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Lei C, Yu Y, Zhu Y, Li Y, Ma C, Ding L, Han L, Zhang H. The most recent progress of baicalein in its anti-neoplastic effects and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116862. [PMID: 38850656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Problems, such as toxic side effects and drug resistance of chemoradiotherapy, target therapy and immunotherapy accompanying the current anti-cancer treatments, have become bottlenecks limiting the clinical benefit for patients. Therefore, it is urgent to find promising anti-cancer strategies with higher efficacy and lesser side effects. Baicalein, a flavonoid component derived from the Chinese medicine scutellaria baicalensis, has been widely studied for its remarkable anti-cancer activity in multiple types of malignancies both at the molecular and cellular levels. Baicalein exerts its anti-tumor effects by inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion and migration, inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, as well as regulating cell autophagy, metabolism, the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells with no obvious toxic side effects. The role of classic signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, AMPK, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT3, MMP-2/-9, have been highlighted as the major targets for baicalein exerting its anti-malignant potential. Besides, baicalein can regulate the relevant non-coding RNAs, such as lncRNAs, miRNAs and circ-RNAs, to inhibit tumorigenesis and progression. In addition to the mentioned commonalities, baicalein shows some specific anti-tumor characteristics in some specific cancer types. Moreover, the preclinical studies of the combination of baicalein and chemoradiotherapy pave the way ahead for developing baicalein as an adjunct treatment with chemoradiotherapy. Our aim is to summary the role of baicalein in different types of cancer with its mechanisms based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, hoping providing proof for baicalein serving as an effective and safe compound for cancer treatment in clinic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Lei
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yaya Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yanjuan Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Changju Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lina Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ling Han
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Haibo Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Chen J, Liu J, Cao D. Urine metabolomics for assessing fertility-sparing treatment efficacy in endometrial cancer: a non-invasive approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:583. [PMID: 37940929 PMCID: PMC10634093 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to reveal the urine metabolic change of endometrial cancer (EC) patients during fertility-sparing treatment and establish non-invasive predictive models to identify patients with complete remission (CR). METHOD This study enrolled 20 EC patients prior to treatment (PT) and 22 patients with CR, aged 25-40 years. Eligibility criteria consisted of stage IA high-grade EC, lesions confined to endometrium, normal hepatic and renal function, normal urine test, no contraindication for fertility-sparing treatment and no prior therapy. Urine samples were analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), a technique chosen for its high sensitivity and resolution, allows for rapid, accurate identification and quantification of metabolites, providing a comprehensive metabolic profile and facilitating the discovery of potential biomarkers. Analytical techniques were employed to determine distinct metabolites and altered metabolic pathways. The statistical analyses were performed using univariate and multivariate analyses, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to discover and validate the potential biomarker models. RESULTS A total of 108 different urine metabolomes were identified between CR and PT groups. These metabolites were enriched in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, one carbon pool by folate, and some amino acid metabolisms pathways. A panel consisting of Baicalin, 5beta-1,3,7 (11)-Eudesmatrien-8-one, Indolylacryloylglycine, Edulitine, and Physapubenolide were selected as biomarkers, which demonstrated the best predictive ability with the AUC values of 0.982/0.851 in training/10-fold-cross-validation group, achieving a sensitivity of 0.975 and specificity of 0.967, respectively. CONCLUSION The urine metabolic analysis revealed the metabolic changes in EC patients during the fertility-sparing treatment. The predictive biomarkers present great potential diagnostic value in fertility-sparing treatments for EC patients, offering a less invasive means of monitoring treatment efficacy. Further research should explore the mechanistic underpinnings of these metabolic changes and validate the biomarker panel in larger, diverse populations due to the small sample size and single-institution nature of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Dongyan Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Oxidized lipids in the metabolic profiling of neuroendocrine tumors - Analytical challenges and biological implications. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461233. [PMID: 32709312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics can be a great tool for exploring new scientific areas; however, wrong metabolite annotation questions the credibility and puts the success of the entire research at risk. Therefore, an effort should be made to improve the quality and robustness of the annotation despite of the challenges, especially when final identification with standards is not possible. Through non-targeted analysis of human plasma samples, from a large cancer cohort study using RP-LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, we have resolved MS/MS annotation through spectral matching, directed to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and, MS/MS structural elucidation for newly annotated oxidized lyso-phosphatidylcholines (oxLPCs). The annotation of unknowns is supported with structural information from fragmentation spectra as well as the fragmentation mechanisms involved, necessarily including data from both polarity modes and different collision energies. In this work, we present evidences that various oxidation products show significant differences between cancer patients and control individuals and we establish a workflow to help identify such modifications. We report here the upregulation of HETEs and oxLPCs in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to determine HETEs in NETs and one of very few studies where oxLPCs are annotated. The obtained results provide an important insight regarding lipid oxidation in NETs, although their physiological functions still have to be established and require further research.
