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Athyala PK, Chitipothu S, Kanwar JR, Krishnakumar S, Narayanan J. Synthesis of saporin-antibody conjugates for targeting EpCAM positive tumour cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:90-99. [PMID: 30964044 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Ribosomal inactivating proteins derived from plants specifically target ribosomes and irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis. EpCAM antibody and saporin were conjugated using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The mass of the conjugates were characterised using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI). The saporin-EpCAM (SAP-EpAB) conjugates were tested in-vitro against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), WERI-Rb1 (retinoblastoma) cells. The flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed to show the binding efficiency of SAP-EpAB conjugate. Whole transcriptome changes of sap-conjugate treated cells were studied using affymetrix microarrays. MALDI-TOF analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the conjugation of SAP with EpCAM antibody. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy analysis revealed the binding of SAP-EpAB conjugates to the MCF-7, WERI-Rb1 cells. Apoptosis assay by annexin-V has shown an increased apoptotic and necrotic population in conjugate treated cells. MTT assay confirmed the tumour cell death and had shown the IC50 value of 0.8 µg for conjugate in MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), and 1 µg for WERI-Rb1 (retinoblastoma) cells. The microarray analysis revealed downregulation of the tumourigenic genes and upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes leading to apoptosis of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumar Athyala
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Srujana Chitipothu
- Central Research Instrumentation Facility, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India
| | - Jagat Rakesh Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India
| | - Janakiraman Narayanan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India.
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Carneiro FP, Muniz-Junqueira MI, De Vasconcelos Carneiro M, De Araújo Oliveira Í, Soares AC, De Vargas Haar N, Takano GHS, De Sousa Vianna LM, De Carvalho Caldas G, Vieira DLM, Frutuoso LL, Brito LMR, De Siqueira RVM, Parente AM, De Castro TMML, Peres I, Mendes LMS, Dos Santos Borges TK, Ferreira VM, Motoyama AB. Anti-EpCAM antibodies for detection of metastatic carcinoma in effusions and peritoneal wash. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2019-2024. [PMID: 31423273 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been used as diagnostic/prognostic marker and therapeutic target. The aim of the present study was to compare immunoreactivity of antibodies against distinct epitopes in the ectodomain of EpCAM for detection of carcinoma from different primary sites and of different histological types in effusions and peritoneal wash. Two antibodies against epitopes in the EGF-like domain I (clones Moc-31 and Ber-EP4) and one antibody against the epitope in the cysteine-poor region (158210) of EpCAM were used (all commercially available). Independently of the clone used, EpCAM overexpression was observed in almost all samples when all the adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed together. By using Moc-31, EpCAM overexpression was observed in all samples of adenocarcinoma. Absence of EpCAM overexpression was observed in a few adenocarcinoma samples at some sites of tumor origin, including ovary, breast and stomach, when Ber-EP4 and 158210 were used. Regarding carcinomas aside from adenocarcinomas, histological types, such as squamous cell, urothelial and small cell carcinoma showed different degrees of EpCAM expression according to the antibody used. In squamous cell carcinoma, overexpression was observed only with the clone 158210. It was concluded that, overall, most samples of metastatic carcinoma from effusions showed overexpression of EpCAM. However, there are significant variations in its detection according to the primary site, histological type of the carcinoma and depending on the antibody used. Thus, the use of more than one type of anti-EpCAM antibody would increase the chance of its detection in metastatic carcinoma effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Pirani Carneiro
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil.,Pathology Department of Brasília University, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.,Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil
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- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Moreira Parente
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Peres
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
