cell Culture Reactors. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between hydrodynamics and biological process behavior of antibody-producing mammalian cell cultures is still not fully understood. Common methods to describe dependencies refer mostly to averaged hydrodynamic parameters obtained for individual cultivation systems. In this study, cellular effects and locally resolved hydrodynamics were investigated for impellers with different spatial hydrodynamics. Therefore, the hydrodynamics, mainly flow velocity, shear rate and power input, in a single- and a three-impeller bioreactor setup were analyzed by means of CFD simulations, and cultivation experiments with antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were performed at various agitation rates in both reactor setups. Within the three-impeller bioreactor setup, cells could be cultivated successfully at much higher agitation rates as in the single-impeller bioreactor, probably due to a more uniform flow pattern. It could be shown that this different behavior cannot be linked to parameters commonly used to describe shear effects on cells such as the mean energy dissipation rate or the Kolmogorov length scale, even if this concept is extended by locally resolved hydrodynamic parameters. Alternatively, the hydrodynamic heterogeneity was statistically quantified by means of variance coefficients of the hydrodynamic parameters fluid velocity, shear rate, and energy dissipation rate. The calculated variance coefficients of all hydrodynamic parameters were higher in the setup with three impellers than in the single impeller setup, which might explain the rather stable process behavior in multiple impeller systems due to the reduced hydrodynamic heterogeneity. Such comprehensive insights lead to a deeper understanding of the bioprocess.
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16
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Šrom O, Trávníková V, Wutz J, Kuschel M, Unsoeld A, Wucherpfennig T, Šoóš M. Characterization of hydrodynamic stress in ambr250® bioreactor system and its impact on mammalian cell culture. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Meade O, Clark J, McCutchen M, Kerwin J. Exploring the design space of AAV transient-transfection in suspension cell lines. Methods Enzymol 2021; 660:341-360. [PMID: 34742397 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The safety and utility of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to modulate target gene expression has been well demonstrated, and AAV vectors are a leading gene therapy platform. However, manufacturing presents challenges in terms of productivity and scalability as compared to incumbent therapeutic modalities. In particular, a pivot from adherent cell- to suspension culture-based AAV manufacturing processes requires enhanced study of the transfection step. For the method proposed herein, a Response Surface Design of Experiments is suggested to explore the role of five transfection factors-cell density at transfection, DNA concentration, ratio of complexing reagent to DNA, and molar ratios of the transfecting plasmids-influencing viral genome titer and biological potency. Additionally, an AAV categorical factor matrix is presented for developing a workflow to interrogate the impact of AAV permutations for different capsid serotypes, harbored genes of interest, and inverted terminal repeat configurations on transfection process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Meade
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Resilience, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Clark
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Resilience, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael McCutchen
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Resilience, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John Kerwin
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Resilience, Boston, MA, United States.
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18
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Ahleboot Z, Khorshidtalab M, Motahari P, Mahboudi R, Arjmand R, Mokarizadeh A, Maleknia S. Designing a Strategy for pH Control to Improve CHO Cell Productivity in Bioreactor. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2021; 13:123-130. [PMID: 34484641 PMCID: PMC8377406 DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v13i3.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drastic pH drop is a common consequence of scaling up a mammalian cell culture process, where it may affect the final performance of cell culture. Although CO2 sparging and base addition are used as common approaches for pH control, these strategies are not necessarily successful in large scale bioreactors due to their effect on osmolality and cell viability. Accordingly, a series of experiments were conducted using an IgG1 producing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-S) cell culture in 30 L bioreactor to assess the efficiency of an alternative strategy in controlling culture pH. METHODS Factors inducing partial pressure of CO2 and lactate accumulation (as the main factors altering culture pH) were assessed by Plackett-Burman design to identify the significant ones. As culture pH directly influences process productivity, protein titer was measured as the response variable. Subsequently, Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to obtain a model for product titer prediction as a function of individual and interaction effects of significant variables. RESULTS The results indicated that the major factor affecting pH is non-efficient CO2 removal. CO2 accumulation was found to be affected by an interaction between agitation speed and overlay air flow rate. Accordingly, after increasing the agitation speed and headspace aeration, the culture pH was successfully maintained in the range of 6.95-7.1, resulting in 51% increase in final product titer. Similar results were obtained during 250 L scale bioreactor culture, indicating the scalability of the approach. CONCLUSION The obtained results showed that pH fluctuations could be effectively controlled by optimizing CO2 stripping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ahleboot
