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Abdellateif MS, Bayoumi AK, Mohammed MA. c-Kit Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer: Current Insights. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:785-799. [PMID: 37790582 PMCID: PMC10544070 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s404648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Kit is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that has an essential role in various biological functions including gametogenesis, melanogenesis, hematopoiesis, cell survival, and apoptosis. c-KIT aberrations, either overexpression or loss-of-function mutations, have been implicated in the pathogenesis and development of many cancers, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors, mastocytosis, acute myeloid leukemia, breast, thyroid, and colorectal cancer, making c-KIT an attractive molecular target for the treatment of cancers. Therefore, a lot of effort has been put into investigating the utility of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the management of c-KIT mutated tumors. This review of the literature illustrates the role of c-KIT mutations in many cancers, aiming to provide insights into the role of TKIs as a therapeutic option for cancer patients with c-KIT aberrations. In conclusion, c-KIT is implicated in different types of cancer, and it could be a successful molecular target; however, proper detection of the underlying mutation type is required before starting the appropriate personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona S Abdellateif
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
| | - Ahmed K Bayoumi
- Paediatric Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
- Children’s Cancer Hospital 57357, Cairo, 11617, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Aly Mohammed
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11796, Egypt
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2
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Tieniber AD, Rossi F, Hanna AN, Liu M, Etherington MS, Loo JK, Param N, Zeng S, Do K, Wang L, DeMatteo RP. Multiple intratumoral sources of kit ligand promote gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Oncogene 2023; 42:2578-2588. [PMID: 37468679 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common human sarcoma and is typically driven by a single mutation in the Kit or PDGFRA receptor. While highly effective, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are not curative. The natural ligand for the Kit receptor is Kit ligand (KitL), which exists in both soluble and membrane-bound forms. While KitL is known to stimulate human GIST cell lines in vitro, we used a genetically engineered mouse model of GIST containing a common human KIT mutation to investigate the intratumoral sources of KitL, importance of KitL during GIST oncogenesis, and contribution of soluble KitL to tumor growth in vivo. We discovered that in addition to tumor cells, endothelia and smooth muscle cells produced KitL in KitV558Δ/+ tumors, even after imatinib therapy. Genetic reduction of total KitL in tumor cells of KitV558Δ/+ mice impaired tumor growth in vivo. Similarly, genetic reduction of tumor cell soluble KitL in KitV558Δ/+ mice decreased tumor size. By RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry, KitL expression was heterogeneous in human GIST specimens. In particular, PDGFRA-mutant tumors had much higher KitL expression than Kit-mutant tumors, suggesting the benefit of Kit activation in the absence of mutant KIT. Serum KitL was higher in GIST patients with tumors resistant to imatinib and in those with tumors expressing more KitL RNA. Overall, KitL supports the growth of GIST at baseline and after imatinib therapy and remains a potential biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Tieniber
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ferdinando Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew N Hanna
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marion Liu
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark S Etherington
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Loo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nesteene Param
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Do
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Wang
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald P DeMatteo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Li Y, Liang ZY, Wang HL. N6-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine promotes self-renewal of BFU-E progenitor in erythropoiesis. iScience 2023; 26:106924. [PMID: 37283807 PMCID: PMC10239700 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells supply the oxygen required for all human cells and are in demand for emerging blood-loss therapy. Here we identified N6-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine (6mdA) as an agonist that promotes the hyperproliferation of burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) progenitor cells. In addition, 6mdA represses the apoptosis of erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs). Combined use of with SCF and EPO enabled cultures of isolated BFU-E to be expanded up to 5,000-fold. Transcriptome analysis showed that 6mdA upregulates the expression of the EPC-associated factors c-Kit, Myb, and Gata2 and downregulates that of the erythroid maturation-related transcription factors Gata1, Spi1, and Klf1. Mechanistic studies suggested that 6mdA enhances and prolongs the activation of erythropoiesis-associated master gene c-Kit and its downstream signaling, leading to expansion and accumulation of EPCs. Collectively, we demonstrate that 6mdA can efficiently stimulate the EPC hyperproliferation and provide a new regenerative medicine recipe to improve ex vivo generation of red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi-Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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Pathania S, Pentikäinen OT, Singh PK. A holistic view on c-Kit in cancer: Structure, signaling, pathophysiology and its inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188631. [PMID: 34606974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases play an important role in many cellular processes, and their dysregulation leads to diseases, most importantly cancer. One such receptor tyrosine kinase is c-Kit, a type-III receptor tyrosine kinase, which is involved in various intracellular signaling pathways. The role of different mutant isoforms of c-Kit has been established in several types of cancers. Accordingly, promising c-Kit inhibition results have been reported for the treatment of different cancers (e.g., gastrointestinal stromal tumors, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, and other tumors). Therefore, lots of effort has been put to target c-Kit for the treatment of cancer. Here, we provide a comprehensive compilation to provide an insight into c-Kit inhibitor discovery. This compilation provides key information regarding the structure, signaling pathways related to c-Kit, and, more importantly, pharmacophores, binding modes, and SAR analysis for almost all small-molecule heterocycles reported for their c-Kit inhibitory activity. This work could be used as a guide in understanding the basic requirements for targeting c-Kit, and how the selectivity and efficacy of the molecules have been achieved till today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Pathania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Olli T Pentikäinen
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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5
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Kim JO, Kim KH, Baek EJ, Park B, So MK, Ko BJ, Ko HJ, Park SG. A novel anti-c-Kit antibody-drug conjugate to treat wild-type and activating-mutant c-Kit-positive tumors. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1290-1308. [PMID: 34407310 PMCID: PMC8936518 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
c‐Kit overexpression and activating mutations, which are reported in various cancers, including gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC), acute myeloid leukemia, acral melanoma, and systemic mastocytosis (SM), confer resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). To overcome TKI resistance, an anti‐c‐Kit antibody–drug conjugate was developed in this study to treat wild‐type and mutant c‐Kit‐positive cancers. NN2101, a fully human IgG1, was conjugated to DM1, a microtubule inhibitor, through N‐succinimidyl‐4‐(N‐maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane‐1‐carboxylate (SMCC) (to give NN2101‐DM1). The antitumor activity of NN2101‐DM1 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using various cancer cell lines. NN2101‐DM1 exhibited potent growth‐inhibitory activities against c‐Kit‐positive cancer cell lines. In a mouse xenograft model, NN2101‐DM1 exhibited potent growth‐inhibitory activities against imatinib‐resistant GIST and SM cells. In addition, NN2101‐DM1 exhibited a significantly higher anti‐cancer effect than carboplatin/etoposide against SCLC cells where c‐Kit does not mediate cancer pathogenesis. Furthermore, the combination of NN2101‐DM1 with imatinib in imatinib‐sensitive GIST cells induced complete remission compared with treatment with NN2101‐DM1 or imatinib alone in mouse xenograft models. These results suggest that NN2101‐DM1 is a potential therapeutic agent for wild‐type and mutant c‐Kit‐positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ock Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea
| | | | - Eun Ji Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea
| | - Bomi Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea
| | - Min Kyung So
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medicinal Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sang Gyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea.,Novelty Nobility, Seongnam-si, Korea
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Kefayat A, Amouheidari A, Ghahremani F, Alirezaei Z. Diagnostic and prognostic value of stem cell factor plasma level in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Cancer Med 2021; 10:5154-5162. [PMID: 34250760 PMCID: PMC8335833 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Investigation of novel blood‐circulating agents as potential biomarkers for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients’ diagnosis and monitoring has gained lots of attention, due to limitations of imaging modalities and invasive tissue biopsy procedures. The present study aims to assess the diagnostic and prognostic values of preoperative stem cell factor (SCF) plasma level in GBM patients. Methods Preoperative plasma samples from 58 GBM patients and 20 patients with nonglial tumors and 30 healthy controls were obtained. SCF levels were measured by employing the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test and the values were compared between these three groups. Then, the association of SCF plasma level and tumor volume, progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) for the GBM patients were evaluated. Results Mean preoperative SCF plasma level of the GBM patients (2.80 ± 1.52 ng/ml) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than the healthy controls (0.80 ± 0.24 ng/ml) and patients with nonglial tumor (1.41 ± 0.76 ng/ml). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the preoperative SCF plasma level could distinguish the GBM patients from healthy controls and patients with nonglial tumors with the area under curve values of 0.915 and 0.790, respectively. However, no significant association was observed between the GBM patients’ preoperative SCF plasma levels and tumors’ volume (Spearman Rho correlation coefficient, 0.1847; 95% CI, p = 0.1652). The GBM patients were divided into two subgroups based on mean preoperative SCF plasma levels (2.80 ng/ml). No significant difference was observed between the patients’ PFS (p = 0.3792) and OS (p = 0.1469) at these two subgroups. Conclusion Taking together, the SCF plasma level can serve as a novel diagnostic blood‐circulating biomarker for patients with GBM. However, its plasma level is not correlated with GBM patients’ tumor volume, PFS, or OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Kefayat