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Dai M, Yuan F, Fu C, Shen G, Hu S, Shen G. Relationship between epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) overexpression and gastric cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175357. [PMID: 28403178 PMCID: PMC5389808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is one of the most commonly used markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs), but the clinical and prognostic significance of EpCAM in gastric cancer (GC) remains disputable. Motivated by heterogeneous and inconclusive results, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to systematically summarize and elucidate the association between EpCAM overexpression and GC patients. METHODS The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Knowledge and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched to identify relevant studies. The RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis. Fixed-effects or random-effects models were applied depending on the presence of heterogeneity. The pooled odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to estimate the associations between EpCAM and gastric cancer. For the significant heterogeneity studies, sensitivity analyses were applied based on the population to test the robustness of the pooled results and identify possible sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 11 studies including 1960 GC patients met our inclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analyses revealed that there were significant differences in EpCAM overexpression and tumour size (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 2.13~4.13, P < 0.00001), the nature of the tissue (OR = 80.30, 95% CI: 29.21~220.81, P < 0.00001), lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.23~6.27, P = 0.01), and the cumulative 5-year overall survival rate (OR = 0.54, 95% CI:0.29~0.99, P = 0.05). No significant associations were identified between EpCAM overexpression and gender (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.66~1.19, P = 0.43), age (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.58~2.20, P = 0.73), tumour stage (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 0.79~6.45, P = 0.13), distant metastasis (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 0.20~22.69, P = 0.52), TNM stage (OR = 5.14, 95% CI: 0.77~34.37, P = 0.09), Lauren type (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.08~16.45, P = 0.9), differentiation (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 0.65~5.41, P = 0.24). However, due to significant heterogeneity in tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, differentiation and Lauren type, these results should be taken carefully. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis demonstrated that the expression of EpCAM in the gastric cancer group was greater than that in the control group. Moreover, EpCAM overexpression was associated with larger tumour size, lymphnode metastasis and worse prognosis in gastric cancer. Due to significant heterogeneity, the sensitivity analysis suggests that population factor may be an important source of heterogeneity, and these results should be treated with caution. EpCAM may be useful as a novel prognostic factor, and large-scale and well-designed studies are needed to validate our results in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Dai
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Cuiqun Fu
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guodong Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (GDS); (GS)
| | - Shilian Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gan Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (GDS); (GS)
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Zheng J, Zhao L, Wang Y, Zhao S, Cui M. Clinicopathology of EpCAM and EGFR in Human Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12:39-44. [PMID: 28401199 PMCID: PMC5385975 DOI: 10.1515/med-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the expression of EpCAM and EGFR in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and their correlation with clinicopathological parameters. The protein expression levels of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 30 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma and 15 normal ovary tissues. Clinicopathological characteristics were gathered by retrospective review of the patients’ files. The correlation between EpCAM and EGFR expression, as well as their association with clinical pathological parameters were investigated. The SPSS 17.0 package was used to perform statistical analyses. The positive expression rates of EpCAM and EGFR were significantly elevated in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues than in normal ovary tissues. The positive expressions of EpCAM and EGFR in EOC were associated with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between EpCAM and EGFR expression in EOC. The co-expression of EpCAM and EGFR may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of EOC and might provide a promising molecular therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zheng
- epartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Lijing Zhao
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shuhua Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
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Xiao YB, Xi HQ, Li JY, Chen L. Expression of epithelial cellular adhesion molecule in gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. World J Meta-Anal 2016; 4:1-9. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v4.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To obtain an accurate evaluation of the association between high expression of epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and gastric cancer (GC) risk.
METHODS: Studies that had examined the association between high expression of EpCAM and GC risk were identified by searching electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library and Chinese Biomedical Literature database. Risk ratios (RRs) together with their 95%CIs were used to assess the association between high expression of EpCAM and GC risk. We selected eligible studies based on inclusion criteria. RevMan 5.3 software was used to calculate the pooled values.
RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were included in this meta-analysis. EpCAM-positive cases were significantly associated with tumor size (RR: 1.68, 95%CI: 1.47-1.91, P < 0.00001 fixed-effect), depth of invasion (RR: 1.37, 95%CI: 1.11-1.68, P = 0.003 random-effect), TNM stage (RR: 2.02, 95%CI: 1.35-3.02, P = 0.0007 random-effect), tumor location (RR: 0.80, 95%CI: 0.71-0.91, P = 0.0007 fixed-effect), histologic differentiation (RR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.13-1.33, P < 0.00001 fixed-effect) and lymph node metastasis (RR: 1.89, 95%CI: 1.28-2.80, P = 0.001 random-effect). However, we did not observe any significant association between the presence of EpCAM with age, gender, distant metastasis, Borrmann type or Lauren classification. Additionally, EpCAM expression was not associated with the overall survival rate. The pooled HR of the overall effect was 1.39 (95%CI: 0.30-6.48, P = 0.67 random-effect).
CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis indicates that EpCAM contributes to GC risk, which acts as a prognostic factor and a marker of poor outcome.
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Rong JM, Ji HZ, Wu XW, Sun Q, Guo MX, Xu XB, Wang FY. Increased expression of chymase in inflammatory polyps in elderly patients with functional bowel disorder. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:371-374. [PMID: 24396407 PMCID: PMC3881056 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymase, a chymotrypsin-like protease, is a non-angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) angiotensin II (Ang II)-generating enzyme. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether chymase activity was increased in inflammatory polyps of elderly patients with functional bowel disorder (FBD). This study enrolled 45 elderly patients with FBD and 44 healthy control individuals. Expression of chymase in intestinal mucosa was assessed using fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC showed an increased number of chymase-positive mast cells in inflammatory polyps than in healthy intestinal mucosa (P<0.05). Compared with healthy mucosa, expression of chymase at the mRNA and protein level was significantly higher in inflammatory polyps. The frequencies of the chymase GG genotype and the G allele type were higher in the intestinal mucosa of patients with FBD compared with healthy controls (66.67 versus 40.91%, 81.11 versus 63.63%, both P<0.05). The frequency of the G allele type in the intestinal mucosa of the C4 subgroup of FBD was higher than that in the control group. However, in other FBD subgroups, there was no difference between patients and controls. Based on the fact that enhanced chymase expression was observed in inflammatory polyps of elderly patients with FBD relative to those in healthy controls, it was concluded that chymase has a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory polyps in elderly patients with FBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Rong
- Department of Geratology, No.454 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zan Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Jin Ling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Jin Ling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Jin Ling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Xia Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Jin Ling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Jin Ling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Yu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Jin Ling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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Kroepil F, Dulian A, Vallböhmer D, Geddert H, Krieg A, Vay C, Topp SA, am Esch JS, Baldus SE, Gires O, Knoefel WT, Stoecklein NH. High EpCAM expression is linked to proliferation and lauren classification in gastric cancer. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:253. [PMID: 23830302 PMCID: PMC3724596 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of EpCAM expression with the progression of gastric cancer remains unclear. Here, we investigated the expression of EpCAM in gastric cancer subtypes and correlated the data to tumor cell proliferation and clinicopathologic factors. METHODS The intratumoral expression of EpCAM was assessed in 163 primary gastric cancers (61 diffuse-, 62 intestinal-, 32 mixed-type and 8 unclassified tumors) by immunohistochemistry, using the monoclonal antibody Ber-EP4. Intensity of staining was classified according the HercepTest-score using a standardized scoring system. Ki-67 was used to examine the proliferation in tumor tissue. RESULTS Strong EpCAM expression was observed in 77% of the tumors and in 85% of the corresponding lymph nodes. Of the primary tumors, 58% (n=74) presented a homogeneous intratumoral EpCAM expression while 42% were characterised by a heterogenous expression