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Moreira V, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Vinolo MAR, Curi R, Lambeau G, Teixeira C. 12-HETE is a regulator of PGE 2 production via COX-2 expression induced by a snake venom group IIA phospholipase A 2 in isolated peritoneal macrophages. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 317:108903. [PMID: 31811862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The snake venom miotoxin (MT)-III is a group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) with pro-inflammatory activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that MT-III has the ability to stimulate macrophages to release inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid metabolism. Among them, we highlight prostaglandin (PG)E2 produced by the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathway, through activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. However, the mechanisms coordinating this process are not fully understood. This study investigates the regulatory mechanisms exerted by other groups of bioactive eicosanoids derived from 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), in particular 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (12-HETE), on group IIA sPLA2-induced (i) PGE2 release, (ii) COX-2 expression, and (iii) activation of signaling pathways p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases(p38MAPK), protein C kinase (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and NF-κB. Stimulation of macrophages with group IIA sPLA2 resulted in release of 12-HETE without modification of 12-LO protein levels. Pre-treatment of these cells with baicalein, a 12-LO inhibitor, decreased the sPLA2-induced PGE2 production, significantly reduced COX-2 expression, and inhibited sPLA2-induced ERK; however, it did not affect p38MAPK or PKC phosphorylation. In turn, sPLA2-induced PGE2 release and COX-2 expression, but not NF-κB activation, was attenuated by pre-treating macrophages with PD98059 an inhibitor of ERK1/2. These results suggest that, in macrophages, group IIA sPLA2-induced PGE2 release and COX-2 protein expression are distinctly mediated through 12-HETE followed by ERK1/2 pathway activation, independently of NF-κB activation. These findings highlight an as yet undescribed mechanism by which 12-HETE regulates one of the distinct signaling pathways for snake venom group IIA sPLA2-induced PGE2 release and COX-2 expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Qu Y, Wen Z, Mi S, Chen P, Wang J, Jia Y, Cheng Y. 12-lipoxygenase promotes tumor progress by TGF-β1-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition and predicts poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8303-8313. [PMID: 31571988 PMCID: PMC6749984 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s212478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To clarify the effect of 12-lipoxygenase/12-hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (12-LOX/12-HETE) on progress of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the possible mechanism. Patients and methods We performed cell experiments including chemical treatment, transfection, Western blotting and transwell assay to investigate the function of 12-LOX/12-HETE. Slices of tumor tissues were obtained from ESCC patients treated in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was done to find their correlation with prognosis and clinicopathological characteristics. Results In ESCC cells, inhibition of 12-LOX caused a decrease in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) level, and abilities of migration and invasion were also inhibited. Nevertheless, the inhibition could be partly relieved when treated with 12-HETE or TGF-β1. Analyses of IHC staining indicated a positive correlation between the expression of 12-LOX and EMT level, and an inverse correlation between 12-LOX and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate analyses further suggested that 12-LOX was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients. Conclusion In conclusion, our study proved that 12-LOX/12-HETE-promoted tumor migration and invasion might partly be through TGF-β1-mediated EMT in ESCC, and 12-LOX could be a promising biomarker for predicting prognosis in ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Mi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxiang Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
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Haghverdi MK, Moslemi E. Expression Rate and PAX5 Gene Methylation in the Blood of People Suffering from Gastric Cancer. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1571-1576. [PMID: 30337967 PMCID: PMC6182546 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is one of the most important health issues in the world. Considering the lack of plenty of pre-awarenesses, the survival of gastric cancer is still quite disappointing. Methylation of PAX5 gene promoter is observed in most cancer cells of a human. A study has shown that PAX5 is a new tumoral suppressor in gastric cancer and methylation of the PAX5 promoter is associated with the survival rate of gastric cancer. AIM: The present research seeks to study the expression rate and methylation of the PAX5 gene in the blood of patients who have gastric cancer to be used as a biomarker in this type of cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Real-time PCR technique was used to assess expression of PAX5 gene, while the methylation status of PAX5 gene promoter in the blood samples of people who have gastric cancer versus blood samples obtained from normal Iranian population was studied using MS PCR technique. RESULTS: The final results pointed to the fact that expression of PAX5 in blood samples obtained from those who have gastric cancer is much less than what is observed in normal blood samples. A significant correlation was also observed between expression of this gene and age and promoter methylation rate. The results of methylation also indicated that 28% of PAX5 gene promoters among patients were methylated, while all normal samples were non-methylated. CONCLUSION: Studying the decrease observed in PAX5 gene expression and the rise in promoter methylation can be utilised as a biomarker to enhance pre-awareness of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Moslemi
- Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhong C, Zhuang M, Wang X, Li J, Chen Z, Huang Y, Chen F. 12-Lipoxygenase promotes invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1455-1462. [PMID: 30008824 PMCID: PMC6036329 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) in tumorigenesis has been well established in several types of human cancer, including gastric cancer. It was reported that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis. However, whether 12-LOX promotes the invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer cells via EMT remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the expression of 12-LOX and EMT markers, N-cadherin and E-cadherin, was evaluated in gastric cancer and adjacent normal mucosa samples by immunohistochemical analysis. 12-LOX-overexpressing gastric cancer cells were established via lentiviral transfection of SCG-7901 cells. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were performed to examine the regulation of cell metastasis and invasion by 12-LOX. Furthermore, the regulation of N-cadherin expression by 12-LOX was evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The results revealed that the expression of 12-LOX and N-cadherin was significantly higher in gastric cancer compared with that in adjacent normal mucosa tissues (P<0.05). By contrast, the expression of E-cadherin was significantly decreased in gastric cancer compared with that in adjacent normal mucosa tissues (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of 12-LOX was positively associated with N-cadherin expression in gastric cancer tissues. 