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahdi Khorshidtalab
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Paria Motahari
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mahboudi
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Razieh Arjmand
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Aram Mokarizadeh
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shayan Maleknia
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Klaubert SR, Chitwood DG, Dahodwala H, Williamson M, Kasper R, Lee KH, Harcum SW. Method to transfer Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) batch shake flask experiments to large-scale, computer-controlled fed-batch bioreactors. Methods Enzymol 2021; 660:297-320. [PMID: 34742394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures in industry are most commonly conducted as fed-batch cultures in computer-controlled bioreactors, though most preliminary studies are conducted in fed-batch shake flasks. To improve comparability between bioreactor studies and shake flask studies, shake flask studies should be conducted as fed-batch. However, the smaller volumes and reduced control in shake flasks can impact pH and aeration, which leads to performance differences. Planning and awareness of these vessel and control differences can assist with experimental design as well as troubleshooting. This method will highlight several of the configuration and control issues that should be considered during the transitions from batch to fed-batch and shake flasks to bioreactors, as well as approaches to mitigate the differences. Furthermore, if significant differences occur between bioreactor and shake flask studies, approaches will be presented to isolate the main contributors for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Klaubert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Dylan G Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Hussain Dahodwala
- National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL), Newark, DE, United States
| | - Madison Williamson
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Rachel Kasper
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, United States.
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Klingler F, Mathias S, Schneider H, Buck T, Raab N, Zeh N, Shieh YW, Pfannstiel J, Otte K. Unveiling the CHO surfaceome: Identification of cell surface proteins reveals cell aggregation-relevant mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3015-3028. [PMID: 33951178 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension cells are the main production hosts for biopharmaceuticals. For the improvement of production processes, it is essential to understand the interaction between CHO cells and their microenvironment. While the cellular membrane is the crucial surface barrier between the inner and outer cell compartments, the subgroup of cell surface proteins (surfaceome) is of particular interest due to its potential to react to external factors and initiate cell communication and interaction pathways. Therefore, the CHO surfaceome was explored for the first time by enriching exposed N-glycosylated membrane proteins before tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses, identifying a total of 449 surface proteins, including 34 proteins specific for production cells. Functional annotation and classification located most proteins to the cell surface belonging mainly to the protein classes of receptors, enzymes, and transporters. In addition, adhesion molecules as cadherins, integrins, Ig superfamily and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as collagens, laminins, thrombospondin, fibronectin, and tenascin were significantly enriched, which are involved in mechanisms for the formation of cell junctions, cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion as focal adhesions. As cell adhesion and aggregation counteracts scalable production of biopharmaceuticals, experimental validation confirmed differential expression of integrin β1 (ITGB1) and β3, CD44, laminin, and fibronectin on the surface of aggregation-prone CHO production cells. The subsequent modulation of the central interaction protein ITGB1 by small interfering RNA knockdown substantially counteracted cell aggregation pointing toward novel engineering routes for aggregation reduction in biopharmaceutical production cells and exemplifying the potential of the surfaceome for specified engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klingler
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sven Mathias
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany.,Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Helga Schneider
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Theresa Buck
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nadja Raab
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Yu-Wei Shieh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
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Garcia-Aponte OF, Herwig C, Kozma B. Lymphocyte expansion in bioreactors: upgrading adoptive cell therapy. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:13. [PMID: 33849630 PMCID: PMC8042697 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors are essential tools for the development of efficient and high-quality cell therapy products. However, their application is far from full potential, holding several challenges when reconciling the complex biology of the cells to be expanded with the need for a manufacturing process that is able to control cell growth and functionality towards therapy affordability and opportunity. In this review, we discuss and compare current bioreactor technologies by performing a systematic analysis of the published data on automated lymphocyte expansion for adoptive cell therapy. We propose a set of requirements for bioreactor design and identify trends on the applicability of these technologies, highlighting the specific challenges and major advancements for each one of the current approaches of expansion along with the opportunities that lie in process intensification. We conclude on the necessity to develop targeted solutions specially tailored for the specific stimulation, supplementation and micro-environmental needs of lymphocytes’ cultures, and the benefit of applying knowledge-based tools for process control and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Fabian Garcia-Aponte