pattern. Tumors with high EpCAM expression at the invasive front were associated with significantly (p=0.03) higher proportion of lymph node metastases and lower median overall survival (p=0.001). Diffuse type tumors presented a significantly higher EpCAM expression at the invasion front compared with the tumor centre (p=0.036). Multivariate survival analysis identified high EpCAM expression at the invasive front as an independent prognostic factor.We observed a significant (p=0.001) correlation between high EpCAM expression and higher tumor cell proliferation. CONCLUSION High EpCAM expression associates with proliferation and progression of gastric cancer, especially in the diffuse type. Considering the discontenting results of the current adjuvant concepts for gastric cancer patients, EpCAM might be target in the adjuvant therapy of this malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feride Kroepil
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Miyake T, Nimura S, Hamada Y, Nabeshima K, Shinohara T, Tanaka S, Yamashita Y, Takeshita M, Iwasaki H. MK-1 expression in gastric carcinoma with liver metastasis. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 43:377-82. [PMID: 23458716 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyt007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prognosis for gastric carcinoma patients with liver metastasis is very poor. This retrospective study investigated the prognostic significance of MK-1 expression in gastric carcinoma patients with liver metastasis. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibody FU-MK-1 against MK-1 antigen was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues from 64 gastric carcinoma patients with liver metastasis. We attempted to determine the presence of any relationship between pathological prognostic factors and the expression of MK-1 in 64 gastric carcinoma patients with liver metastasis. RESULTS MK-1 expression was found in 43 (67%) of 64 tumor samples. MK-1 expression was significantly higher in the intestinal type (73%) than in the diffuse type carcinoma (33%, P = 0.049). Multivariate analysis showed that MK-1 expression and lymph node metastasis were significant factors for overall survival. The difference between overall survival rates with positive or negative MK-1 expression was statistically significant as shown by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (P < 0.0001; log-rank). In addition, the difference between cumulative disease-free survival rates with positive or negative MK-1 expression in gastric carcinoma patients with metachronous liver metastasis was statistically significant as well, as shown by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (P = 0.0006; log-rank). CONCLUSIONS The prognostic significance of MK-1 expression as a biological tumor marker was demonstrated in a series of gastric carcinoma patients with liver metastasis. MK-1 positivity may be a reliable marker for predicting and taking measures to control liver metastasis after curative gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Miyake
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Fukuoka, Japan.
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High expression of epithelial cellular adhesion molecule in peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Target Oncol 2012; 8:231-5. [PMID: 23161021 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-012-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intraperitoneally administrated epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) monoclonal antibody is a therapeutic agent in patients with malignant effusion in several types of carcinoma. However, the role of EpCAM in peritoneal metastasis (PM) lesions and primary lesions of gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated EpCAM expression in GC patients with PM. We investigated the expression of EpCAM in 35PM lesions and 104 biopsy samples as primary lesions. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the Ventana Benchmark XT (Roche Diagnostics) system. EpCAM expression was evaluated by calculating the total immunostaining score, which is the product of the proportion score and the intensity score. Overexpression was defined as a total score greater than 4. All PM specimens showed overexpression of EpCAM, and GC cells in both the surface layer and the deep layer of the PM showed a high expression of EpCAM. Meanwhile, in the biopsy sample, the expression of EpCAM ranged from none to strong. The EpCAM score results for PM specimens and biopsy samples were 11.0 ± 2.0 and 6.9 ± 3.9, respectively. The difference between the scores was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The intraperitoneally administrated EpCAM antibody might have a anti-cancer effect in PM lesions of GC. Additionally, it can be assumed that only GC cells which express a high level of EpCAM might metastasize to the peritoneum.