- Department of Oncology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiotherapy, School of Paramedicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Alirezaei
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiotherapy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Su B, Huang T, Jin Y, Yin H, Qiu H, Yuan X. Apatinib exhibits synergistic effect with pyrotinib and reverses acquired pyrotinib resistance in HER2-positive gastric cancer via stem cell factor/c-kit signaling and its downstream pathways. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:352-367. [PMID: 33030616 PMCID: PMC7902570 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, progress has been made in the development of targeted therapies for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive gastric cancer (GC). However, drug resistance has severely limited the efficacy of anti-HER2 therapies. Pyrotinib is a novel pan-HER inhibitor. Although it is effective in HER2-positive GC treatment, its efficacy in combination with apatinib and associated resistance mechanisms in HER2-positive GC remains unclear. METHODS In this study, the combination effects of pyrotinib and apatinib were examined in two pyrotinib-sensitive GC cells and xenografts. The RNA sequencing was used to determine the underlying mechanisms of acquired pyrotinib resistance. The role of imatinib and apatinib in reversing pyrotinib resistance was tested in pyrotinib-resistant cells and xenografts. RESULTS Here, we reported that a combination of pyrotinib and apatinib exhibits synergistic effect in HER2-positive NCI-N87 xenografts, and showed enhanced antitumor efficacy in HER2-positive GC, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, up-regulation of the stem cell factor (SCF) levels, and the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways was associated with acquired pyrotinib resistance in HER2-positive GC. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the activation of the SCF/c-kit signaling and its downstream PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways mediated pyrotinib resistance by promoting cell survival and proliferation. Imatinib and apatinib augmented the sensitivity of pyrotinib-resistant cells and xenografts to pyrotinib, by blocking SCF/c-kit signaling. CONCLUSION These results highlight the effectiveness of pyrotinib combined with apatinib in HER2-positive GC and acquired pyrotinib resistance, thus providing a theoretical basis for new treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Su
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Han Yin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
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Arolt C, Meyer M, Hoffmann F, Wagener-Ryczek S, Schwarz D, Nachtsheim L, Beutner D, Odenthal M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Buettner R, von Eggeling F, Klußmann JP, Quaas A. Expression Profiling of Extracellular Matrix Genes Reveals Global and Entity-Specific Characteristics in Adenoid Cystic, Mucoepidermoid and Salivary Duct Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092466. [PMID: 32878206 PMCID: PMC7564650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The extracellular matrix (ECM), an important factor in tumour metastasis and therapy resistance, has not been studied in salivary gland carcinomas (SGC), so far. In this retrospective study, we profiled the RNA expression of 28 ECM-related genes in 11 adenoid cystic (AdCy), 14 mucoepidermoid (MuEp) and 9 salivary duct carcinomas (SaDu). Also, we validated our results in a multimodal approach. MuEp and SaDu shared a common gene signature involving an overexpression of COL11A1. In contrast, nonhierarchical clustering revealed a more specific gene expression pattern for AdCy, characterized by overexpression of COL27A1. In situ studies at RNA level indicated that in AdCy, ECM production results from tumour cells and not from cancer-associated fibroblasts as is the case in MuEp and SaDu. For the first time, we characterized the ECM composition in SGC and identified several differentially expressed genes, which are potential therapeutic targets. Abstract The composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a pivotal role in tumour initiation, metastasis and therapy resistance. Until now, the ECM composition of salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) has not been studied. We quantitatively analysed the mRNA of 28 ECM-related genes of 34 adenoid cystic (AdCy; n = 11), mucoepidermoid (MuEp; n = 14) and salivary duct carcinomas (SaDu; n = 9). An incremental overexpression of six collagens (including COL11A1) and four glycoproteins from MuEp and SaDu suggested a common ECM alteration. Conversely, AdCy and MuEp displayed a distinct overexpression of COL27A1 and LAMB3, respectively. Nonhierarchical clustering and principal component analysis revealed a more specific pattern for AdCy with low expression of the common gene signature. In situ studies at the RNA and protein level confirmed these results and indicated that, in contrast to MuEp and SaDu, ECM production in AdCy results from tumour cells and not from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Our findings reveal different modes of ECM production leading to common and distinct RNA signatures in SGC. Of note, an overexpression of COL27A1, as in AdCy, has not been linked to any other neoplasm so far. Here, we contribute to the dissection of the ECM composition in SGC and identified a panel of deferentially expressed genes, which could be putative targets for SGC therapy and overcoming therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Arolt
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.-R.); (M.O.); (R.B.); (A.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-478-4726
| | - Moritz Meyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.M.); (D.S.); (L.N.); (J.P.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, MALDI Imaging and Innovative Biophotonics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Svenja Wagener-Ryczek
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.-R.); (M.O.); (R.B.); (A.Q.)
| | - David Schwarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.M.); (D.S.); (L.N.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Lisa Nachtsheim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.M.); (D.S.); (L.N.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Dirk Beutner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Margarete Odenthal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.-R.); (M.O.); (R.B.); (A.Q.)
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.-R.); (M.O.); (R.B.); (A.Q.)
| | - Ferdinand von Eggeling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, MALDI Imaging, Core Unit Proteome Analysis, DFG Core Unit Jena Biophotonic and Imaging Laboratory (JBIL), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Jens Peter Klußmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.M.); (D.S.); (L.N.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.-R.); (M.O.); (R.B.); (A.Q.)
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Yang Z, Liu S, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang P, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang P, Tao Z, Xiong K. High expression of KITLG is a new hallmark activating the MAPK pathway in type A and AB thymoma. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:1944-1954. [PMID: 32463597 PMCID: PMC7327682 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KIT proto‐oncogene ligand (KITLG) is a pleiotropic factor which is found in diverse cancers and is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. However, the value of KITLG in thymoma remains unclear. Methods A total of 121 thymoma samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas Thymoma (TCGA‐THYM) dataset were used to analyze KITLG related genome‐wide expression profiles, and microRNA profiles and methylation alterations and a GEO dataset‐GSE29695, including 37 samples was used as verification. For cell‐based studies, specific small interfering RNA targeting KITLG or a KITLG overexpression vector were used to clarify the changes of the MAPK pathway in an AB thymoma cell line Thy0517. Results Both datasets showed that high expression of KITLG was significantly associated with type A and AB thymoma. Through multiomic analysis of the TCGA‐THYM, it was found that with the high expression of KITLG, there were 220 upregulated and 72 downregulated genes at the mRNA level, 79 positive and 78 negative miRNAs, 28 hypermethylation and 163 hypomethylation regions. In the thymoma cell line Thy0517, it was found that the expression of GRB2 and the phosphorylation levels of BRAF, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 in the MAPK pathway were positively correlated with the change in KITLG. Conclusions High expression of KITLG is a new hallmark of WHO type A and AB thymomas in which it might play a critical role through the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Additionally, it is hoped that KITLG will become a potential target for the diagnosis of type A and AB thymoma through further research in the future. Key points Significant findings of the study KIT proto‐oncogene ligand (KITLG) is a new hallmark of type A and AB thymomas which induce a series of aberrant alteration of mRNA, miRNA and DNA methylation. The expression of KITLG is significantly higher in type A and AB than other subtypes of thymoma. What this study adds KITLG activated the MAPK signaling pathway to promote type A and AB thymoma which might be a potential diagnostic biomarker or target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shinan Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yimei Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyou Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Rousselle P, Scoazec JY. Laminin 332 in cancer: When the extracellular matrix turns signals from cell anchorage to cell movement. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:149-165. [PMID: 31639412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Laminin 332 is crucial in the biology of epithelia. This large extracellular matrix protein consists of the heterotrimeric assembly of three subunits - α3, β3, and γ2 - and its multifunctionality relies on a number of extracellular proteolytic processing events. Laminin 332 is central to normal epithelium homeostasis by sustaining cell adhesion, polarity, proliferation, and differentiation. It also supports a major function in epithelial tissue formation, repair, and regeneration by buttressing cell migration and survival and basement membrane assembly. Interest in this protein increased after the discovery that its expression is perturbed in tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the established involvement of the laminin 332 γ2 chain in tumor invasiveness and discusses the role of its α3 and β3 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, F-69367, France.