12-LOX-overexpressing gastric cancer cells exhibited significantly increased invasion and migration abilities compared with the empty vector and control groups. The expression of N-cadherin in 12-LOX-overexpressing gastric cancer cells was increased compared with that in the empty vector and control groups. The present study suggests that EMT may be involved in the promotion of the invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer cells by 12-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canmei Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Mingkai Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiazhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Fenglin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Molaei F, Forghanifard MM, Fahim Y, Abbaszadegan MR. Molecular Signaling in Tumorigenesis of Gastric Cancer. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018; 22:217-30. [PMID: 29706061 PMCID: PMC5949124 DOI: 10.22034/ibj.22.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is regarded as the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Mechanism of GC pathogenesis is still unclear and relies on multiple factors, including environmental and genetic characteristics. One of the most important environmental factors of GC occurrence is infection with Helicobacter pylori that is classified as class one carcinogens. Dysregulation of several genes and pathways play an essential role during gastric carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of developmental pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Hedgehog signaling, Hippo pathway, Notch signaling, nuclear factor-kB, and epidermal growth factor receptor have been found in GC. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as an important process during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis, is supposed to play a role in initiation, invasion, metastasis, and progression of GC. Although surgery is the main therapeutic modality of the disease, the understanding of biological processes of cell signaling pathways may help to develop new therapeutic targets for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Molaei
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Fahim
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yarla NS, Bishayee A, Sethi G, Reddanna P, Kalle AM, Dhananjaya BL, Dowluru KSVGK, Chintala R, Duddukuri GR. Targeting arachidonic acid pathway by natural products for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:48-81. [PMID: 26853158 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) pathway, a metabolic process, plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Hence, AA pathway metabolic enzymes phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their metabolic products, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, have been considered novel preventive and therapeutic targets in cancer. Bioactive natural products are a good source for development of novel cancer preventive and therapeutic drugs, which have been widely used in clinical practice due to their safety profiles. AA pathway inhibitory natural products have been developed as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against several cancers. Curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, anthocyans, berberine, ellagic acid, eugenol, fisetin, ursolic acid, [6]-gingerol, guggulsteone, lycopene and genistein are well known cancer chemopreventive agents which act by targeting multiple pathways, including COX-2. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid and baicalein can be chemopreventive molecules against various cancers by inhibiting LOXs. Several PLA2s inhibitory natural products have been identified with chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials against various cancers. In this review, we critically discuss the possible utility of natural products as preventive and therapeutic agents against various oncologic diseases, including prostate, pancreatic, lung, skin, gastric, oral, blood, head and neck, colorectal, liver, cervical and breast cancers, by targeting AA pathway. Further, the current status of clinical studies evaluating AA pathway inhibitory natural products in cancer is reviewed. In addition, various emerging issues, including bioavailability, toxicity and explorability of combination therapy, for the development of AA pathway inhibitory natural products as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against human malignancy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India
| | - Arunasree M Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenomes, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya
- Toxinology/Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Center for Emerging Technologies, Jain Global Campus, Jain University, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaladhar S V G K Dowluru
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India; Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Bilaspur University, Bilaspur 495 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Chintala
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India
| | - Govinda Rao Duddukuri
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India.
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Liu Y, Ye F, Zou WJ, Sun Y, Wang R, Han PP, Zhang Z, Yang XL, Liu X. Baicalein reduces the occurrence of cirrhotic endotoxemia by reducing intestinal mucosal apoptosis. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:161. [PMID: 26021373 PMCID: PMC4448291 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is known in traditional Chinese medicine as Huang Qin (H. qin), and it has been officially and traditionally used in treatment of various diseases such as hepatitis in China. Baicalein (BA), a flavonoid originally isolated from H. qin, has shown a wide range of biological activities. This study was to evaluate whether baicalein, can reduce the intestinal mucosal cell apoptosis caused by cirrhotic endotoxemia and its possible mechanisms. METHODS For this purpose, compound factors modeling was used to establish endotoxemic cirrhotic rat model. Firstly, we evaluated endotoxin, ALT, AST and TBIL levels after the baicalein treatment (20 mg/kg, i.v.). To investigate the mechanism of baicalein effect on apoptosis, TUNEL assay was used to detect intestinal mucosal apoptosis. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of gene Bcl-2 mRNA and Bax mRNA in intestinal mucosal tissues. Caspase-3 activity of intestinal tissue was detected with colorimetric method in our experiments. RESULTS After treatment with BA, the serum endotoxin concentration, the intestinal mucosal apoptosis rate and the activity of caspase-3 of the baicalein group were significantly lower than that of the model and the glutamine group. The serum ALT, AST and TBIL concentration of the BA group were significantly lower than that of the model group. The body weight of the baicalein group was significantly lower than that of the normal group, but it was higher than that of the model group. Among the treatment groups, the mRNA level of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 was the lowest in the model group and the highest in the baicalein group while the mRNA level of pro-apoptotic gene Bax was the lowest in the baicalein group and the highest in the model group. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrated that baicalein could reduce the occurrence of cirrhotic endotoxemia partly by reducing intestinal mucosal apoptosis.
