1
|
Wang W, Hayes PR, Ren X, Taylor RE. Synthetic Cell Armor Made of DNA Origami. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7076-7085. [PMID: 37463308 PMCID: PMC10416349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The bioengineering applications of cells, such as cell printing and multicellular assembly, are directly limited by cell damage and death due to a harsh environment. Improved cellular robustness thus motivates investigations into cell encapsulation, which provides essential protection. Here we target the cell-surface glycocalyx and cross-link two layers of DNA nanorods on the cellular plasma membrane to form a modular and programmable nanoshell. We show that the DNA origami nanoshell modulates the biophysical properties of cell membranes by enhancing the membrane stiffness and lowering the lipid fluidity. The nanoshell also serves as armor to protect cells and improve their viability against mechanical stress from osmotic imbalance, centrifugal forces, and fluid shear stress. Moreover, it enables mediated cell-cell interactions for effective and robust multicellular assembly. Our results demonstrate the potential of the nanoshell, not only as a cellular protection strategy but also as a platform for cell and cell membrane manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Wang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Peter R. Hayes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xi Ren
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Taylor
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Proof-of-Concept of Continuous Transfection for Adeno-Associated Virus Production in Microcarrier-Based Culture. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus vectors (AAV) are reported to have a great potential for gene therapy, however, a major bottleneck for this kind of therapy is the limitation of production capacity. Higher specific AAV vector yield is often reported for adherent cell systems compared to cells in suspension, and a microcarrier-based culture is well established for the culture of anchored cells on a larger scale. The purpose of the present study was to explore how microcarrier cultures could provide a solution for the production of AAV vectors based on the triple plasmid transfection of HEK293T cells in a stirred tank bioreactor. In the present study, cells were grown and expanded in suspension, offering the ease of this type of operation, and were then anchored on microcarriers in order to proceed with transfection of the plasmids for transient AAV vector production. This process was developed in view of a bioreactor application in a 200 mL stirred-tank vessel where shear stress aspects were studied. Furthermore, amenability to a continuous process was studied. The present investigation provided a proof-of-concept of a continuous process based on microcarriers in a stirred-tank bioreactor.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ueki M, Tansho N, Sato M, Kanamori H, Kato Y. Improved cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary cells in bioreactor with reciprocal mixing. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:531-536. [PMID: 34474981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed a new bioreactor with reciprocal mixing that is better suited for the cultivation of delicate animal cells. In-silico simulation (computational fluid dynamics) suggested both maximum and average shear stresses in the bioreactor with reciprocal mixing to be remarkably lower than in a conventional bioreactor with rotary mixing. Although we could not find any difference in growth speed and cell density between the bioreactors with reciprocal and rotary mixing, we did find cell viability in the reciprocal-mixing bioreactor to be retained longer than in the rotary-paddle bioreactor. This implied that cell culture in a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing could be prolonged for the production of target proteins. Leakage of lactate dehydrogenase activity into the culture medium was suppressed much more in the reciprocal-mixing bioreactor than in the rotary-paddle one. Production of human tissue plasminogen activator in the former system was also observed to be much higher than in the latter. Therefore, a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing was concluded to be better suited for the cultivation of animal cells and efficient production of proteins, such as antibody drugs and various growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ueki
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Tansho
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Kanamori
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kato
- Animal Cell Incubator Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd., 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
3D Printed Microfluidic Spiral Separation Device for Continuous, Pulsation-Free and Controllable CHO Cell Retention. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091060. [PMID: 34577708 PMCID: PMC8470376 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of continuous bioprocesses-which require cell retention systems in order to enable longer cultivation durations-is a primary focus in the field of modern process development. The flow environment of microfluidic systems enables the granular manipulation of particles (to allow for greater focusing in specific channel regions), which in turn facilitates the development of small continuous cell separation systems. However, previously published systems did not allow for separation control. Additionally, the focusing effect of these systems requires constant, pulsation-free flow for optimal operation, which cannot be achieved using ordinary peristaltic pumps. As described in this paper, a 3D printed cell separation spiral for CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary) cells was developed and evaluated optically and with cell experiments. It demonstrated a high separation efficiency of over 95% at up to 20 × 106 cells mL-1. Control over inlet and outlet flow rates allowed the operator to adjust the separation efficiency of the device while in use-thereby enabling fine control over cell concentration in the attached bioreactors. In addition, miniaturized 3D printed buffer devices were developed that can be easily attached directly to the separation unit for usage with peristaltic pumps while simultaneously almost eradicating pump pulsations. These custom pulsation dampeners were closely integrated with the separator spiral lowering the overall dead volume of the system. The entire device can be flexibly connected directly to bioreactors, allowing continuous, pulsation-free cell retention and process operation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Damle VG, Sharmin R, Morita A, Nie L, Schirhagl R. Micro Versus Macro - The Effect of Environmental Confinement on Cellular Nanoparticle Uptake. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:869. [PMID: 32793585 PMCID: PMC7393206 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While the microenvironment is known to alter the cellular behavior in terms of metabolism, growth and the degree of endoplasmic reticulum stress, its influence on the nanoparticle uptake is not yet investigated. Specifically, it is not clear if the cells cultured in a microenvironment ingest different amounts of nanoparticles than cells cultured in a macroenvironment (for example a petri dish). To answer this question, here we used J774 murine macrophages and fluorescent nanodiamonds (FND) as a model system to systematically compare the uptake efficiency of cells cultured in a petri dish and in a microfluidic channel. Specifically, equal numbers of cells were cultured in two devices followed by the FND incubation. Then cells were fixed, stained and imaged to quantify the FND uptake. We show that the FND uptake in the cells cultured in petri dishes is significantly higher than the uptake in a microfluidic chip where the alteration in CO2 environment, the cell culture medium pH and the surface area to volume ratio seem to be the underlying causes leading to this observed difference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viraj G. Damle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rokshana Sharmin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aryan Morita