| | - Jean Yves Scoazec
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France; Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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11
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Schmitt M, Schewe M, Sacchetti A, Feijtel D, van de Geer WS, Teeuwssen M, Sleddens HF, Joosten R, van Royen ME, van de Werken HJG, van Es J, Clevers H, Fodde R. Paneth Cells Respond to Inflammation and Contribute to Tissue Regeneration by Acquiring Stem-like Features through SCF/c-Kit Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2312-2328.e7. [PMID: 30157426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IBD syndromes such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis result from the inflammation of specific intestinal segments. Although many studies have reported on the regenerative response of intestinal progenitor and stem cells to tissue injury, very little is known about the response of differentiated lineages to inflammatory cues. Here, we show that acute inflammation of the mouse small intestine is followed by a dramatic loss of Lgr5+ stem cells. Instead, Paneth cells re-enter the cell cycle, lose their secretory expression signature, and acquire stem-like properties, thus contributing to the tissue regenerative response to inflammation. Stem cell factor secretion upon inflammation triggers signaling through the c-Kit receptor and a cascade of downstream events culminating in GSK3β inhibition and Wnt activation in Paneth cells. Hence, the plasticity of the intestinal epithelium in response to inflammation goes well beyond stem and progenitor cells and extends to the fully differentiated and post-mitotic Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schmitt
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schewe
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Feijtel
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wesley S van de Geer
- Cancer Computational Biology Center and Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Teeuwssen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hein F Sleddens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Joosten
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- Cancer Computational Biology Center and Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Princess Maxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Princess Maxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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12
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Discovery of the Oncogenic Parp1, a Target of bcr-abl and a Potential Therapeutic, in mir-181a/PPFIA1 Signaling Pathway. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:1-14. [PMID: 30825668 PMCID: PMC6393709 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
miR-181a is downregulated in leukemia and affects its progression, drug resistance, and prognosis. However, the exact mechanism of its targets in leukemia, particularly in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), has not previously been established. Here, we use a multi-omics approach to demonstrate that protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, f polypeptide, leukocyte common antigen (LAR) interacting protein (liprin), alpha 1 (PPFIA1) is a direct target for miR-181a in CML. Phospho-array assay shows that multiple phosphorylated proteins, particularly KIT signaling molecules, were downregulated in PPFIA1 inhibition. Additionally, PPFIA1 bound PARP1, a common molecule downstream of both PPFIA1 and BCR/ABL, to upregulate KIT protein through activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-P65 expression. Targeted inhibition of PPFIA1 and PARP1 downregulated c-KIT level, inhibited CML cell growth, and prolonged mouse survival. Overall, we report a critical regulatory miR-181a/PPFIA1/PARP1/NF-κB-P65/KIT axis in CML, and our preclinical study supports that targeted PPFIA1 and PARP1 may serve as a potential CML therapy.
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13
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Guo M, You C, Dou J. Role of transmembrane glycoprotein mucin 1 (MUC1) in various types of colorectal cancer and therapies: Current research status and updates. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1318-1325. [PMID: 30257347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world. In recent years, the morbidity and mortality of CRC have increased in the world due to increasingly ageing population, modern dietary habits, environmental change, genetic disorders and chronic intestinal inflammation. Despite recent advances in earlier detection and improvements in chemotherapy, the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic CRC remains low. Therefore, novel effective treatment strategies for primary or metastatic CRC have emerged to enhance cure rate as well as elongation of patient's survival. Immunotherapy has been proposed for a potentially effective therapeutic approach to the treatment of CRC. Tumor vaccination in preclinical and clinical studies has supported the antitumor activity induced by immunization with CRC cell vaccines. Epithelial cell molecule Mucin 1 (MUC1), a transmembrane glycoprotein aberrantly overexpressed in various cancers including CRC, has been used as a candidate target antigen in the peptide, dendritic cell, and whole tumor vaccines. Several clinical trials in progress reveal the immunogenicity and suitability of MUC1 that acted as immunotherapeutic vaccines for CRC/colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSC). The present review summarizes the potential roles of MUC1 on CRC/CCSC vaccines according to the latest data. Moreover, this review also discusses the novel strategies for targeting CCSC via inducing an immune response against MUC1 to achieve the best prevention and treatment effects in animal models and clinical trails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chengzhong You
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Dou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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14
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Wang J, Li XM, Bai Z, Chi BX, Wei Y, Chen X. Curcumol induces cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells via reactive oxygen species and Akt/ GSK3β/cyclin D1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:1-9. [PMID: 28684297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee & C. F. Liang (Guangxi ezhu, in Chinese) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, has been used as a traditionally Chinese medicine nearly 2000 year. Curcumol is one of the guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid hemiketal isolated from medicine plant Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee & C. F. Liang, which has been reported possesses anti-cancer effects. Our previous study found that the most contribution to inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth was curcumol. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effect of curcumol on cell cycle arrest against human colon cancer cells (CRC) cells (LoVo and SW480) and explore its mechanism in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Curcumol was dissolved in absolute ethyl alcohol. The concentration of absolute ethyl alcohol in the control group or in experimental samples was always 1/500 (v/v) of the final medium volume. LoVo and SW480 cells were treated with different concentrations of curcumol (0, 53, 106, 212 and 424μM). And then the cell cycle of each group was examined by flow cytometry. The protein levels of PI3K, p-Akt, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4 and GSK3β were determined by Western blot. The mRNA expression of PI3K, Akt, cyclin D1, CDK4, P27, p21, and P16 in the treated cells were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. In addition, the antitumor activity of curcumol was evaluated in nude mice bearing orthotopic tumor implants. RESULTS Curcumol induced cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase. RT-qPCR and Western blot data showed that curcumol enhanced the expression of GSK3β, P27, p21 and P16, and decreased the levels of PI3K, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), cyclin D1, CDK4, cyclin E and CDK2. Furthermore, curcumol induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in LoVo cells, and ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly reversed curcumol-induced cell growth inhibition. Besides, curcumol also prevented the growth of human colon cancer cells xenografts in nude mouse, accompanied by the reduction of PI3K, Akt, cyclin D1, CDK4, cycln E and significant increase of GSK3β. CONCLUSIONS Curcumol caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase by ROS production and Akt/ GSK3β/cyclin D1 pathways inactivation, indicating the potential of curcumol in the prevention of colon cancer carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Chang sha 410008, China; College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xu-Mei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhun Bai
- Intensive Care Unit, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Bi-Xia Chi
- Digestive System Department, The Frist People's Hospital of YueYang, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Yan Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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15
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Wang X, Dong J, Jia L, Zhao T, Lang M, Li Z, Lan C, Li X, Hao J, Wang H, Qin T, Huang C, Yang S, Yu M, Ren H. HIF-2-dependent expression of stem cell factor promotes metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Eberle F, Leinberger FH, Saulich MF, Seeger W, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Hänze J, Hattar K, Dikomey E, Subtil FS. In cancer cell lines inhibition of SCF/c-Kit pathway leads to radiosensitization only when SCF is strongly over-expressed. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017; 2:69-75. [PMID: 29658004 PMCID: PMC5893519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The SCF/c-Kit pathway is often overexpressed in human tumors leading to an enhanced tumorigenesis, proliferation and migration. It was now tested for NSCLC and prostate cancer cells growing in 2D and 3D whether the inhibition of this pathway can be used to achieve a significant radiosensitization and whether a respective biomarker may be identified. Material and methods Experiments were performed with different cancer cell lines (NSCLC: H23, H520, H226, H1975 and PrCa: DU145) growing either under 2D or 3D conditions. Expression of SCF and c-Kit was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot, SCF was knocked down by siRNA, c-Kit was inhibited by ISCK03 inhibitor and cell survival was determined by colony formation assay. Results There is a profound variation in the expression of both c-Kit and SCF with no association between each other. Neither levels did correlate with the respective cellular radiosensitivity determined for 2D or 3D with only a trend seen for SCF. Knock-down of SCF was generally found to result in no or only minor reduction of plating efficiency or cellular radioresistance. A significant reduction was only obtained for H520 cells characterized by an extreme over-expression of SCF. The inhibition of c-Kit by a specific inhibitor was also found to result only in minor radiosensitization. Conclusion Generally, the SCF/c-Kit pathway does not have a dominant effect on both, cell survival and radioresponse and, as a consequence, knockdown of this pathway does not result in a strong effect on radioresistance, except when SCF is strongly over-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Eberle
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstraße, D-35034 Marburg, Germany. Fax: +49 6421 58 66426.at: Department of Radiotherapy and RadiooncologyPhilipps-UniversityBaldingerstraßeD-35034 MarburgGermany
| | | | - Miriam F. Saulich
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Engenhart-Cabillic
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hänze
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Hattar
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, Universities of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Dikomey
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florentine S.B. Subtil
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstraße, D-35034 Marburg, Germany. Fax: +49 6421 58 66426.at: Department of Radiotherapy and RadiooncologyPhilipps-UniversityBaldingerstraßeD-35034 MarburgGermany
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17
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Patel JN, Villadolid J. Cancer Drug Delivery. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in cancer drug delivery have led to the development of personalized oncology care through molecularly-driven targeted therapies. Understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms which drive tumor progression and resistance is critical in managing new treatment strategies which have shifted from empiric to biomarker-directed therapy selection. Biomarker-directed therapies have improved clinical outcomes in multiple malignancies as monotherapy and in combination with other treatment modalities, however the changing scope of treatment options presents new opportunities and challenges for research. Furthermore, pharmacogenetics may provide a rationale method of personalizing anticancer drug dosing and supportive care management for oncology patients. This chapter reviews biomarker classifications and pharmacogenetics in anticancer therapy and supportive care. Examples of biomarker-directed therapies and clinical assays, in addition to future directions of molecular profiling in oncology therapy management are discussed.