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Judd LM, Menheniott TR, Ling H, Jackson CB, Howlett M, Kalantzis A, Priebe W, Giraud AS. Inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway reduces gastric cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95993. [PMID: 24804649 PMCID: PMC4013079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in many cancers where it promotes growth, inflammation, angiogenesis and inhibits apoptosis. We have shown that STAT3 is constitutively activated in human gastric cancer, and that chronic IL-11-driven STAT3 transcriptional activity induces gastric tumourigenesis in the gp130757FF mouse model of gastric cancer development. Here we show that treatment of human AGS gastric cancer cells with the Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor WP1066 dose-, and time-dependently inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, in conjunction with reduced JAK2 phosphorylation, reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. In addition, application of intraperitoneal WP1066 for 2 weeks, reduced gastric tumour volume by 50% in the gp130757FF mouse coincident with reduced JAK2 and STAT3 activation compared with vehicle-treated, littermate controls. Gastric tumours from WP1066- treated mice had reduced polymorphonuclear inflammation, coincident with inhibition of numerous proinflammatory cytokines including IL-11, IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as the growth factors Reg1 and amphiregulin. These results show that WP1066 can block proliferation, reduce inflammation and induce apoptosis in gastric tumour cells by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, and that many cytokines and growth factors that promote gastric tumour growth are regulated by STAT3-dependent mechanisms. WP1066 may form the basis for future therapeutics against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Judd
- Infection and Immunity Division, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Treve R. Menheniott
- Infection and Immunity Division, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui Ling
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Cameron B. Jackson
- Infection and Immunity Division, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meegan Howlett
- Infection and Immunity Division, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anastasia Kalantzis
- Infection and Immunity Division, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Infection and Immunity Division, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Comparison of free radical formation induced by baicalein and pentamethyl-hydroxychromane in human promyelocytic leukemia cells using electron spin resonance. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:379-390. [PMID: 28911429 PMCID: PMC9354873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein and pentamethyl-hydroxychromane (PMC) have been investigated for use as antioxidants. However, antioxidants may stimulate free radical formation under certain conditions. The aim of our study was to determine whether PMC and baicalein exhibit both pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. In this study, electron spin resonance spectrometry was used to investigate the effects of baicalein and PMC on free radical formation. In HL-60 cells, baicalein and PMC produced hydroxyl and phenoxyl radicals, respectively, but each inhibited radical formation by the other. The PMC pro-oxidant activity required H2O2, whereas baicalein produced hydroxyl radicals during the cell resting state only. The antioxidant effect of baicalein on PMC-induced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells may involve myeloperoxidase inhibition, which produces the myeloperoxidase-protein radical. Our investigation of the antioxidant effects of baicalein on arachidonic acid (AA)-induced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells showed that the baicalein-phenoxyl radical was the primary product, and that either carbon-centered or acyl radicals were the secondary products. However, the antioxidant effects of PMC on AA-induced oxidative stress produced only nonradical products. In conclusion, we showed that baicalein displayed both pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities in HL-60 cells. PMC exhibited no pro-oxidant activity during the cells’ resting state but produced the PMC-phenoxyl radical in the presence of H2O2. The reaction of baicalein with AA in HL-60 cells produced baicalein-derived phenoxyl radicals that may initiate various pro-oxidative reactions. However, PMC does not produce radicals when it acts as an antioxidant. Thus, PMC is more beneficial as an antioxidant than baicalein.
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13
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Baicalein inhibits DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice by modulating proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Inflammation 2013; 36:457-67. [PMID: 23108957 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein, one of the four major flavanoids extracted from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, has been shown to exert chemopreventive effect against several cancers, including skin cancer. However, the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive activity of baicalein against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated skin tumorigenesis in C57BL/6 mice. We found that topical treatment with baicalein resulted in a significant inhibitory effect on DMBA/TPA-mediated tumor promotion. Furthermore, we observed that baicalein suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in DMBA/TPA-mediated group. Additionally, pretreatment with baicalein inhibited the production of inflammatory cells in DMBA/TPA-induced skin/tumors. Further experiments showed that baicalein reduced TPA-induced skin hyperplasia as well as infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the dermis. In conclusion, our data suggest that baicalein inhibits DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis by suppressing proliferation and inflammation and promoting apoptosis.
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Zhang Y, Shan L, Hua Y, Wang D, Zeng H, Liu R, Zhang W, Hu Z. Baicalein selectively induces apoptosis in activated lymphocytes and ameliorates concanavalin a-induced hepatitis in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69592. [PMID: 23894507 PMCID: PMC3718678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insufficient apoptosis in activated lymphocytes contributes to the development of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Baicalein (BE), a flavonoid originally isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, possesses anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether BE can selectively induce apoptosis in activated lymphocytes and exert therapeutic effect on AIH has not been studied. Methodology/Principal Findings The pro-apoptotic properties of BE were evaluated in vitro on different types of immune cells, and in vivo effects of BE were examined in a murine model of Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. In vitro treatment with BE resulted in a higher increase in the level of apoptosis in Con A-stimulated murine splenocytes, Con A-stimulated CD3+ splenocytes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated CD19+ splenocytes, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin-stimulated Jurkat T cells, compared with that in unstimulated naïve ones. Murine bone marrow-derived dentritic cells, peritoneal