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bence Kozma
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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McRae O, Mead KR, Bird JC. Aerosol agitation: Quantifying the hydrodynamic stressors on particulates encapsulated in small droplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS 2021; 6:10.1103/physrevfluids.6.l031601. [PMID: 37309535 PMCID: PMC10259374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.6.l031601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections originate from multiple aerosol sources, varying from droplets erupting from bursting bubbles in a toilet or those produced by human speech. A key component of the aerosol-based infection pathway-from source to potential host-is the survival of the pathogen during aerosolization. Due to their finite-time instability, pinch-off processes occurring during aerosolization have the potential to rapidly accelerate the fluid into focused regions of these droplets, stress objects therein, and if powerful enough, disrupt biological life. However, the extent that a pathogen will be exposed to damaging hydrodynamic stressors during the aerosolization process is unknown. Here we compute the probability that particulates will be exposed to a hydrodynamic stressor during the generation of droplets that range in size from one to 100 microns. For example, particulates in water droplets less than 5 μm have a 50% chance of being subjected to an energy dissipation rate in excess of 1011 W/m3, hydrodynamic stresses in excess of 104 Pa, and strain rates in excess of 107 s-1, values known to damage certain biological cells. Using a combination of numerical simulations and self-similar dynamics, we show how the exposure within a droplet can be generally predicted from its size, surface tension, and density, even across different aerosolization mechanisms. Collectively, these results introduce aerosol agitation as a potential factor in pathogen transmission and implicate the pinch-off singularity flow as setting the distribution of hydrodynamic stressors experienced within the droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Mead
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA
| | - James C. Bird
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Floris P, Dorival-García N, Lewis G, Josland G, Merriman D, Bones J. Real-time characterization of mammalian cell culture bioprocesses by magnetic sector MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5601-5612. [PMID: 33179638 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01563f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell culture processes were characterized upon the analysis of the exhaust-gas composition achieved through the on-line integration of a magnetic sector MS analyser with benchtop bioreactors. The non-invasive configuration of the magnetic sector MS provided continuous evaluation of the bioreactor's exhaust gas filter integrity and facilitated the accurate quantification of O2 and CO2 levels in the off-gas stream which ensured preserved bioreactor sterility prior to cell inoculation and provided evidence of the ongoing cellular respiratory activity throughout the cultures. Real-time determination of process parameters such as the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) allowed for precise pin-pointing of the occurrence of shifts in cellular metabolism which were correlated to depletion of key nutrients in the growth medium, demonstrating the suitability of this technology for tracking cell culture process performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Floris
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.
| | - Noemí Dorival-García
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.
| | - Graham Lewis
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ion Path, Road Three, Winsford, CW7 3GA, UK
| | - Graham Josland
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ion Path, Road Three, Winsford, CW7 3GA, UK
| | - Daniel Merriman
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ion Path, Road Three, Winsford, CW7 3GA, UK
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland. and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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24
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Mass Transfer and Rheological Characteristics in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor for Cultivation of Escherichia coli BL21. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Cortés-Martínez CI, Chavarría-Hernández N. Production of entomopathogenic nematodes in submerged monoxenic culture: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3968-3985. [PMID: 32710642 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoxenic liquid culture is the most suitable technology for scaling up to industrial production of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs); however, the variability of the yield production remains a current problem in the process. The aim of this study was to analyze the parameters and criteria for EPN production in liquid culture based on scientific and technological knowledge from the last two decades. While experimental research has permitted the yield production of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (362 × 103 infective juveniles [IJs]/ml) and Steinernema carpocapsae (252 × 103 IJs/ml), simultaneously, theoretical approaches have contributed to the understanding of the culture process, based on biological parameters of the bacterium-nematode complex and hydrodynamic and rheological parameters of the complex gas-liquid-solid system. Under this interdisciplinary research approach, bioprocess and biosystem engineering can contribute to design the various control strategies of the process variables, increase the productivity, and reduce the variability that until now distinguishes the in vitro production of EPNs by the liquid culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Inocencio Cortés-Martínez