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18
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Vazquez-Mellado MJ, Monjaras-Embriz V, Rocha-Zavaleta L. Erythropoietin, Stem Cell Factor, and Cancer Cell Migration. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Callahan R, Chestnut BA, Raafat A. Original Research: Featured Article: Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) inhibits Notch and c-Myc signaling: Five-day treatment permanently rescues mammary development. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:53-67. [PMID: 27550925 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216665175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wap-Int3 transgenic females expressing the Notch4 intracellular domain (designated Int3) from the whey acidic protein promoter exhibit two phenotypes in the mammary gland: blockage of lobuloalveolar development and lactation, and tumor development with 100% penetrance. Previously, we have shown that treatment of Wap-Int3 tumor bearing mice with Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is associated with complete regression of the tumor. In the present study, we show that treatment of Wap-Int3 mice during day 1 through day 6 of pregnancy with Gleevec leads to the restoration of their lobuloalveolar development and ability to lactate in subsequent pregnancies in absence of Gleevec treatment. In addition, these mice do not develop mammary tumors. We investigated the mechanism for Gleevec regulation of Notch signaling and found that Gleevec treatment results in a loss of Int3 protein but not of Int3 mRNA in HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells expressing Int3. The addition of MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, shows increased ubiquitination of Int3 in the presence of Gleevec. Thus, Gleevec affects the stability of Int3 by promoting the degradation of Int3 via E3 ubiquitin ligases targeting it for the proteasome degradation. Gleevec is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts on c-Kit and PDGFR. Therefore, we investigated the downstream substrate kinase GSK3β to ascertain the possible role that this kinase might play in the stability of Int3. Data show that Gleevec degradation of Int3 is GSK3β dependent. We have expanded our study of the effects Gleevec has on tumorigenesis of other oncogenes. We have found that anchorage-independent growth of HC11-c-Myc cells as well as tumor growth in nude mice is inhibited by Gleevec treatment. As with Int3, Gleevec treatment appears to destabilize the c-Myc protein but not mRNA. These results indicate that Gleevec could be a potential therapeutic drug for patients bearing Notch4 and/or c-Myc positive breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Callahan
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Barry A Chestnut
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ahmed Raafat
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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20
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Tan J, Yang S, Shen P, Sun H, Xiao J, Wang Y, Wu B, Ji F, Yan J, Xue H, Zhou D. C-kit signaling promotes proliferation and invasion of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma in a murine model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27037-48. [PMID: 26356816 PMCID: PMC4694972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It was reported that the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family often highly expressed in several mucinous carcinomas. In the present study, we established a murine model of colorectal mucinous adenocardinoma (CRMAC) by treating C57 mice [both wild type (WT) and loss-of-function c-kit mutant type (Wads-/-)] with AOM+DSS for 37 weeks and found that c-kit, a member of RTK family, clearly enhanced the tumor cell proliferation by decreasing p53 and increasing cyclin D1 through AKT pathway. Significantly, c-kit strongly promoted tumor cell invasiveness by increasing ETV4, which induced MMP7 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via ERK pathway. In vitro up- or down-regulating c-kit activation in human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells further consolidated these results. In conclusion, our data suggested that the c-kit signaling obviously promoted proliferation and invasion of CRMAC. Therefore, targeting the c-kit signaling and its downstream molecules might provide the potential strategies for treatment of patients suffering from CRMAC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Ping Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Haimei Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Fengqing Ji
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xue
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Deshan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
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21
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Patel JN, Ersek JL, Kim ES. Lung cancer biomarkers, targeted therapies and clinical assays. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 4:503-14. [PMID: 26629419 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the majority of genomic cancer research has been in discovery and validation; however, as our knowledge of tumor molecular profiling improves, the idea of genomic application in the clinic becomes increasingly tangible, paralleled with the drug development of newer targeted therapies. A number of profiling methodologies exist to identify biomarkers found within the patient (germ-line DNA) and tumor (somatic DNA). Subsequently, commercially available clinical assays to test for both germ-line and somatic alterations that are prognostic and/or predictive of disease outcome, toxicity or treatment response have significantly increased. This review aims to summarize clinically relevant cancer biomarkers that serve as targets for therapy and their potential relationship to lung cancer. In order to realize the full potential of genomic cancer medicine, it is imperative that clinicians understand these intricate molecular pathways, the therapeutic implication of mutations within these pathways, and the availability of clinical assays to identify such biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai N Patel
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ersek
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Edward S Kim
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
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22
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Fukazawa S, Shinto E, Tsuda H, Ueno H, Shikina A, Kajiwara Y, Yamamoto J, Hase K. Laminin β3 expression as a prognostic factor and a predictive marker of chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 45:533-40. [PMID: 25770060 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laminin-332, a marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is composed of a heterotrimer of α3, β3 and γ2 chains that regulates cell adhesion and migration. This study aimed to disclose the respective clinical significance of laminin β3 immunoexpression in colorectal cancer as a prognostic factor and a predictive marker of chemoresistance. METHODS Tissue specimens from 323 Stage II and 232 Stage III colorectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection were assessed using laminin β3 immunostaining. RESULTS Among Stage III colorectal cancer patients, comparisons of 5-year disease-free survival rates revealed a poorer prognosis for the laminin β3-high group than for the laminin β3-low group (52.3 vs. 70.7%, P = 0.038), while there was no significant difference among Stage II patients. Among laminin β3-low Stage III patients, those who received adjuvant chemotherapy showed marginally better disease-free survival than those who did not receive it (75.8 vs. 62.8%; P = 0.096). Furthermore, multivariate analysis corroborated a distinct benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in laminin β3-low patients (P = 0.035; hazard risk ratio = 1.66). Analyses of the laminin β3-high group, however, failed to show significance. CONCLUSIONS Laminin β3 chain immunoreactivity was a poor prognostic factor for Stage III colorectal cancer patients, and laminin β3-high patients of Stage III colorectal cancer derived no survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Fukazawa
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama
| | - Eiji Shinto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama
| | - Atsushi Shikina
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama
| | - Yoshiki Kajiwara
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama
| | - Junji Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama
| | - Kazuo Hase
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama
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23
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Dandawate P, Padhye S, Ahmad A, Sarkar FH. Novel strategies targeting cancer stem cells through phytochemicals and their analogs. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:165-82. [PMID: 24076568 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cells that exist within a tumor with a capacity of self-renewal and an ability to differentiate, giving rise to heterogeneous populations of cancer cells. These cells are increasingly being implicated in resistance to conventional therapeutics and have also been implicated in tumor recurrence. Several cellular signaling pathways including Notch, Wnt, phosphoinositide-3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathways, and known markers such as CD44, CD133, CD166, ALDH, etc. have been associated with CSCs. Here, we have reviewed our current understanding of self-renewal pathways and factors that help in the survival of CSCs with special emphasis on those that have been documented to be modulated by well characterized natural agents such as curcumin, sulforaphane, resveratrol, genistein, and epigallocatechin gallate. With the inclusion of a novel derivative of curcumin, CDF, we showcase how natural agents can be effectively modified to increase their efficacy, particularly against CSCs. We hope that this article will generate interest among researchers for further mechanistic and clinical studies exploiting the cancer preventive and therapeutic role of nutraceuticals by targeted elimination of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Dandawate
- ISTRA, Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India
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24