macrophages, and RAW264.7 cells, either stimulated with LPS or unstimulated, were all insensitive to the BE-induced apoptosis. BE treatment also led to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase of cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol, a decrease in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and activation of caspase-9,-3 in Con A-stimulated CD3+ splenocytes and LPS-stimulated CD19+ splenocytes, while showing no impact on Fas/FasL expressions and caspase-8 activation. In vivo administration of BE alleviated Con A-induced liver injury, suppressed serum level of TNF-α and IFN-γ, and reduced liver infiltration of mononuclear cells (MNCs). Furthermore, BE treatment increased the incidences of apoptosis in liver-infiltrating MNCs and splenocytes, as well as in CD3+ and CD19+ splenocytes. When liver MNCs and splenocytes from BE-treated mice were cultured in vitro for 24 h, they exhibited marked increase in apoptosis compared to vehicle-treated control. Conclusions/Significance The present study demonstrates the ability of BE to promote apoptosis in activated lymphocytes through mitochondrial pathway and its potential use in the treatment of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huawu Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (ZH)
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (ZH)
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15
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Polimeni M, Valente E, Aldieri E, Khadjavi A, Giribaldi G, Prato M. Role of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in hemozoin-induced lysozyme release from human adherent monocytes. Biofactors 2013; 39:304-14. [PMID: 23355332 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural hemozoin (nHZ), a lipid-bound ferriprotoporphyrin IX crystal produced by Plasmodium parasites after hemoglobin catabolism, seriously compromises the functions of human monocytes, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), two nHZ lipoperoxidation products, have been related to such a functional impairment. nHZ was recently shown to promote inflammation-mediated lysozyme release from human monocytes through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase- (MAPK)- and nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent mechanisms. This study aimed at identifying the molecule of nHZ lipid moiety that was responsible for these effects. Results showed that 15-HETE mimicked nHZ effects on lysozyme release, whereas 4-HNE did not. 15-HETE-enhanced lysozyme release was abrogated by anti-TNF-α and anti-IL-1β-blocking antibodies and mimicked by recombinant cytokines; on the contrary, MIP-1α/CCL3 was not involved as a soluble mediator of 15-HETE effects. Moreover, 15-HETE early activated p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways by inducing p38 MAPK phosphorylation; cytosolic I-κBα phosphorylation and degradation; NF-κB nuclear translocation and DNA-binding. Inhibition of both routes through chemical inhibitors (SB203580, quercetin, artemisinin, and parthenolide) prevented 15-HETE-dependent lysozyme release. Collectively, these data suggest that 15-HETE plays a major role in nHZ-enhanced monocyte degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Polimeni
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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16
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Khadjavi A, Valente E, Giribaldi G, Prato M. Involvement of p38 MAPK in haemozoin-dependent MMP-9 enhancement in human monocytes. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:5-15. [PMID: 23468369 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lipid moiety of natural haemozoin (nHZ, malarial pigment) was previously shown to enhance expression and release of human monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and a major role for 15-(S,R)-hydroxy-6,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), a nHZ lipoperoxidation product, was proposed. Here, the underlying mechanisms were investigated, focusing on the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Results showed that nHZ promoted either early or late p38 MAPK phosphorylation; however, nHZ did not modify basal phosphorylation/expression ratios of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and c-jun N-terminal kinase-1/2. 15-HETE mimicked nHZ effects on p38 MAPK, whereas lipid-free synthetic (s)HZ and delipidized (d)HZ did not. Consistently, both nHZ and 15-HETE also promoted phosphorylation of MAPK-activated protein kinase-2, a known p38 MAPK substrate; such an effect was abolished by SB203580, a synthetic p38 MAPK inhibitor. SB203580 also abrogated nHZ-dependent and 15-HETE-dependent enhancement of MMP-9 mRNA and protein (latent and activated forms) levels in cell lysates and supernatants. Collectively, these data suggest that in human monocytes, nHZ and 15-HETE upregulate MMP-9 expression and secretion through activation of p38 MAPK pathway. The present work provides new evidence on mechanisms underlying MMP-9 deregulation in malaria, which might be helpful to design new specific drugs for adjuvant therapy in complicated malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Khadjavi
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
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17
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Tang HL, Hu YQ, Qin XP, Jazag A, Yang H, Yang YX, Yang XN, Liu JJ, Chen JM, Guleng B, Ren JL. Aplasia ras homolog member I is downregulated in gastric cancer and silencing its expression promotes cell growth in vitro. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:1395-404. [PMID: 22497484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Aplasia ras homolog member I (ARHI) is a maternally imprinted tumor suppressor gene. ARHI protein is widely expressed in many types of human tissues; however, its expression is frequently reduced or absent in various tumors and plays a tumor suppressor role for in vitro study. In this study, we investigated the expression level of ARHI in gastric cancer in order to investigate the function of ARHI and signaling pathways that might be linked during gastric cancer development. METHODS ARHI mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed in primary gastric cancer tissues, adjacent noncancerous gastric tissues and gastric cancer cell lines using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Our results showed that both mRNA and protein expression levels of the ARHI gene were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines compared to the corresponding normal control groups. The protein expression level of ARHI was not associated with age, gender, location of tumor, tumor size or metastasis in patients with gastric cancer. However, a significant correlation between the level of ARHI protein expression and the degree of tumor differentiation and Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage was observed (P < 0.05). Furthermore, results of the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and Transwell assays and flow cytometric analysis showed increased cell proliferation, migration and anti-apoptotic capacities in the well-differentiated gastric cancer MKN-28 cell line, which has stably silenced ARHI protein expression. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that ARHI expression is downregulated in human gastric cancer and it may be a novel tumor suppressive target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated with Xiamen University, Fujian Province, China