- Cuerpo Académico de Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, México
| | - Norberto Chavarría-Hernández
- Cuerpo Académico de Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, México
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LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of CHO-K1 cells adapted to growth in glutamine-free media. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2523-2536. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wierzchowski K, Grabowska I, Pilarek M. Efficient propagation of suspended HL-60 cells in a disposable bioreactor supporting wave-induced agitation at various Reynolds number. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1973-1985. [PMID: 32519077 PMCID: PMC7511289 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth of human nonadherent HL-60 cell cultures performed in disposable bioreactor under various hydrodynamic conditions of 2-D wave-assisted agitation has been compared and discussed. Influence of Reynolds number for liquid (ReL) and the kLa coefficient, as key parameters characterized the bioprocessing of HL-60 cells in ReadyToProcess WAVETM 25 system, on reached values of the apparent maximal specific growth rate (μmax) and the specific yield of biomass (Y*X/S) has been identified. The values of ReL (i.e., 510–10,208), as well as kLa coefficient (i.e., 2.83–13.55 h−1), have been estimated for the cultures subjected to wave-induced mixing, based on simplified dimensionless correlation for various presents of WAVE 25 system. The highest values of apparent μmax = 0.038 h−1 and Y*X/S = 25.64 × 108 cells gglc−1 have been noted for cultures independently performed at wave-induced agitation characterized by ReL equaled to 5104 and 510, respectively. The presented results have high applicability potential in scale-up of bioprocesses focused on nonadherent animal cells, or in the case of any application of disposable bioreactors presenting similitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wierzchowski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pilarek
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645, Warsaw, Poland.
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Mahmoud FS, Demerdash ZA, Elmotawakel SM, Hassan S, Hendawy M, Atta SA, Shawky SM, Alkhateeb EM, Hassanin HI. Serum low replacement medium versus serum rich replacement medium for production of Anti-Schistosoma Monoclonal antibody: A comparative study. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Chaudhary G, Luo R, George M, Tescione L, Khetan A, Lin H. Understanding the effect of high gas entrance velocity on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance and its implications on bioreactor scale-up and sparger design. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1684-1695. [PMID: 32086806 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There are three main potential sources for cell shear damage existing in stirred tank bioreactors. One is the potential high energy dissipation in the immediate impeller zones; another from small gas bubble burst; and third is from high gas entrance velocity (GEV) emitting from the sparger. While the first two have been thoroughly addressed for the scale-up of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture knowing that a wide tolerable agitation range with non-damaging energy dissipation exists and the use of shear protectants like Pluronic F68 guard against cell damage caused by bubble burst, GEV remains a potential scale-up problem across scales for the drilled hole or open pipe sparger designs. GEV as high as 170 m/s due to high gas flow rates and relatively small sparger hole diameters was observed to be significantly detrimental to cell culture performance in a 12,000 L bioreactor when compared to a satellite 2 L bioreactor run with GEV of <1 m/s. Small scale study of GEV as high as 265 m/s confirmed this. Based on the results of this study, a critical GEV of >60 m/s for CHO cells is proposed, whereas previously 30 m/s has been reported for NS0 cells by Zhu, Cuenca, Zhou, and Varma (2008. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 101, 751-760). Implementation of new large scale spargers with larger diameter and more holes lowered GEV and helped improve the cell culture performance, closing the scale-up gap. Design of such new spargers was even more critical when hole plugging was discovered during large scale cultivation hence exacerbating the GEV impact. Furthermore, development of a scale down model based on mimicry of the large scale GEV profile as a function of time was proven to be beneficial for reproducing large scale results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chaudhary
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Robin Luo
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Meena George
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Lia Tescione
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Henry Lin
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