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a deadly disease because of late diagnosis and chemoresistance. We aimed to find a panel of serum cytokines representing diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. METHODS A cytokine antibody array was performed to simultaneously identify 507 cytokines in sera of patients with pancreatic cancer and healthy controls. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to pairwise compare the controls, the pretreated patients, and the posttreated patients. Fold changes greater than or equal to 1.5 or less than or equal to 1/1.5 were considered significant. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the performance of the model. A leave-one-out cross-validation was used for estimating prediction error. RESULTS Comparing the sera of pretreated patients against the control samples, the cytokines fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10/keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 interferon inducible T cell alpha chemokine (I-TAC)/chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 11 (CXCL11), oncostatin M (OSM), osteoactivin/glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B, and stem cell factor (SCF) were found significantly overexpressed. Besides, the cytokines CD30 ligand/tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 8 (TNFSF8), chordin-like 2, FGF-10/KGF-2, growth/differentiation factor 15, I-TAC/CXCL11, OSM, and SCF were differentially expressed in response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS We propose a role for FGF-10/KGF-2, I-TAC/CXCL11, OSM, osteoactivin/glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B, and SCF as novel diagnostic biomarkers. CD30 ligand/TNFSF8, chordin-like 2, FGF-10/KGF-2, growth/differentiation factor 15, I-TAC/CXCL11, OSM, and SCF might represent as predictive biomarkers for gemcitabine and erlotinib response of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Yang S, Li WS, Dong F, Sun HM, Wu B, Tan J, Zou WJ, Zhou DS. KITLG is a novel target of miR-34c that is associated with the inhibition of growth and invasion in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2092-102. [PMID: 25213795 PMCID: PMC4244023 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-34c is considered a potent tumour suppressor because of its negative regulation of multiple target mRNAs that are critically associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. In the present study, we demonstrated a novel target of miR-34c, KITLG, which has been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC). First, we found a significant negative relationship between miR-34c and KITLG mRNA expression levels in CRC cell lines, including HT-29, HCT-116, SW480 and SW620 CRC cell lines. In silico analysis predicted putative binding sites for miR-34c in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of KITLG mRNA. A dual-luciferase reporter assay further confirmed that KITLG is a direct target of miR-34c. Then, the cell lines were infected with lentiviruses expressing miR-34c or a miR-34c specific inhibitor. Restoration of miR-34c dramatically reduced the expression of KITLG mRNA and protein, while silencing of endogenous miR-34c increased the expression of KITLG protein. The miR-34c-mediated down-regulation of KITLG was associated with the suppression on proliferation, cellular transformation, migration and invasion of CRC cells, as well as the promotion on apoptosis. Knockdown of KITLG by its specific siRNA confirmed a critical role of KITLG down-regulation for the tumour-suppressive effects of miR-34c in CRC cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that miR-34c might interfere with KITLG-related CRC and could be a novel molecular target for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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26
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Franco-Murillo Y, Miranda-Rodríguez JA, Rendón-Huerta E, Montaño LF, Cornejo GV, Gómez LP, Valdez-Morales FJ, Gonzalez-Sanchez I, Cerbón M. Unremitting cell proliferation in the secretory phase of eutopic endometriosis: involvement of pAkt and pGSK3β. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:502-10. [PMID: 25194152 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114549843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometriosis is linked to altered cell proliferation and stem cell markers c-kit/stem cell factor (SCF) in ectopic endometrium. Our aim was to investigate whether c-kit/SCF also plays a role in eutopic endometrium. DESIGN Eutopic endometrium obtained from 35 women with endometriosis and 25 fertile eumenorrheic women was analyzed for in situ expression of SCF/c-kit, Ki67, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), phosphorylated RAC-alpha serine/threonin-protein kinase (pAkt), Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (pGSK3β), throughout the menstrual cycle. RESULTS Expression of Ki67 and SCF was higher in endometriosis than in control tissue (P < .05) and greater in secretory rather than proliferative (P < .01) endometrium in endometriosis. Expression of c-kit was also higher in endometriosis although similar in both phases. Expression of Akt and GSK3β was identical in all samples and cycle phases, whereas pAkt and pGSK3β, opposed to control tissue, remained overexpressed in the secretory phase in endometriosis. CONCLUSION Unceasing cell proliferation in the secretory phase of eutopic endometriosis is linked to deregulation of c-kit/SCF-associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanira Franco-Murillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | | | - Erika Rendón-Huerta
- Departamento Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | - Luis F Montaño
- Departamento Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | | | - Lucila Poblano Gómez
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Español, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | | | - Ignacio Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
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Siemens H, Jackstadt R, Kaller M, Hermeking H. Repression of c-Kit by p53 is mediated by miR-34 and is associated with reduced chemoresistance, migration and stemness. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1399-415. [PMID: 24009080 PMCID: PMC3824539 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase is commonly over-expressed in different types of cancer. p53 activation is known to result in the down-regulation of c-Kit. However, the underlying mechanism has remained unknown. Here, we show that the p53-induced miR-34 microRNA family mediates repression of c-Kit by p53 via a conserved seed-matching sequence in the c-Kit 3'-UTR. Ectopic miR-34a resulted in a decrease in Erk signaling and transformation, which was dependent on the down-regulation of c-Kit expression. Furthermore, ectopic expression of c-Kit conferred resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), whereas ectopic miR-34a sensitized the cells to 5-FU. After stimulation with c-Kit ligand/stem cell factor (SCF) Colo320 CRC cells displayed increased migration/invasion, whereas ectopic miR-34a inhibited SCF-induced migration/invasion. Activation of a conditional c-Kit allele induced several stemness markers in DLD-1 CRC cells. In primary CRC samples elevated c-Kit expression also showed a positive correlation with markers of stemness, such as Lgr5, CD44, OLFM4, BMI-1 and β-catenin. On the contrary, activation of a conditional miR-34a allele in DLD-1 cells diminished the expression of c-Kit and several stemness markers (CD44, Lgr5 and BMI-1) and suppressed sphere formation. MiR-34a also suppressed enhanced sphere-formation after exposure to SCF. Taken together, our data establish c-Kit as a new direct target of miR-34 and demonstrate that this regulation interferes with several c-Kit-mediated effects on cancer cells. Therefore, this regulation may be potentially relevant for future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Siemens
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-80337 Munich, Germany
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Mainetti LE, Zhe X, Diedrich J, Saliganan AD, Cho WJ, Cher ML, Heath E, Fridman R, Kim HRC, Bonfil RD. Bone-induced c-kit expression in prostate cancer: a driver of intraosseous tumor growth. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:11-20. [PMID: 24798488 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of BRCA2 function stimulates prostate cancer (PCa) cell invasion and is associated with more aggressive and metastatic tumors in PCa patients. Concurrently, the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit is highly expressed in skeletal metastases of PCa patients and induced in PCa cells placed into the bone microenvironment in experimental models. However, the precise requirement of c-kit for intraosseous growth of PCa and its relation to BRCA2 expression remain unexplored. Here, we show that c-kit expression promotes migration and invasion of PCa cells. Alongside, we found that c-kit expression in PCa cells parallels BRCA2 downregulation. Gene rescue experiments with human BRCA2 transgene in c-kit-transfected PCa cells resulted in reduction of c-kit protein expression and migration and invasion, suggesting a functional significance of BRCA2 downregulation by c-kit. The inverse association between c-kit and BRCA2 gene expressions in PCa cells was confirmed using laser capture microdissection in experimental intraosseous tumors and bone metastases of PCa patients. Inhibition of bone-induced c-kit expression in PCa cells transduced with lentiviral short hairpin RNA reduced intraosseous tumor incidence and growth. Overall, our results provide evidence of a novel pathway that links bone-induced c-kit expression in PCa cells to BRCA2 downregulation and supports bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro E Mainetti
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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Liu R, Hu LL, Sun A, Cao YJ, Tang T, Zhang XP, Zhang QH. mRNA expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and type 2 diabetes. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:318-24. [PMID: 24751329 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increasing studies show that messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of local IGF-system are overexpressed in cancer tissue of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the influence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) mRNA in colorectal cancer tissue and adjacent non-cancerous tissue (ANCT) is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess mRNA expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in paired samples of cancer tissue and ANCT between colorectal adenocarcinoma (CA) patients with and without T2DM. METHODS To quantify the levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA in CA, we analyzed the expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA levels in paired samples of cancer tissue and ANCT in CA patients with and without T2DM using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS mRNA levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R were significantly higher in cancer tissue compared with its ANCT in CA patients with and without T2DM. Compared with the CA group, significantly higher levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA were observed in cancer tissue in CA with T2DM group. No significant differences were observed in the role of cancer locations, Dukes stages and diabetes duration on mRNA expression of IGF-1. After adjusting for age, gender and Dukes stages, multivariate analysis indicated IGF-1 mRNA level was a risk factor for prognosis (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that IGF system plays an important role in CRC. Further larger studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Li-Ling Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ao Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ya-Jing Cao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xi-Peng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qing-Huai Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
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Lu YX, Yuan L, Xue XL, Zhou M, Liu Y, Zhang C, Li JP, Zheng L, Hong M, Li XN. Regulation of colorectal carcinoma stemness, growth, and metastasis by an miR-200c-Sox2-negative feedback loop mechanism. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2631-42. [PMID: 24658157 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate a novel mechanism of miR-200c in the regulation of stemness, growth, and metastasis in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to quantify miR-200c expression in CRC cell lines and tissues. A luciferase assay was adopted for the target evaluation. The functional effects of miR-200c in CRC cells were assessed by its forced or inhibited expression using lentiviruses. RESULTS MiR-200c was statistically lower in CRC clinical specimens and highly metastatic CRC cell lines compared with their counterparts. Sox2 was validated as a target for miR-200c. The knockdown of miR-200c significantly enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion in CRC cell lines, whereas the upregulation of miR-200c exhibited an inverse effect. Moreover, rescue of Sox2 expression could abolish the effect of the upregulation of miR-200c. In addition, the reduction of miR-200c increased the expression of CRC stem cell markers and the sphere-forming capacity of CRC cell lines. Further study has shown that miR-200c and Sox2 reciprocally control their expression through a feedback loop. MiR-200c suppresses the expression of Sox2 to block the activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that miR-200c regulates Sox2 expression through a feedback loop and is associated with CRC stemness, growth, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Lu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Xue