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Linyan Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meghani NM, Amin H, Park C, Cui JH, Cao QR, Choi KH, Lee BJ. Combinatory interpretation of protein corona and shear stress for active cancer targeting of bioorthogonally clickable gelatin-oleic nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110760. [PMID: 32279783 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-protein interactions under conditions mimicking physiology determine how nanoparticles (NPs) will behave inside blood vessels and, therefore, the overall outcome of the drug-delivery system. Here, for the first time, we explore the effects of bio-mimicking shear stress and protein corona conditions on novel active targeting of clickable fattigation nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer therapy. Active targeting dibenzocyclooctyne-functionalized biocompatible gelatin-oleic NPs (GON-DBCOs) via a bioorthogonal click reaction were prepared by the desolvation method for delivery of docetaxel (DTX) to lung and breast cancer models. The effect of shear stress (5 dyne/cm2) and human serum albumin (HSA) protein corona on the cellular behavior of NPs was explored under a dynamic microfluidic system in lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. The developed drug-loaded NPs had a particle size of 300 nm, a narrow size distribution, positive zeta potential, high encapsulation efficacy (72.4%), and spherical morphology. The particle size of the protein corona-coated NPs increased to 341 nm with a negative zeta potential. The inhibitory dose (IC50) increased approximately 3- and 42-fold in A549 and MCF-7 cells, respectively, under dynamic microfluidic conditions compared to static conditions. Cellular uptake was significantly decreased in the presence of shear stress and a protein corona, compared with static conditions, in both lung (A549, **p < 0.01) and breast (MCF-7, *p < 0.05) cancer cell lines. Clathrin-and energy-dependent pathways were found to be involved in the cellular uptake of NPs. This study could serve as a vital tool for the evaluation of NPs under aggressive bio-mimicking conditions comprising shear stress and a protein corona to predict the in vivo performance of NPs and support the preclinical and clinical translation of NP drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nileshkumar M Meghani
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Advanced Micro-Mechatronics Lab, Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hardik Amin
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Chulhun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jing-Hao Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qing-Ri Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Kyung Hyun Choi
- Advanced Micro-Mechatronics Lab, Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen P, Demirji J, Ivleva VB, Horwitz J, Schwartz R, Arnold F. The transient expression of CHIKV VLP in large stirred tank bioreactors. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:1079-1093. [PMID: 31560090 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) bioprocesses have been difficult to scale up in large stirred tank bioreactors with volumes of more than 1.5 L. Low production levels are often observed, but the causes have not been investigated (Gutierrez-Granados et al. in Crit Rev Biotechnol 38:918-940, 2018). Chikungunya Virus-like particle (VLP), expressed by DNA-PEI transient transfection, is a representative case study for these difficulties. Clinical materials were produced in shake flasks, but the process suffered when transferred to large stirred tank bioreactors. The resulting process was not operationally friendly nor cost effective. In this study, a systematic approach was used to investigate the root causes of the poor scale up performance. The transfection conditions were first screened in ambr® 15 high throughput mini bioreactors then examined in 3 L stirred-tank systems. The studies found that production level was negatively correlated with inoculum cell growth status (P < 0.05). The pH range, DNA and PEI levels, order of the reagent addition, and gas-sparging systems were also studied and found to affect process performance. Further hydromechanical characterizations (Re, energy dissipation rates, and P/V, etc.) of shake flasks, ambr® 15, and 3-L stirred tank systems were performed. Overall, the study discovered that the shear stress (caused by a microsparger) and PEI toxicity together were the root causes of scale-up failure. Once the microsparger was replaced by a macrosparger, the scale-up was successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Jacob Demirji
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Vera B Ivleva
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Joe Horwitz
- Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedarbrook Dr, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | | | - Frank Arnold
- Tunnell Consulting, 900 E. 8th Ave, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Enders A, Siller IG, Urmann K, Hoffmann MR, Bahnemann J. 3D Printed Microfluidic Mixers-A Comparative Study on Mixing Unit Performances. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804326. [PMID: 30548194 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the basic operations in microfluidic systems for biological and chemical applications is the rapid mixing of different fluids. However, flow profiles in microfluidic systems are laminar, which means molecular diffusion is the only mixing effect. Therefore, mixing structures are crucial to enable more efficient mixing in shorter times. Since traditional microfabrication methods remain laborious and expensive, 3D printing has emerged as a potential alternative for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. In this work, five different passive micromixers known from literature are redesigned in comparable dimensions and manufactured using high-definition MultiJet 3D printing. Their mixing performance is evaluated experimentally, using sodium hydroxide and phenolphthalein solutions, and numerically via computational fluid dynamics. Both experimental and numerical analysis results show that HC and Tesla-like mixers achieve complete mixing after 0.99 s and 0.78 s, respectively, at the highest flow rate (Reynolds number (Re) = 37.04). In comparison, Caterpillar mixers exhibit a lower mixing rate with complete mixing after 1.46 s and 1.9 s. Furthermore, the HC mixer achieves very good mixing performances over all flow rates (Re = 3.7 to 37.04), while other mixers show improved mixing only at higher flow rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Enders
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ina G Siller
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Urmann
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|