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Schwarz H, Zhang Y, Zhan C, Malm M, Field R, Turner R, Sellick C, Varley P, Rockberg J, Chotteau V. Small-scale bioreactor supports high density HEK293 cell perfusion culture for the production of recombinant Erythropoietin. J Biotechnol 2020; 309:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A. Recent Developments in Bioprocessing of Recombinant Proteins: Expression Hosts and Process Development. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:420. [PMID: 31921823 PMCID: PMC6932962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, along with cancers, are among the main causes of death among humans worldwide. The production of therapeutic proteins for treating diseases at large scale for millions of individuals is one of the essential needs of mankind. Recent progress in the area of recombinant DNA technologies has paved the way to producing recombinant proteins that can be used as therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic reagents. Recombinant proteins for these applications are mainly produced using prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression host systems such as mammalian cells, bacteria, yeast, insect cells, and transgenic plants at laboratory scale as well as in large-scale settings. The development of efficient bioprocessing strategies is crucial for industrial production of recombinant proteins of therapeutic and prophylactic importance. Recently, advances have been made in the various areas of bioprocessing and are being utilized to develop effective processes for producing recombinant proteins. These include the use of high-throughput devices for effective bioprocess optimization and of disposable systems, continuous upstream processing, continuous chromatography, integrated continuous bioprocessing, Quality by Design, and process analytical technologies to achieve quality product with higher yield. This review summarizes recent developments in the bioprocessing of recombinant proteins, including in various expression systems, bioprocess development, and the upstream and downstream processing of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh K. Tripathi
- Bioprocess Scale Up Facility, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Ambuj Shrivastava
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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Experiments and finite element modeling of hydrodynamics and mass transfer for continuous gas-to-liquid biocatalysis using a biocomposite falling film reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen P, Demirji J, Ivleva VB, Horwitz J, Schwartz R, Arnold F. The transient expression of CHIKV VLP in large stirred tank bioreactors. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:1079-1093. [PMID: 31560090 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) bioprocesses have been difficult to scale up in large stirred tank bioreactors with volumes of more than 1.5 L. Low production levels are often observed, but the causes have not been investigated (Gutierrez-Granados et al. in Crit Rev Biotechnol 38:918-940, 2018). Chikungunya Virus-like particle (VLP), expressed by DNA-PEI transient transfection, is a representative case study for these difficulties. Clinical materials were produced in shake flasks, but the process suffered when transferred to large stirred tank bioreactors. The resulting process was not operationally friendly nor cost effective. In this study, a systematic approach was used to investigate the root causes of the poor scale up performance. The transfection conditions were first screened in ambr® 15 high throughput mini bioreactors then examined in 3 L stirred-tank systems. The studies found that production level was negatively correlated with inoculum cell growth status (P < 0.05). The pH range, DNA and PEI levels, order of the reagent addition, and gas-sparging systems were also studied and found to affect process performance. Further hydromechanical characterizations (Re, energy dissipation rates, and P/V, etc.) of shake flasks, ambr® 15, and 3-L stirred tank systems were performed. Overall, the study discovered that the shear stress (caused by a microsparger) and PEI toxicity together were the root causes of scale-up failure. Once the microsparger was replaced by a macrosparger, the scale-up was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Jacob Demirji
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Vera B Ivleva
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Joe Horwitz
- Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedarbrook Dr, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | | | - Frank Arnold
- Tunnell Consulting, 900 E. 8th Ave, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
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Takagi D, Lin W, Matsumoto T, Yaginuma H, Hemmi N, Hatada S, Seo M. High-precision three-dimensional inkjet technology for live cell bioprinting. Int J Bioprint 2019; 5:208. [PMID: 32596539 PMCID: PMC7294685 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i2.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bioprinting has emerged as a promising technology for the construction of three-dimensional (3D) tissues to be used in regenerative medicine or in vitro screening applications. In the present study, we present the development of an inkjet-based bioprinting system to arrange multiple cells and materials precisely into structurally organized constructs. A novel inkjet printhead has been specially designed for live cell ejection. Droplet formation is powered by piezoelectric membrane vibrations coupled with mixing movements to prevent cell sedimentation at the nozzle. Stable drop-on-demand dispensing and cell viability were validated over an adequately long time to allow the fabrication of 3D tissues. Reliable control of cell number and spatial positioning was demonstrated using two separate suspensions with different cell types printed sequentially. Finally, a process for constructing stratified Mille-Feuille-like 3D structures is proposed by alternately superimposing cell suspensions and hydrogel layers with a controlled vertical resolution. The results show that inkjet technology is effective for both two-dimensional patterning and 3D multilayering and has the potential to facilitate the achievement of live cell bioprinting with an unprecedented level of precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takagi
- Ricoh Company Ltd., Healthcare Business Group, Biomedical Business Center, Kawasaki-city, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Waka Lin
- Ricoh Company Ltd., Healthcare Business Group, Biomedical Business Center, Kawasaki-city, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Takahiko Matsumoto
- Ricoh Company Ltd., Healthcare Business Group, Biomedical Business Center, Kawasaki-city, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Yaginuma
- Ricoh Company Ltd., Healthcare Business Group, Biomedical Business Center, Kawasaki-city, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Natsuko Hemmi