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ping Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Hong
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Nong Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Liu F, Cao X, Liu Z, Guo H, Ren K, Quan M, Zhou Y, Xiang H, Cao J. Casticin suppresses self-renewal and invasion of lung cancer stem-like cells from A549 cells through down-regulation of pAkt. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:15-21. [PMID: 24247269 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of cancer stem cells is recognized as the cause of tumorigenesis and spreading. To investigate the effects of casticin (5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone), derived from Fructus Viticis Simplicifoliae, on lung cancer stem cells, we isolated and identified a subpopulation of lung cancer stem-like cells (LCSLCs) from non-small-cell lung carcinoma A549 cells with the features including self-renewal capacity and high invasiveness in vitro, elevated tumorigenic activity in vivo, and high expression of stemness markers CD133, CD44, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), using serum-free suspension sphere-forming culture method. We then found that casticin could suppress the proliferation of LCSLCs in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 0.4 μmol/L, being much stronger than that in parental A549 cells. In addition, casticin could suppress the self-renewal and invasion of LCSLCs concomitant with decreased CD133, CD44, and ALDH1 protein expression and reduced MMP-9 activity. Further experiments showed that casticin suppressed self-renewal and invasion at least partly through down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, casticin suppressed the characteristics of LCSLCs, suggesting that casticin may be a candidate compound for curing lung cancer via eliminating cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
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32
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Zhang X, Kyo S, Nakamura M, Mizumoto Y, Maida Y, Bono Y, Takakura M, Fujiwara H. Imatinib sensitizes endometrial cancer cells to cisplatin by targeting CD117-positive growth-competent cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:106-14. [PMID: 24333732 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of molecular target therapy has not been established for endometrial cancer. The present study investigated the potential therapeutic strategy of targeting CD117-positive cancer cells as a novel molecular target therapy. FACS-sorted CD117(+) cells isolated from endometrial cancer cell lines (Ishikawa or MFE280 cells) exhibited higher proliferative capacity in vitro and colony forming activity on soft agar, and decreased sensitivity to cisplatin, compared to CD117(-) cells. Immunohistochemical analyses with surgical specimens of endometrial cancers showed that high CD117 expression was tightly linked to advanced FIGO stages, myometrial invasion and histological grade, and was significantly associated with poor overall survival and relapse-free survival (Kaplan-Meier analysis; p<0.001, log-rank test). The Cox-regression hazard model identified high CD117 expression to be an independent prognostic factor for survival (p<0.05). In vitro assay confirmed that stem cell factor (SCF), a ligand of CD117, was produced specifically in CD117(+) cells of endometrial cancer, and the colony-forming activity were abrogated by adding anti-SCF antibody, indicating an SCF-dependent growth property. Imatinib was confirmed to selectively target CD117(+) cells in vitro, and synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor effect of low dose cisplatin in vivo, which showed only modest effects when used as a single use. These findings suggest that CD117 can be a marker of aggressive behavior of cells as well as an independent prognostic marker in endometrial cancer. Targeting of the SCF/CD117 axis by imatinib sensitized endometrial cancer cells to cisplatin, proposing a novel therapeutic strategy for this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasunari Mizumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Maida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yukiko Bono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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Vu NB, Nguyen TT, Tran LCD, Do CD, Nguyen BH, Phan NK, Pham PV. Doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil resistant hepatic cancer cells demonstrate stem-like properties. Cytotechnology 2013; 65:491-503. [PMID: 23104270 PMCID: PMC3720974 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is very low because of the high percentage of recurrence and resistance to anticancer agents. Hepatic cancer stem cells (HCSCs) are considered the origin of such recurrence and resistance. Our aim was to evaluate the stemness of doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil resistant hepatic cancer cells and establish the new method to isolate the HCSCs from primary cultured HCC tumors. HCC biopsies were used to establish primary cultures. Then, primary cells were selected for HCSCs by culture in medium supplemented with doxorubicin (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 μg/mL), 5-fluorouracil (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 μg/mL) or their combination. Selection was confirmed by detection of HCSC markers such as CD133, CD13, CD90, and the side population was identified by rhodamine 123 efflux. The cell population with the strongest expression of these markers was used to evaluate the cell cycle, gene expression profile, tumor sphere formation, marker protein expression, and in vivo tumorigenesis. Selective culture of primary cells in medium supplemented with 0.5 μg/mL doxorubicin and 1 μg/mL 5-fluorouracil selected cancer cells with the highest stemness properties. Selected cells strongly expressed CD13, CD133, CD90, and CD326, efflux rhodamine 123 and formed tumor spheres in suspension. Moreover, selected cells were induced to differentiate into cells with high expression of CD19 and AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), and importantly, could form tumors in NOD/SCID mice upon injection of 1 × 10(5) cells/mouse. Selective culture with doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil will enrich HCSCs, is an easy method to obtain HCSCs that can be used to develop better therapeutic strategies for patients with HCC, and particularly HCSC-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Bich Vu
- />Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, VNU-HCM, HCM City, Vietnam
| | - Tam Thanh Nguyen
- />Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, VNU-HCM, HCM City, Vietnam
| | - Long Cong-Duy Tran
- />University of Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, HCM City, Vietnam
| | - Cong Dinh Do
- />University of Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, HCM City, Vietnam
| | - Bac Hoang Nguyen
- />University of Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, HCM City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Kim Phan
- />Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, VNU-HCM, HCM City, Vietnam
| | - Phuc Van Pham
- />Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, VNU-HCM, HCM City, Vietnam
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Park M, Kim WK, Song M, Park M, Kim H, Nam HJ, Baek SH, Kim H. Protein kinase C-δ-mediated recycling of active KIT in colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4961-71. [PMID: 23881925 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormal signaling through receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) moieties is important in tumorigenesis and drug targeting of colorectal cancers. Wild-type KIT (WT-KIT), a RTK that is activated upon binding with stem cell factor (SCF), is highly expressed in some colon cancers; however, little is known about the functional role of SCF-dependent KIT activation in colon cancer pathogenesis. We aimed to elucidate the conditions and roles of WT-KIT activation in colon cancer tumorigenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Colorectal cancers with KIT expression were characterized by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The biologic alterations after KIT-SCF binding were analyzed with or without protein kinase C (PKC) activation. RESULTS We found that WT-KIT was expressed in a subset of colon cancer cell lines and was activated by SCF, leading to activation of downstream AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. We also showed that KIT expression gradually decreased, after prolonged SCF stimulation, due to lysosomal degradation. Degradation of WT-KIT after SCF binding was significantly rescued when PKC was activated. We also showed the involvement of activated PKC-δ in the recycling of WT-KIT. We further showed that a subset of colorectal cancers exhibit expressions of both WT-KIT and activated PKC-δ and that expression of KIT is correlated with poor patient survival (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Continuous downstream signal activation after KIT-SCF binding is accomplished through PKC-δ-mediated recycling of KIT. This sustained KIT activation may contribute to tumor progression in a subset of colon cancers with KIT expression and might provide the rationale for a therapeutic approach targeting KIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Park
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine; and Department of Biological Sciences, Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Sánchez-Tena S, Lizárraga D, Miranda A, Vinardell MP, García-García F, Dopazo J, Torres JL, Saura-Calixto F, Capellà G, Cascante M. Grape antioxidant dietary fiber inhibits intestinal polyposis in Apc Min/+ mice: relation to cell cycle and immune response. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1881-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Fan H, Yuan Y, Wang J, Zhou F, Zhang M, Giercksky KE, Nesland JM, Suo Z. CD117 expression in operable oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas predicts worse clinical outcome. Histopathology 2013; 62:1028-37. [PMID: 23570416 PMCID: PMC3712472 DOI: 10.1111/his.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims To investigate the aberrant expression of CD117 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its prognostic significance. Methods and results Immunohistochemical staining for CD117 was performed on tissue microarray and routine tissue sections from 157 oesophageal SCC patients and 10 normal oesophageal epithelia adjacent to tumour. The positive rate of CD117 expression was 29.9% in oesophageal SCC tissues, whereas no CD117 expression was detected in the 10 normal oesophageal epithelia. CD117 expression was significantly associated with T stage (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P = 0.015), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.019), and clinical stage (P = 0.021). Progression-free survival in the patients with CD117-positive tumours was shorter than that in the patients with CD117-negative tumours (P = 0.010). In univariate analyses, CD117 expression was the most significant factor for overall survival of oesophageal SCC patients (P < 0.001), followed by lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), T stage (P = 0.002), clinical stage (P = 0.006), distant metastasis (P = 0.020), and histological grade (P = 0.027). Multivariate analyses verified that CD117 expression was an independent prognostic marker for oesophageal SCC patients (P = 0.002). In addition, CD117 expression predicted poorer survival in patients without distant metastases. Conclusions CD117 expression in operable oesophageal SCC may be a valuable prognostic marker, and detection of its expression in clinical samples may be useful in defining a subclass of oesophageal SCCs with extremely poor clinical outcome, which may require a specially targeted treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Fox MF, Pontier A, Gurbuxani S, Sipkins DA. Stem cell factor expression in B cell malignancies is influenced by the niche. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2274-80. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.777067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ponnurangam S, Standing D, Rangarajan P, Subramaniam D. Tandutinib inhibits the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to inhibit colon cancer growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:598-609. [PMID: 23427297 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The c-Kit receptor can activate distinct signaling pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mTOR. Aberrant c-Kit activation protects cells from apoptosis and enhances invasion of colon carcinoma cells. Tandutinib is a novel quinazoline-based inhibitor of the type III receptor tyrosine kinases including c-Kit. We determined the effect of tandutinib on colon cancer growth and identified a mechanism of action. Tandutinib inhibited phosphorylation of c-Kit, Akt, mTOR, and p70S6 kinase. In addition, tandutinib significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation ability of colon cancer cell lines but did not affect normal colonic epithelial cells. There were increased levels of activated caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio, coupled with a reduction in cyclin D1, suggesting apoptosis. There was also a downregulation of COX-2, VEGF, and interleukin-8 expression, suggesting effects on cancer-promoting genes. In addition, overexpressing constitutively active Akt partially suppressed tandutinib-mediated colon cancer cell growth. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of tandutinib significantly suppressed growth of colon cancer tumor xenografts. There was a reduction in CD31-positive blood vessels, suggesting that there was an effect on angiogenesis. Tandutinib treatment also inhibited the expression of cancer-promoting genes COX-2 and VEGF and suppressed the activation of Akt/mTOR signaling proteins in the xenograft tissues. Together, these data suggest that tandutinib is a novel potent therapeutic agent that can target the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivapriya Ponnurangam
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Wei JJ, Song CW, Sun LC, Yuan Y, Li D, Yan B, Liao SJ, Zhu JH, Wang Q, Zhang GM, Feng ZH. SCF and TLR4 ligand cooperate to augment the tumor-promoting potential of mast cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:303-12. [PMID: 21877248 PMCID: PMC11029793 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells may have either antitumor or tumor-promoting potential. Nevertheless, mast cells in tumor microenvironment have been found to promote tumor growth. So far the mechanisms underlying the modulation of mast cell function in tumor microenvironment remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that tumor-promoting potential of mast cells could be augmented by molecules released from damaged tumor cells through cooperative stimulation of stem cell factor (SCF) and ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Co-simulation with SCF and TLR4 ligand inhibited mast cell degranulation, but efficiently induced the production and secretion of VEGF, PDGF, and IL-10. Although TLR4 ligand alone may induce IL-12 expression in mast cells, co-stimulation with SCF and TLR4 ligand induced the expression of IL-10, but not IL-12, in mast cells. The phosphorylation of GSK3β was crucial for the effect of SCF and TLR4 ligand. In addition to inducing phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser9 through PI3K pathway, SCF and TLR4 ligand cooperated to induce phosphorylation of GSK3β at Tyr216 by simultaneous activation of ERK and p38MAPK pathways. Both phospho-Ser9 and phospho-Tyr216 of GSK3β were required for IL-10 expression induced by SCF/TLR4 ligand, whereas suppressive effect of SCF/TLR4 ligand on mast cell degranulation was related to phospho-Tyr216. Importantly, the effect of SCF and TLR4 ligand on mast cells could be abrogated by inhibiting phosphorylation of GSK3β at Tyr216. These findings disclose the mechanisms underlying the modulation of mast cell function in tumor microenvironment, and suggest that inhibiting GSK3β in mast cells will be beneficial to the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Wang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Cong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Jun Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Hua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
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Synergistic effect of SCF and G-CSF on stem-like properties in prostate cancer cell lines. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:967-78. [PMID: 22252524 PMCID: PMC3401500 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow metastases are formed in the late phases of prostate cancer disease. Stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are present in the microenvironment of the bone marrow and play a vital role in cell biology therein. The present study was to investigate the influence of SCF and G-CSF on stem-like properties in prostate cancer cell lines. Upon stimulation with SCF or G-CSF, higher levels of CD117, ABCG2, and CD44 were observed in PC-3 and DU145 cells examined by flow cytometry. Simultaneously, the expressions of Oct3/4 and Nanog were upregulated. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR verified that the increased Nanog under the stimulations was mostly derived from NANOGP8. In parallel with the increasing expressions of these proteins, higher colony and sphere formation efficiencies were seen in these cells in response to the cytokine stimulations. Furthermore, a synergistic effect of SCF and G-CSF on colony and sphere formations and ABCG2 expression was disclosed. Our results indicate a favorable bone marrow niche for prostate cancer cells where higher levels of cell stemness are maintained at least partly by the cytokines SCF and G-CSF.
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Kim WK, Park M, Kim YK, Tae YK, Yang HK, Lee JM, Kim H. MicroRNA-494 downregulates KIT and inhibits gastrointestinal stromal tumor cell proliferation. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7584-94. [PMID: 22042971 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gain-of-function mutations and KIT overexpression are well-known tumorigenesis mechanisms in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). This study aimed to discover microRNAs (miRNA) that target KIT and reveal the relationship between the discovered miRNAs and KIT expression in GISTs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fresh-frozen GISTs from 31 patients were used to confirm the relationship between miR-494 and KIT expression using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to assess miR-494 expression levels and Western blotting to assess KIT protein expression levels. A luciferase assay was conducted for the target evaluation. The functional effects of miR-494 on GIST882 cells (GIST cell line with activating KIT mutation) were validated by a cell proliferation assay and fluoresce-activated cell sorting analysis. RESULTS An inverse relationship was found between the expression levels of miR-494 and KIT in GISTs (r = -0.490, P = 0.005). The direct targeting of KIT by miR-494 was shown by the reduction in KIT expression after miR-494 overexpression and the increase in KIT expression after inhibiting endogenous miR-494 expression. We showed that miR-494 regulates KIT by binding two different seed match sites. Induced miR-494 overexpression in GIST882 reduced the expression of downstream molecules in KIT signaling transduction pathways, including phospho-AKT and phospho-STAT3. Finally, miR-494 overexpression provoked apoptosis and inhibited GIST cell growth, which were accompanied by changes in G(1) and S phase content. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that miR-494 is a negative regulator of KIT in GISTs and overexpressing miR-494 in GISTs may be a promising approach to GIST treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyu Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei, University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea
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Furuya Y, Wakahara T, Akimoto H, Kishimoto T, Hiroshima K, Yanagie H, Yasuhara H. Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma With Enteroblastic Differentiation of the Ascending Colon. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:e647-e649. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.34.9670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Luo L, Zeng J, Liang B, Zhao Z, Sun L, Cao D, Yang J, Shen K. Ovarian cancer cells with the CD117 phenotype are highly tumorigenic and are related to chemotherapy outcome. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:596-602. [PMID: 21787767 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in the recurrence and drug resistance of cancer. Isolation and characterization of CSCs from ovarian cancer samples may help to provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in the management of recurrent disease and drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Here, we developed a xenograft model in which cells from 14 samples of human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissue or ascites were implanted in immunodeficient mice to test the tumorigenic potential of different populations of ovarian cancer cells. We identified and isolated the tumorigenic cells as CD117(+)Lineage(-) from three different xenografts. As few as 10(3) cells with the CD117(+)Lineage(-) phenotype, which comprise <2% of the xenograft tumor cells, were able to regenerate tumors in a mouse model, a 100-fold increase in tumorigenic potential compared to CD117(-)Lineage(-) cells. The tumors that arose from purified CD117(+)Lineage(-) cells reproduced the original tumor heterogeneity and could be serially generated, demonstrating the ability to self-renew and to differentiate, two defining properties of stem cells. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry analysis of 25 patients with advanced ovarian serous adenocarcinoma revealed positive immunostaining for CD117 in 40% (10 of 25) of patients. CD117 expression was statistically correlated with resistance to conventional chemotherapy (P=0.027). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that human ovarian cancer cells with the CD117(+) phenotype possess the unique properties of CSCs, including self-renewal, differentiation, a high tumorigenic potential, and chemoresistance. Future studies designed to target CD117(+) cancer cells may identify more attractive and effective therapies for treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Rivera S, Rivera C, Loriot Y, Hennequin C, Vozenin MC, Deutsch E. [Cancer stem cells: a new target for lung cancer treatment]. Cancer Radiother 2011; 15:355-64. [PMID: 21664165 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. Understanding lung tumours physiopathology should provide opportunity to prevent tumour development or/and improve their therapeutic management. Cancer stem cell theory refers to a subpopulation of cancer cells also named tumour initiating cells that can drive cancer development. Cells presenting these characteristics have been identified and isolated from lung cancer. Exploring cell markers and signalling pathways specific to lung cancer stem cells may lead to progress in therapy and improve the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Continuous efforts in developing in vitro and in vivo models may yield reliable tools to better understand cancer stem cell abilities and to test new therapeutic targets. Even if some data are in favour of a higher chemo and radioresistance of cancer stem cells this issue remains disputed. Preclinical data on putative cancer stem cell targets are emerging by now. These preliminary studies are critical for the next generation of lung cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rivera
- INSERM 10-30-Radiosensibilité des tumeurs et tissus sains, institut de cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, 114 rue Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France.