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Lu Z, Lee KJ, Shao Y, Lee JH, So Y, Choo YK, Oh DB, Hwang KA, Oh SH, Han YS, Ko K. Expression of GA733-Fc fusion protein as a vaccine candidate for colorectal cancer in transgenic plants. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:364240. [PMID: 22675251 PMCID: PMC3366255 DOI: 10.1155/2012/364240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-associated antigen GA733 is a cell-surface glycoprotein highly expressed in colorectal carcinomas. In this study, 3 recombinant genes were constructed as follows: GA733 tagged to the ER retention sequence KDEL (GA733K), GA733 fused to the immunoglobulin Fc fragment (GA733-Fc), and GA733-Fc fused to the ER retention sequence (GA733-FcK). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to generate transgenic plants expressing recombinant genes. The presence of transgenes was confirmed by genomic PCR. Western blot, confocal immunofluorescence, and sandwich ELISA showed the expression of recombinant proteins. The stability, flexibility, and bioactivity of recombinant proteins were analyzed and demonstrated through N-glycosylation analysis, animal trials, and sera ELISA. Our results suggest that the KDEL retained proteins in ER with oligomannose glycan structure and enhanced protein accumulation level. The sera of mice immunized with GA733-FcK purified from plants contained immunoglobulins which were at least as efficient as the mammalian-derived GA733-Fc at recognizing human colorectal cancer cell lines. Thus, a plant system can be used to express the KDEL fusion protein with oligomannose glycosylation, and this protein induces an immune response which is comparable to non-KDEL-tagged, mammalian-derived proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Department of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Lee
- Division of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingxue Shao
- Department of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangkang So
- Department of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kug Choo
- Division of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Byoung Oh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Han Oh
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Han ME, Jeon TY, Hwang SH, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Shim HE, Yoon S, Baek SY, Kim BS, Kang CD, Oh SO. Cancer spheres from gastric cancer patients provide an ideal model system for cancer stem cell research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3589-605. [PMID: 21448722 PMCID: PMC11114917 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have been hypothesized to drive the growth and metastasis of tumors. Because they need to be targeted for cancer treatment, they have been isolated from many solid cancers. However, cancer stem cells from primary human gastric cancer tissues have not been isolated as yet. For the isolation, we used two cell surface markers: the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and CD44. When analyzed by flow cytometry, the EpCAM(+)/CD44(+) population accounts for 4.5% of tumor cells. EpCAM(+)/CD44(+) gastric cancer cells formed tumors in immunocompromised mice; however, EpCAM(-)/CD44(-), EpCAM(+)/CD44(-) and EpCAM(-)/CD44(+) cells failed to do so. Xenografts of EpCAM(+)/CD44(+) gastric cancer cells maintained a differentiated phenotype and reproduced the morphological and phenotypical heterogeneity of the original gastric tumor tissues. The tumorigenic subpopulation was serially passaged for several generations without significant phenotypic alterations. Moreover, EpCAM(+)/CD44(+), but not EpCAM(-)/CD44(-), EpCAM(+)/CD44(-) or EpCAM(-)/CD44(+) cells grew exponentially in vitro as cancer spheres in serum-free medium, maintaining the tumorigenicity. Interestingly, a single cancer stem cell generated a cancer sphere that contained various differentiated cells, supporting multi-potency and self-renewal of a cancer stem cell. EpCAM(+)/CD44(+) cells had greater resistance to anti-cancer drugs than other subpopulation cells. The above in vivo and in vitro results suggest that cancer stem cells, which are enriched in the EpCAM(+)/CD44(+) subpopulation of gastric cancer cells, provide an ideal model system for cancer stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Eun Han
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Jeon
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwi Hwang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Shim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Yong Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Dug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Ock Oh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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12
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van der Gun BTF, de Groote ML, Kazemier HG, Arendzen AJ, Terpstra P, Ruiters MHJ, McLaughlin PMJ, Rots MG. Transcription factors and molecular epigenetic marks underlying EpCAM overexpression in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:312-9. [PMID: 21694727 PMCID: PMC3142811 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed on carcinomas, and its downregulation inhibits the oncogenic potential of multiple tumour types. Here, we investigated underlying mechanisms of epcam overexpression in ovarian carcinoma. METHODS Expression of EpCAM and DNA methylation (bisulphite sequencing) was determined for ovarian cancer cell lines. The association of histone modifications and 16 transcription factors with the epcam promoter was analysed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZAC) was used to induce EpCAM expression. RESULTS Expression of EpCAM was correlated with DNA methylation and histone modifications. Treatment with 5-AZAC induced EpCAM expression in negative cells. Ten transcription factors were associated with the epcam gene in EpCAM expressing cells, but not in EpCAM-negative cells. Methylation of an Sp1 probe inhibited the binding of nuclear extract proteins in electromobility shift assays; such DNA methylation sensitivity was not observed for an NF-κB probe. CONCLUSION This study provides insights in transcriptional regulation of epcam in ovarian cancer. Epigenetic parameters associated with EpCAM overexpression are potentially reversible, allowing novel strategies for sustained silencing of EpCAM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T F van der Gun