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18
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Xu XM, Yuan GJ, Deng JJ, Guo HT, Xiang M, Yang F, Ge W, Chen SY. Inhibition of 12-lipoxygenase reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:193-202. [PMID: 22484589 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) has been reported to be an important gene in cancer cell proliferation and survival, and tumor metastasis. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells remains unknown. METHODS Expression of 12-LOX was assessed in a diethyl-nitrosamine-induced rat HCC model, and in SMMC-7721, HepG2 and L-02 cells using immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). GST-π and Ki-67 were determined in vivo by immunohistochemical staining. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Apoptosis-related proteins in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR showed that 12-LOX was over-expressed in rat HCC and two HCC cell lines, while the expression was inhibited by baicalein, a specific inhibitor of 12-LOX. Baicalein inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in rat HCC and both cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our in vivo study demonstrated that baicalein also reduced neoplastic nodules. Mechanistically, baicalein reduced Bcl-2 protein expression coupled with a slight increase of the expression of Bax and activation of caspase-3. Furthermore, baicalein inhibited the activation of ERK-1/2 (phosphorylated). Interestingly, the effects of baicalein were reversed by 12(S)-HETE, a metabolite of 12-LOX. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of 12-LOX leads to reduced numbers of HCC cells, partially caused by increased apoptosis. 12-LOX may be a potential molecular target for HCC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ming Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Baicalein mediates inhibition of migration and invasiveness of skin carcinoma through Ezrin in A431 cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:527. [PMID: 22204275 PMCID: PMC3260329 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ezrin is highly expressed in skin cancer and promotes tumor metastasis. Ezrin serves as a promising target for anti-metastasis therapy. The aim of this study is to determine if the flavonoid bacailein inhibits the metastasis of skin cancer cells through Ezrin. Methods Cells from a cutaneous squamous carcinoma cell line, A431, were treated with baicalein at 0-60 μM to establish the non-cytotoxic concentration (NCC) range for baicalein. Following treatment with baicalein within this range, total Ezrin protein (both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms) and phosphorylated-Ezrin (phos-Ezrin) were detected by western blotting, and Ezrin RNA was detected in A431 cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Thereafter, the motility and invasiveness of A431 cells following baicalein treatment were determined using wound-healing and Boyden chamber invasion assays. Short-interfering RNA (si-RNA) specifically targeting Ezrin was transfected into A431 cells, and a si-RNA Ezrin-A431 cell line was established by G418 selection. This stable cell line was transiently transfected with Ezrin and mutant Ezrin plasmids, and its motilityand invasiveness was subsequently determined to clarify whether bacailein inhibits these processes through Ezrin. Results We determined the range of NCCs for baicalein to be 2.5-40 μM in A431 cells. Baicalein displayed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of expressions of total Ezrin and phos-Ezrin within this range NCCs. In addition, it exerted this inhibitory effect through the reduction of Ezrin RNA transcript. Baicalein also inhibited the motility and invasiveness of A431 skin carcinoma cells within the range of NCCs, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A431 cell motility and invasiveness were inhibited by 73% and 80% respectively when cells were treated with 20 μM baicalein. However, the motility and invasiveness of A431 cells containing the Ezrin mutant were not effectively inhibited by baicalein. Conclusions Baicalein reduces the migration and invasiveness of A431 cells through the inhibition of Ezrin expression, which leads to the suppression of tumor metastasis.
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20
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Yeung J, Apopa PL, Vesci J, Kenyon V, Rai G, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Holman TR, Maloney DJ, Boutaud O, Holinstat M. Protein kinase C regulation of 12-lipoxygenase-mediated human platelet activation. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 81:420-30. [PMID: 22155783 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.075630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation is important in the regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis. Uncontrolled activation of platelets may lead to arterial thrombosis, which is a major cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. After activation, metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) may play a significant role in regulating the degree and stability of platelet activation because inhibition of 12-LOX significantly attenuates platelet aggregation in response to various agonists. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is also known to be an important regulator of platelet activity. Using a newly developed selective inhibitor for 12-LOX and a pan-PKC inhibitor, we investigated the role of PKC in 12-LOX-mediated regulation of agonist signaling in the platelet. To determine the role of PKC within the 12-LOX pathway, a number of biochemical endpoints were measured, including platelet aggregation, calcium mobilization, and integrin activation. Inhibition of 12-LOX or PKC resulted in inhibition of dense granule secretion and attenuation of both aggregation and αIIbβ(3) activation. However, activation of PKC downstream of 12-LOX inhibition rescued agonist-induced aggregation and integrin activation. Furthermore, inhibition of 12-LOX had no effect on PKC-mediated aggregation, indicating that 12-LOX is upstream of PKC. These studies support an essential role for PKC downstream of 12-LOX activation in human platelets and suggest 12-LOX as a possible target for antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Haemozoin: Wedding Rings for Human Host and Plasmodium falciparum Parasite in Complicated Malaria. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:628435. [PMID: 21760809 PMCID: PMC3134216 DOI: 10.1155/2011/628435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the combination of both Plasmodium falciparum parasite and human host factors is involved in the pathogenesis of complicated severe malaria, including cerebral malaria (CM). Among parasite products, the malarial pigment haemozoin (HZ) has been shown to impair the functions of mononuclear and endothelial cells. Different CM models were associated with enhanced levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of proteolytic enzymes able to disrupt subendothelial basement membrane and tight junctions and shed, activate, or inactivate cytokines, chemokines, and other MMPs through cleavage from their precursors. Among MMPs, a good candidate for targeted therapy might be MMP-9, whose mRNA and protein expression enhancement as well as direct proenzyme activation by HZ have been recently investigated in a series of studies by our group and others. In the present paper the role of HZ and MMP-9 in complicated malaria, as well as their interactions, will be discussed.