- Ricoh Company Ltd., Healthcare Business Group, Biomedical Business Center, Kawasaki-city, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hatada
- Ricoh Company Ltd., Healthcare Business Group, Biomedical Business Center, Kawasaki-city, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Manabu Seo
- Ricoh Company Ltd., Healthcare Business Group, Biomedical Business Center, Kawasaki-city, 210-0821, Japan
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35
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Allan SJ, De Bank PA, Ellis MJ. Bioprocess Design Considerations for Cultured Meat Production With a Focus on the Expansion Bioreactor. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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36
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Heterogeneity Studies of Mammalian Cells for Bioproduction: From Tools to Application. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:645-660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Gagnon M, Nagre S, Wang W, Coffman J, Hiller GW. Novel, linked bioreactor system for continuous production of biologics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1946-1958. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gagnon
- Culture Process DevelopmentPfizer IncAndover Massachusetts
| | - Shashikant Nagre
- Upstream Process DevelopmentAkston BiosciencesBeverly Massachusetts
| | - Wenge Wang
- Culture Process DevelopmentPfizer IncAndover Massachusetts
| | - Jon Coffman
- Department of Process ScienceBoehringer IngelheimFremont California
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38
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Sissolak B, Zabik C, Saric N, Sommeregger W, Vorauer-Uhl K, Striedner G. Application of the Bradford Assay for Cell Lysis Quantification: Residual Protein Content in Cell Culture Supernatants. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800714. [PMID: 30983130 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Frequently measured mammalian cell culture process indicators include viability and total cell concentration (TCC). Cell lysis, an additional important process characteristic that substantially contributes to the overall product purity profiles, is often not addressed in detail. In the present study, an inexpensive and simple application of the Bradford assay is developed to determine the residual protein content (RPC) in cell culture supernatants. The reliability and reproducibility of the method are tested in a long-term study and compared with lysis quantification via the DNA measurement. The results show that its performance is more robust and accurate over time and the respective concentration range. Additionally, both methods are used for cell lysis process monitoring in a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary fed-batch process. In the presented process, by applying the established assay, the lysis rate k DL is determined to be constant over time at 4.6 × 10 -4 lysed cell concentration (LCC) per TCC and time (LCC/TCC/h). In contrast, DNA data did not confirm the constant lysis rate due to variations of the content per cell during cultivation. Thus, information on the RPC can facilitate the determination of the optimal harvest time point with respect to purity and in improving process characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Sissolak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Zabik
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Mooslackengasse 17, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natasa Saric
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Mooslackengasse 17, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommeregger
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Mooslackengasse 17, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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39
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Shurer CR, Head SE, Goudge MC, Paszek MJ. Mucin-coating technologies for protection and reduced aggregation of cellular production systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:994-1005. [PMID: 30636317 PMCID: PMC6763341 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of host-cell production systems with improved yield and production reliability is desired to meet the increasing demand for biologics with complex posttranslational modifications. Aggregation of suspension-adapted mammalian cells remains a significant problem that can limit the cellular density and per volume yield of bioreactors. Here, we propose a genetically encoded technology that directs the synthesis of antiadhesive and protective coatings on the cellular surface. Inspired by the natural ability of mucin glycoproteins to resist cellular adhesion and hydrate and protect cell and tissue surfaces, we genetically encode new cell-surface coatings through the fusion of engineered mucin domains to synthetic transmembrane anchors. Combined with appropriate expression systems, the mucin-coating technology directs the assembly of thick, highly hydrated barriers to strongly mitigate cell aggregation and protect cells in suspension against fluid shear stresses. The coating technology is demonstrated on suspension-adapted human 293-F cells, which resist clumping even in media formulations that otherwise would induce extreme cell aggregation and show improved performance over a commercially available anticlumping agent. The stable biopolymer coatings do not show deleterious effects on cell proliferation rate, efficiency of transient transfection with complementary DNAs, or recombinant protein expression. Overall, our mucin-coating technology and engineered cell lines have the potential to improve the single-cell growth and viability of suspended cells in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R. Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Shelby E. Head
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Marc C. Goudge
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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40