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M L de Groote
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H G Kazemier
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Arendzen
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Terpstra
- Epidemiology, Department of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M H J Ruiters
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Synvolux Therapeutics Inc., LJ. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P M J McLaughlin
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M G Rots
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Matsumura N, Zembutsu H, Yamaguchi K, Sasaki K, Tsuruma T, Nishidate T, Denno R, Hirata K. Identification of novel molecular markers for detection of gastric cancer cells in the peripheral blood circulation using genome-wide microarray analysis. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:705-713. [PMID: 22977563 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although metastasis or relapse is a leading cause of death for patients with gastric cancer, the hematogenous spread of cancer cells remains undetected at the time of initial therapy. The development of novel diagnostic molecular marker(s) to detect circulating gastric cancer cells is an issue of great clinical importance. We obtained peripheral blood samples from 10 patients with gastric cancer who underwent laparotomy and 4 healthy volunteers. Microarray analysis consisting of 30,000 genes or ESTs was carried out using eight gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric mucosae. We selected 53 genes up-regulated in gastric cancer compared to normal gastric mucosae from our microarray data set, and, among these, identified five candidate marker genes (TSPAN8, EPCAM, MMP12, MMP7 and REG3A) which were not expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 4 healthy volunteers. We further carried out semi-quantitative nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for HRH1, EGFR, CK20 and CEA in addition to the five newly identified genes using PBMCs of patients with gastric cancer, and found that expression of one or more genes out of the nine was detected in 80% of the patients with gastric cancer. Moreover, the numbers of genes expressed in PBMCs were ≤2 and ≥2 in all vascular invasion-negative cases and in 5 of 6 positive cases, respectively, showing significant differences between the two groups (P=0.041). Nested RT-PCR analysis for the set of nine marker genes using PBMCs may provide the potential for detection of circulating gastric cancer cells prior to metastasis formation in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matsumura
- First Department of Surgery, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Hokkaido 060-0061, Japan
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14
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van der Gun BTF, Maluszynska-Hoffman M, Kiss A, Arendzen AJ, Ruiters MHJ, McLaughlin PMJ, Weinhold E, Rots MG. Targeted DNA methylation by a DNA methyltransferase coupled to a triple helix forming oligonucleotide to down-regulate the epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1239-45. [PMID: 20593890 PMCID: PMC2907751 DOI: 10.1021/bc1000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a membrane glycoprotein that has been identified as a marker of cancer-initiating cells. EpCAM is highly expressed on most carcinomas, and transient silencing of EpCAM expression leads to reduced oncogenic potential. To silence the EpCAM gene in a persistent manner via targeted DNA methylation, a low activity mutant (C141S) of the CpG-specific DNA methyltransferase M.SssI was coupled to a triple-helix-forming oligonucleotide (TFO-C141S) specifically designed for the EpCAM gene. Reporter plasmids encoding the green fluorescent protein under control of different EpCAM promoter fragments were treated with the TFO-C141S conjugate to determine the specificity of targeted DNA methylation in the context of a functional EpCAM promoter. Treatment of the plasmids with TFO-C141S resulted in efficient and specific methylation of the targeted CpG located directly downstream of the triple helix forming site (TFS). No background DNA methylation was observed neither in a 700 bp region of the EpCAM promoter nor in a 400 bp region of the reporter gene downstream of the TFS. Methylation of the target CpG did not have a detectable effect on promoter activity. This study shows that the combination of a specific TFO and a reduced activity methyltransferase variant can be used to target DNA methylation to predetermined sites with high specificity, allowing determination of crucial CpGs for promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardina T F van der Gun
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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