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22
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Shang W, Ivanov I, Svergun DI, Borbulevych OY, Aleem AM, Stehling S, Jankun J, Kühn H, Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Probing dimerization and structural flexibility of mammalian lipoxygenases by small-angle X-ray scattering. J Mol Biol 2011; 409:654-68. [PMID: 21530540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their metabolites have a great impact on human homeostasis and are of interest for targeted drug design. This goal requires detailed knowledge of their structures and an understanding of structure-function relationship. At the moment, there are two complete crystal structures for mammalian LOX [rabbit 12/15LOX (r-12/15LOX) and human 5LOX (h-5LOX)] and a fragment of human 12LOX. The low-resolution structures in solution for various LOX isoforms have brought about controversial results. Here we explored the behavior of r-12/15LOX in aqueous solution under different conditions (salt and pH) by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and compared it with human platelet-type 12S-LOX (hp-12LOX) and h-5LOX. Thermodynamic calculations concerning the stability of molecular assemblies, thermal motion analysis [TLSMD (translation, libration, and screw rotation motion detection based on crystallographic temperature factor B(j))], and results of SAXS analyses brought about the following conclusions: (i) in contrast to its crystal structure, r-12/15LOX functions as a monomer that dominates in solution; (ii) it dimerizes at higher protein concentrations in the presence of salt and with increasing degree of motional freedom of the N-terminal PLAT domain, as suggested by the Y98,614→R double mutant; (iii) in aqueous solutions, hp-12LOX is stable as a dimer, in contrast to h-5LOX and r-12/15LOX, which are monomeric; and (iv) all three mammalian isozymes show a high level of flexibility not only for the PLAT domain but also for other subdomains of the catalytic part in TLS (translation, libration, and screw rotation) analysis and hp-12LOX in SAXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Shang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Prato M, Gallo V, Giribaldi G, Aldieri E, Arese P. Role of the NF-κB transcription pathway in the haemozoin- and 15-HETE-mediated activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human adherent monocytes. Cell Microbiol 2011; 12:1780-91. [PMID: 20678173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Haemozoin (HZ, malarial pigment) is a crystalline ferriprotoporphyrin IX polymer derived from undigested host haemoglobin haem, present in late stages of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized RBCs and in residual bodies shed after schizogony. It was shown previously that phagocytosed HZ or HZ-containing trophozoites increased monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and enhanced production of MMP-9-related cytokines TNF and IL-1beta. Here we show that in human monocytes the HZ/trophozoite phagocytosis effects and their recapitulation by 15(S,R)-hydroxy-6,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), a potent lipoperoxidation derivative generated by HZ from arachidonic acid via haem catalysis, were mediated via activation of NF-κB transcription pathway. After phagocytosis of HZ/trophozoites or treatment with 15-HETE, the NF-κB complex migrated to the nuclear fraction while the inhibitory cytosolic IκBalpha protein was phosphorylated and degraded. All HZ/trophozoite/15-HETE effects on MMP-9 activity and TNF/IL-1beta production were abrogated by quercetin, artemisinin and parthenolide, inhibitors of IκBalpha phosphorylation and subsequent degradation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and NF-κB-p65 binding to DNA respectively. In conclusion, enhanced activation of MMP-9, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1beta, a triad of effects involved in malaria pathogenesis, elicited in human monocytes by trophozoite and HZ phagocytosis and recapitulated by 15-HETE, appear to be causally connected to persisting activation of the NF-κB system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università di Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Association of a functional polymorphism (Gln261Arg) in 12-lipoxygenase with breast cancer. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:317-323. [PMID: 22977504 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of arachidonyl lipoxygenase-12 (ALOX12) in breast cancer has been reported. Hence, we examined whether a non-synonymous polymorphism of ALOX12 (mRNA, A835G; Gln261Arg) is associated with breast cancer in females. The polymorphism was detected in genomic DNA by PCR-RFLP. The association between the A835G polymorphism and breast cancer risk was measured by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Fisher's exact test, and differences were considered significant at p<0.05. The frequencies of AA (wild-type), GG (homozygous variant) and AG (heterozygous variant) were 59.5, 0.9 and 39.6% in the controls, and 39.3, 2.5 and 58.2% in the breast cancer cases, respectively. The frequency of the AG genotype was higher in the patients compared to the controls (p<0.0014). The frequency of the GG variant was 2.5 and 0.9% in the cancer subjects and controls, respectively. The relative risk of breast cancer was 2 times greater (OR=2.227) at 95% CI when compared to the relative risk of the heterozygous variant. For the GG genotype, the risk was 4 times greater (OR=4.125) at 95% CI than that of the controls, suggesting a positive association of the AG genotype with the occurrence of breast cancer. The frequencies of the polymorphism were different in different populations. The Arg/Gln and Arg/Arg variants were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the frequencies of the variants differed considerably among various populations. The identification of a gene with links to breast cancer may impact screening, diagnosis and drug development.
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Jaœkiewicz K, Iżycka-Œwieszewska E, Janiak M, Lysiak-Szydłowska W, Adrych K, Reinartz J, Jankun J, Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Platelet 12-lipoxygenase and stem cells in Barrett's esophagus. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:789-791. [PMID: 22966380 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma has shown a significant increase in incidence in recent years. It is thought that the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), followed by columnar-lined esophagus and the development of dysplasia, leads to invasive adenocarcinoma. The exact pathogenesis of this process, the diagnosis and differentiation of the metaplastic and dysplastic esophageal lesions have yet to be determined. The purpose of this immunohistochemical study was to investigate the expression of pro-tumorigenic enzyme platelet 12-lipoxygenase (p12LOX) using two new available antibodies in non-dysplastic and dysplastic Barrett's esophagus. The stem cell markers nestin, CD117 and CD44, were then evaluated. The comparative group included GERD carditis, gastric intestinal metaplasia and colorectal adenoma. The overexpression of p12LOX detected by two specific antibodies in the non-dysplastic and dysplastic Barrett's mucosa clearly demonstrated that this enzyme plays an important role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Agarwal S, Achari C, Praveen D, Roy KR, Reddy GV, Reddanna P. Inhibition of 12-LOX and COX-2 reduces the proliferation of human epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431) by modulating the ERK and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:939-46. [PMID: 19558494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, the oxygenated metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), mediate