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López-Rosales L, Sánchez-Mirón A, Contreras-Gómez A, García-Camacho F, Battaglia F, Zhao L, Molina-Grima E. Characterization of bubble column photobioreactors for shear-sensitive microalgae culture. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 275:1-9. [PMID: 30572257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The shear-sensitive marine algal dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum was grown in a cylindrical bubble column photobioreactor with an internal diameter of 0.044 m. Initial liquid height varied from 0.5 to 1.75 m, superficial gas velocities from 0.0014 to 0.0057 ms-1, and nozzle diameter from 1 to 2.5 mm. Computational fluid dynamics was used to characterize the flow hydrodynamics and energy dissipation rates. Experimental gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient strongly depended on the liquid height and correlated well with the Froude number. Energy dissipation near the head space (EDtop) was one order of magnitude higher than the average energy dissipation in the whole reactor (EDwhole), and the value in the sparger zone (EDspar) was one order of magnitude higher than EDtop. Cultures of K. veneficum were limited by CO2 transfer at low EDwhole and severely stressed above a critical value of EDwhole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asterio Sánchez-Mirón
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Center in Agrifood Biotechnology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | | | - Francisco García-Camacho
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Center in Agrifood Biotechnology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francine Battaglia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Emilio Molina-Grima
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Center in Agrifood Biotechnology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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41
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Anghelina M, Butt O, Moldovan L, Petrache HI, Moldovan NI. Solvent isotope effect on leukocytes disintegration after large mechanical deformations. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aafd0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Adaptation of a skin sensitization assay to a chemically defined culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 57:145-153. [PMID: 30543842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are currently three in vitro methods adopted by the Organization for the Economic Co-operation and Development for testing chemicals based on the third key event of the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway, the activation of dendritic cells. All of them use culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), which brings technical disadvantages and animal welfare concerns. The objective of this study was to analyze the possibility of eliminating the use of FBS in the human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT). After successful implementation of the h-CLAT using THP-1 cells cultured in FBS-containing medium, several attempts to adapt THP-1 cells to four different serum-free media were made. The best results were obtained with gradual adaptation to RPMI-1640 medium with HL-1™ Supplement and to X-VIVO™ 10. Adapted cells were cryopreserved and submitted to the reactivity check. After being approved, they were used in dose finding and proficiency assays. Despite minor adjustments in the original protocol, it was possible to correctly predict the sensitizing potential of the ten proficiency substances using THP-1 cells adapted to X-VIVO™ 10, which indicates that it is possible to eliminate the use of FBS in the h-CLAT, using a chemically defined medium.
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43
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Walther J, McLarty J, Johnson T. The effects of alternating tangential flow (ATF) residence time, hydrodynamic stress, and filtration flux on high‐density perfusion cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:320-332. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Walther
- Bioprocess Development, SanofiFramingham Massachusetts
| | - Jean McLarty
- Bioprocess Development, SanofiFramingham Massachusetts
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44
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Wutz J, Steiner R, Assfalg K, Wucherpfennig T. Establishment of a CFD‐based
k
L
a
model in microtiter plates to support CHO cell culture scale‐up during clone selection. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1120-1128. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Wang H, Xia J, Zheng Z, Zhuang YP, Yi X, Zhang D, Wang P. Hydrodynamic investigation of a novel shear-generating device for the measurement of anchorage-dependent cell adhesion intensity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1371-1382. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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Wyma A, Martin-Alarcon L, Walsh T, Schmidt TA, Gates ID, Kallos MS. Non-Newtonian rheology in suspension cell cultures significantly impacts bioreactor shear stress quantification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2101-2113. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wyma
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Leonardo Martin-Alarcon
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Tylor Walsh
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Human Performance Laboratory, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ian D. Gates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Michael S. Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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47