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Rivera C, Rivera S, Loriot Y, Vozenin MC, Deutsch E. Lung cancer stem cell: new insights on experimental models and preclinical data. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2011:549181. [PMID: 21209720 PMCID: PMC3010697 DOI: 10.1155/2011/549181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. Understanding lung tumors physiopathology should provide opportunity to prevent tumor development or/and improve their therapeutic management. Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory refers to a subpopulation of cancer cells, also named tumor-initiating cells, that can drive cancer development. Cells presenting these characteristics have been identified and isolated from lung cancer. Exploring cell markers and signaling pathways specific to lung CSCs may lead to progress in therapy and improve the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Continuous efforts in developing in vitro and in vivo models may yield reliable tools to better understand CSC abilities and to test new therapeutic targets. Preclinical data on putative CSC targets are emerging by now. These preliminary studies are critical for the next generation of lung cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rivera
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 “Radiosensibilité des Tumeurs et Tissus Sains”, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Sofia Rivera
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 “Radiosensibilité des Tumeurs et Tissus Sains”, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 “Radiosensibilité des Tumeurs et Tissus Sains”, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 “Radiosensibilité des Tumeurs et Tissus Sains”, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 “Radiosensibilité des Tumeurs et Tissus Sains”, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France
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Ha SA, Kim HK, Yoo J, Kim S, Shin SM, Lee YS, Hur SY, Kim YW, Kim TE, Chung YJ, Jeun SS, Kim DW, Park YG, Kim J, Shin SY, Lee YH, Kim JW. Transdifferentiation-inducing HCCR-1 oncogene. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:49. [PMID: 20591135 PMCID: PMC2909153 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell transdifferentiation is characterized by loss of some phenotypes along with acquisition of new phenotypes in differentiated cells. The differentiated state of a given cell is not irreversible. It depends on the up- and downregulation exerted by specific molecules. Results We report here that HCCR-1, previously shown to play an oncogenic role in human cancers, induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in human and mouse, respectively. The stem cell factor receptor CD117/c-Kit was induced in this transdifferentiated (EMT) sarcoma tissues. This MET occurring in HCCR-1 transfected cells is reminiscent of the transdifferentiation process during nephrogenesis. Indeed, expression of HCCR-1 was observed during the embryonic development of the kidney. This suggests that HCCR-1 might be involved in the transdifferentiation process of cancer stem cell. Conclusions Therefore, we propose that HCCR-1 may be a regulatory factor that stimulates morphogenesis of epithelia or mesenchyme during neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ah Ha
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Catholic Medical Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Liu Q, Li G, Li R, Shen J, He Q, Deng L, Zhang C, Zhang J. IL-6 promotion of glioblastoma cell invasion and angiogenesis in U251 and T98G cell lines. J Neurooncol 2010; 100:165-76. [PMID: 20361349 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qi Lu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Tang Y, Liang X, Zheng M, Zhu Z, Zhu G, Yang J, Chen Y. Expression of c-kit and Slug correlates with invasion and metastasis of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:311-6. [PMID: 20219417 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of c-kit seems to be frequent and specific in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), however, there is little information on correlation between c-kit expression and the invasion and metastasis. Recently, the data showed that Slug, a transcription factor of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT), is a molecular target that contributes to the biological specificity of c-kit signaling pathway. In this study, the expression of c-kit and Slug was evaluated in two ACC cell lines and 121 patients with ACC. The results of real-time RT-PCR and Western blot showed that ACC-2 and ACC-M cell lines expressed c-kit and Slug mRNA and protein. The immunohistochemical assay in patients demonstrated that positive expression of c-kit and Slug was observed in 108/121 (89.26%) and 87/121 (71.90%) of cases, respectively, and that c-kit and Slug expression was significantly associated with tumor site, TNM stage, histological pattern, perineural invasion, local regional recurrence and distant metastasis of patients with ACC (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant association between the positive expression of c-kit and that of Slug (P=0.046). These findings indicated that c-kit/Slug pathway might participate in the invasion and metastasis of salivary ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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Similar developmental patterns in immunolocalisation of stem cell factor and KIT in bovine meso- and metanephros. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:417-24. [PMID: 20165862 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mesonephros is often regarded as a simplified version of the terminal renal organ, the metanephros. Both renal organs result from an epithelio-mesenchymal interaction between the Wolffian duct and the nephrogenic ridge. It appears that the epithelio-mesenchymal interaction makes use of similar signal cascades for both renal organs and that key events required for the development of the metanephros occur at earlier stages. In murine metanephroi, the stem cell factor (SCF)/-KIT-signal transduction pathway has recently been shown to regulate ureteric bud branching and epithelial cell differentiation. We immunohistochemically defined the time-sequence of KIT and SCF presence in both renal organs using bovine embryos/foetuses with crown rump length (CRL) of 1.7-24 cm. In the mesonephroi, epithelial cells with strong KIT staining were scattered in distal tubules, and SCF was expressed in the epithelial wall of corpuscles and proximal tubules. KIT positivity occurred in the metanephroi of embryos prior to SCF; KIT was predominantly localised at the ureteric bud tips in the nephrogenic zone. In foetuses of 13 cm and more CRL, the SCF/KIT profile of developmentally advanced nephrons mirrored the situation in the mesonephros. Epithelial cells with strong KIT staining were scattered in the cortical areas of distal tubules, while SCF was expressed in the epithelial wall of corpuscles and proximal tubules. Our morphological findings agree with a potential role of KIT at the ureteric bud tips and demonstrate a similar expression of KIT and SCF along the areas of developmentally advanced mesonephric and metanephric nephrons.
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Levina V, Marrangoni A, Wang T, Parikh S, Su Y, Herberman R, Lokshin A, Gorelik E. Elimination of human lung cancer stem cells through targeting of the stem cell factor-c-kit autocrine signaling loop. Cancer Res 2009; 70:338-46. [PMID: 20028869 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation and tumor regeneration after chemotherapy. Previously, we showed that chemotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells lines can select for outgrowth of highly tumorigenic and metastatic CSCs. The high malignancy of lung CSCs was associated with an efficient cytokine network. In this study, we provide evidence that blocking stem cell factor (SCF)-c-kit signaling is sufficient to inhibit CSC proliferation and survival promoted by chemotherapy. CSCs were isolated from NSCLC cell lines as tumor spheres under CSC-selective conditions and their stem properties were confirmed. In contrast to other tumor cells, CSCs expressed c-kit receptors and produced SCF. Proliferation of CSCs was inhibited by SCF-neutralizing antibodies or by imatinib (Gleevec), an inhibitor of c-kit. Although cisplatin treatment eliminated the majority of tumor cells, it did not eliminate CSCs, whereas imatinib or anti-SCF antibody destroyed CSCs. Significantly, combining cisplatin with imatinib or anti-SCF antibody prevented the growth of both tumor cell subpopulations. Our findings reveal an important role for the SCF-c-kit signaling axis in self-renewal and proliferation of lung CSCs, and they suggest that SCF-c-kit signaling blockade could improve the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapy of human NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Levina
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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