a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, inflammation and arthritis. To evaluate the role of eicosanoids in epidermoid carcinoma, the expression of AA metabolizing enzymes, such as lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs), was analysed in a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431). These studies revealed overexpression of 12-R-LOX and COX-2 in A431 cells. Baicalein (a 12-LOX inhibitor) and celecoxib (a COX-2 inhibitor) significantly reduced thymidine incorporation, whereas 12-(R)-HETE and 12-(S)-HETE (12-LOX metabolites) and PGE(2) (COX-2 metabolite) significantly enhanced thymidine incorporation, suggesting a role for these enzymes in the regulation of A431 cell proliferation. Further studies on the mechanism of cell death by baicalein and celecoxib revealed that the induction of apoptosis in A431 cells was associated with reduction in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. The apoptosis induced by baicalein and celecoxib was mediated by down regulation of ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways. Further, 12-(R)-HETE, 12-(S)-HETE and PGE(2) upregulated the p-ERK and p-Akt levels, suggesting the involvement of ERK and Akt pathways in the 12-LOX- and COX-2-mediated regulation of growth in A431 cells. Our findings suggest that 12-R-LOX and COX-2 play a critical role in the regulation of growth in epidermoid carcinoma and that their inhibitors may be of potential therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Agarwal
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Chou DS, Hsiao G, Lai YA, Tsai YJ, Sheu JR. Baicalein induces proliferation inhibition in B16F10 melanoma cells by generating reactive oxygen species via 12-lipoxygenase. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1197-203. [PMID: 19439216 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated that baicalein induces hydroxyl radical formation in human platelets but the mechanisms are unclear. Herein, we show, using an electron spin resonance technique, that baicalein also induces hydroxyl radical formation in B16F10 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Baicalein produced superoxide anions in the presence of an iron chelator and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor. We suggest that superoxide anions produced by baicalein were promptly converted to hydroxyl radicals through SOD and the Fenton reaction in B16F10 melanoma cells. According to Western blotting results, the 12-LOX protein was expressed in B16F10 melanoma cells, but baicalein had no effect on 12-LOX expression. Decreases in 12-LOX protein expression and hydroxyl radical signals occurred in a 12-LOX small interfering RNA knockdown protein group compared with the baicalein control. In the MTT assay, we also found that baicalein caused a reduction in cellular viability, which was reversed by the addition of ROS scavengers. On the basis of these data, we conclude that ROS formation catalyzed by 12-LOX is one possible mechanism of growth inhibition by baicalein in B16F10 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duen-Suey Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Moreno JJ. New aspects of the role of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in cell growth and cancer development. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:1-10. [PMID: 18761324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway leads to the formation of leukotrienes and also catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids that are then reduced to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE) by glutathione peroxidase. There are four mammalian LOXs that produce 5-, 8-, 12- and 15-HETE, respectively. Cytochrome P-450 isozymes are also capable of metabolising AA to HETEs either by bis-allylic oxidation (lipoxygenase-like reaction) to generate 5-, 8-, 9-, 11-, 12- and 15-HETE; or by varpi/varpi-1 hydroxylation to yield 16-, 17-, 18-, 19- and 20-HETEs. It is now widely recognised that HETEs have important physiological and pathological functions that modulate ion transport, renal and pulmonary functions, vascular tone and reactivity, and inflammatory and growth responses. They can be released during the action of growth factors and cytokines, reaching physiological concentrations higher than that of prostanoids and modulating the functions of these factors. Their effects can occur through receptor or non-receptor mechanisms. Recent reviews have summarised the effects of HETEs in vascular homeostasis or lung and renal physiology. The present review focuses on the emerging effects of HETEs on cell signalling and physiological cell growth. It also discusses current observations regarding the role of HETEs in apoptosis, angiogenesis, the proliferation of cancer cells and metastasis, which constitute a potential area for successful therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Wu WKK, Sung JJY, Yu L, Li ZJ, Chu KM, Cho CH. Constitutive hypophosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 and down-regulation of c-Jun in human gastric adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:330-4. [PMID: 18570890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases-1/2 (ERK1/2) is known to promote cancer cell proliferation. We therefore investigated the constitutive phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and the expression of its downstream targets c-Fos, c-Jun, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in biopsied human gastric cancer tissues. Results showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation and c-Jun expression were significantly lowered in gastric cancer compared with the non-cancer adjacent tissues. The expression of c-Fos, however, was not altered while COX-2 was significantly up-regulated. To conclude, we demonstrate that hypophosphorylation of ERK1/2 may occur in gastric cancer. Such discovery may have implication in the application of pathway-directed therapy for this malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Butovich IA, Lukyanova SM. Inhibition of lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases by linoleyl hydroxamic acid: comparative in vitro studies. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1284-94. [PMID: 18305312 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700602-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this first comparative in vitro study, linoleyl hydroxamic acid (LHA), a simple and stable derivative of linoleic acid, was tested as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism in mammals. The tested enzymes were human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase (h5-LO), porcine leukocyte 12-LO, rabbit reticulocyte 15-LO, ovine cyclooxygenases 1/2 (COX1/COX2), and human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Potato tuber and soybean lipoxygenases (ptLOX and sLOX, respectively) were studied for comparative purposes. LHA inhibited most of the tested enzymes with the exception of mPGES-1. The LHA inhibitory activity increased as follows: mPGES-1 (no inhibition)<<COX1 = COX2<h5-LO = sLOX = ptLOX<12-LO<<15-LO. The IC(50) values for COX1/COX2, h5-LO, 12-LO, and 15-LO were 60, 7, 0.6, and 0.02 muM, respectively. sLOX was the only tested enzyme that was capable of aerobic oxygenation of LHA, producing 13-hydroperoxy-LHA. The enzyme rapidly inactivated during the reaction. Therefore, LHA could be used as an effective LO/LOX inhibitor without affecting COX1/COX2 and mPGES-1. Possible implications of this observation include treating diseases and pathological states that are caused by (or lead to) hyperproduction of LO-derived metabolites, e.g., inflammation, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, asthma, allergies, psoriasis, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Butovich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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