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Allen A, Habimana O, Casey E. The effects of extrinsic factors on the structural and mechanical properties of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms: A combined study of nutrient concentrations and shear conditions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 165:127-134. [PMID: 29471219 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth of biofilms on surfaces is a complicated process influenced by several environmental factors such as nutrient availability and fluid shear. In this study, combinations of growth conditions were selected for the study of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms including as cultivation time (24- or 48 h), nutrient levels (1:1 or 1:10 King B medium), and shear conditions (75 RPM shaking, 0.4 mL min -1 or 0.7 mL min -1). The use of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) determined biofilm structure, while liquid-phase Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) techniques resolved the mechanical properties of biofilms. Under semi-static conditions, high nutrient environments led to more abundant biofilms with three times higher EPS content compared to biofilms grown under low nutrient conditions. AFM results revealed that biofilms formed under these conditions were less stiff, as shown by their Young's modulus values of 2.35 ± 0.08 kPa, compared to 4.98 ± 0.02 kPa for that of biofilms formed under low nutrient conditions. Under dynamic conditions, however, biofilms exposed to low nutrient conditions and high shear rates led to more developed biofilms compared to other tested dynamic conditions. These biofilms were also found to be significantly more adhesive compared to their counterparts grown at higher nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Allen
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olivier Habimana
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Eoin Casey
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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48
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Zhu L, Monteil DT, Wang Y, Song B, Hacker DL, Wurm MJ, Li X, Wang Z, Wurm FM. Fluid dynamics of flow fields in a disposable 600-mL orbitally shaken bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Quantifying the potential for bursting bubbles to damage suspended cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15102. [PMID: 29118382 PMCID: PMC5678173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bubbles that rise to the surface of a cell suspension can damage cells when they pop. This phenomenon is particularly problematic in the biotechnology industry, as production scale bioreactors require continuous injection of oxygen bubbles to maintain cell growth. Previous studies have linked cell damage to high energy dissipation rates (EDR) and have predicted that for small bubbles the EDR could exceed values that would kill many cells used in bioreactors, including Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. However, it’s unclear how many cells would be damaged by a particular bursting bubble, or more precisely how much volume around the bubble experiences these large energy dissipation rates. Here we quantify these volumes using numerical simulations and demonstrate that even though the volume exceeding a particular EDR increases with bubble size, on a volume-to-volume basis smaller bubbles have a more significant impact. We validate our model with high-speed experiments and present our results in a non-dimensionalized framework, enabling predictions for a variety of liquids and bubble sizes. The results are not restricted to bubbles in bioreactors and may be relevant to a variety of applications ranging from fermentation processes to characterizing the stress levels experienced by microorganisms within the sea surface microlayer.
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50
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Fernandez-de-Cossio-Diaz J, Leon K, Mulet R. Characterizing steady states of genome-scale metabolic networks in continuous cell cultures. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005835. [PMID: 29131817 PMCID: PMC5703580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the continuous mode of cell culture, a constant flow carrying fresh media replaces culture fluid, cells, nutrients and secreted metabolites. Here we present a model for continuous cell culture coupling intra-cellular metabolism to extracellular variables describing the state of the bioreactor, taking into account the growth capacity of the cell and the impact of toxic byproduct accumulation. We provide a method to determine the steady states of this system that is tractable for metabolic networks of arbitrary complexity. We demonstrate our approach in a toy model first, and then in a genome-scale metabolic network of the Chinese hamster ovary cell line, obtaining results that are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. We derive a number of consequences from the model that are independent of parameter values. The ratio between cell density and dilution rate is an ideal control parameter to fix a steady state with desired metabolic properties. This conclusion is robust even in the presence of multi-stability, which is explained in our model by a negative feedback loop due to toxic byproduct accumulation. A complex landscape of steady states emerges from our simulations, including multiple metabolic switches, which also explain why cell-line and media benchmarks carried out in batch culture cannot be extrapolated to perfusion. On the other hand, we predict invariance laws between continuous cell cultures with different parameters. A practical consequence is that the chemostat is an ideal experimental model for large-scale high-density perfusion cultures, where the complex landscape of metabolic transitions is faithfully reproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Fernandez-de-Cossio-Diaz
- Systems Biology Department, Center of Molecular Immunlogy, Havana, Cuba
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics. Department of Theoretical Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Cuba
| | - Kalet Leon
- Systems Biology Department, Center of Molecular Immunlogy, Havana, Cuba
| | - Roberto Mulet
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics. Department of Theoretical Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Cuba
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