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Yehia Abdelzaher W, A Abdel-Gaber S, Atef Fawzy M, Hamid Sayed Abo Bakr Ali A, Ezzat Attya M, Geddawy A. Atorvastatin protects against cyclophosphamide-induced thyroid injury in rats via modulation of JNK/ ERK/ p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111061. [PMID: 37844467 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer chemotherapy is associated with various tissue toxicities that limit its use. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent. Thyroid dysfunction is a critical side effect of anticancer drugs. Atorvastatin (ATV) is antihyperlipedemic drug with different tissue protective activities. The aim of this study was to determine the potential protective effect of ATV against CYC-induced thyroid injury in rats. METHODS ATV was administered in the presence and absence of CYC. Thirty-two adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, ATV group (20 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 14 day), CYC group (200 mg/kg, i.p. on day 9) and ATV/CYC group. Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrite/nitrate (NOx), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) were measured. In addition, thyroid histopathology and caspase 3 immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS CYC significantly increased thyroid MDA, NOx, P38MAPK, ERK and JNK with decrease in GSH, T3 and T4 levels. Histopathological features of thyroid lesions and increased caspase 3 immune expression were appeared. ATV significantly normalized distributed oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic indicators, resulting in an improvement of histopathological features and reduction of caspase 3 immunoexpression. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ATV protects against CYC-induced thyroid injury by regulating the JNK/ERK/p38-MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seham A Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Minia University, Minia 61111, Egypt.
| | - Michael Atef Fawzy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | | | - Mina Ezzat Attya
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61111, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Geddawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Minia University, Minia 61111, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
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Nyul TE, Beyries K, Hojnacki T, Glynn R, Paulosky KE, Gedela A, Majer A, Altman L, Buckley KH, Feng Z, Sun K, Peng Z, Tobias JW, Hua X, Katona BW. Menin Maintains Cholesterol Content in Colorectal Cancer via Repression of LXR-Mediated Transcription. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4126. [PMID: 37627154 PMCID: PMC10453013 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Menin is a nuclear scaffold protein that regulates gene transcription in an oftentimes tissue-specific manner. Our previous work showed that menin is over-expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the full spectrum of menin function in colonic neoplasia remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to uncover novel menin-regulated pathways important for colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS RNA-Seq analysis identified that menin regulates LXR-target gene expressions in CRC cell lines. Isolated colonic epithelium from Men1f/f;Vil1-Cre and Men1f/f mice was used to validate the results in vivo. Cholesterol content was quantified via an enzymatic assay. RESULTS RNA-Seq analysis in the HT-29 CRC cell line identified that menin inhibition upregulated LXR-target genes, specifically ABCG1 and ABCA1, with protein products that promote cellular cholesterol efflux. Similar results were noted across other CRC cell lines and with different methods of menin inhibition. Consistent with ABCG1 and ABCA1 upregulation, and similarly to LXR agonists, menin inhibition reduced the total cellular cholesterol in both HT-29 and HCT-15 cells. To confirm the effects of menin inhibition in vivo, we assessed Men1f/f;Vil1-Cre mice lacking menin expression in the colonic epithelium. Men1f/f;Vil1-Cre mice were found to have no distinct baseline phenotype compared to control Men1f/f mice. However, similarly to CRC cell lines, Men1f/f;Vil1-Cre mice showed an upregulation of Abcg1 and a reduction in total cellular cholesterol. Promoting cholesterol efflux, either via menin inhibition or LXR activation, was found to synergistically suppress CRC cell growth under cholesterol-depleted conditions and when administered concomitantly with small molecule EGFR inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Menin represses the transcription of LXR-target genes, including ABCA1 and ABCG1 in the colonic epithelium and CRC. Menin inhibition conversely upregulates LXR-target genes and reduces total cellular cholesterol, demonstrating that menin inhibition may be an important mechanism for targeting cholesterol-dependent pathways in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Nyul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keely Beyries
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Taylor Hojnacki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Glynn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kayla E. Paulosky
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anitej Gedela
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ariana Majer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lily Altman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kole H. Buckley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zijie Feng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (X.H.)
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (X.H.)
| | - Zhicheng Peng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (X.H.)
| | - John W. Tobias
- Department of Genetics, Penn Genomics Analysis Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (X.H.)
| | - Bryson W. Katona
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Du JY, Huang GY, Xie YC, Li NX, Lin ZW, Zhang L. High levels of triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and the number of colorectal polyps are risk factors for colorectal polyp recurrence after endoscopic resection: a retrospective study. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:1753-1760. [PMID: 36092331 PMCID: PMC9459209 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recurrence of polyps after endoscopic treatment is a difficult problem and there may be an association between blood lipid levels and colorectal polyps, but this is controversial and the aim of this study is to explore the risk factors for colorectal polyp recurrence. Methods A total of 357 patients who underwent intestinal polypectomy from January 1, 2019 to June 1, 2020 in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital were included in this retrospective study to analyze the potential association between blood indices and recurrence risk. Polyp recurrence was defined as the detection of 1 or more polyps at any time after polypectomy, regardless of site. Follow-up was performed through the electronic medical record system. Patients' age, gender, tobacco and alcohol liking, duration of follow-up, body mass index (BMI), polyp size, number, type of pathology, and lipid profiles (triglycerides, cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and apolipoprotein A) were collected. Results Triglycerides (1.54±0.95 vs. 1.25±1.01, P=0.036) and apolipoprotein B (0.87±0.26 vs. 0.79±0.16 mL, P=0.001) were significantly different in both the recurrence and non-recurrence groups. Binary logistic regression identified 3 independent risk factors for recurrence: triglycerides [odds ratio (OR): 1.763, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.003 to 3.098, P=0.049], apolipoprotein B (OR: 5.438, 95% CI: 1.411 to 20.961, P=0.014), and the number of polyps (OR: 2.540, 95% CI: 1.649 to 3.911, P<0.001). Conclusions High levels of triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and the number of colorectal polyps are risk factors for colorectal polyp recurrence after endoscopic resection. Therefore, for patients at high risk of polyp recurrence, we recommend aggressive control of triglyceride and apolipoprotein B levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Du
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Gui-Ying Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Chun Xie
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan-Xi Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Lin
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Li Y, He X, Ding Y, Chen H, Sun L. Statin uses and mortality in colorectal cancer patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3305-3313. [PMID: 31069997 PMCID: PMC6558478 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common types of cancer and a leading cause of death worldwide. Previous studies indicated that statins may have a potential protective effect on CRC. METHODS We conducted this meta-analysis to systematically assess the overall and cancer-specific survival benefit of statin uses on CRC patients. Related references were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SCOPUS from inception to August 2017. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were adopted to calculate summary hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), using a random-effects model. RESULTS Total fourteen studies involving 130 994 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Six studies reported the association between pre-diagnosis statin uses and CRC mortality, while 11 studies investigated mortality in patients using statins after CRC diagnosis. For pre-diagnosis statin uses, the pooled HR of all-cause mortality (ACM) was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.92) and the pooled HR of cancer-specific mortality (CSM) was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.79-0.86). In terms of post-diagnosis statin uses, the pooled HR of ACM was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.76-0.98), and the pooled HR of CSM was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.70-0.89). For post-diagnosis statin uses, there is no difference in ACM when stratified by KRAS gene (KRAS) mutation status. Results of ACM and CSM did not markedly alter in other subgroup analyses. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis demonstrates that both pre-diagnosis and post-diagnosis statin uses are associated with reduced ACM and CSM for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingkang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu'e Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leimin Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Palko-Łabuz A, Środa-Pomianek K, Wesołowska O, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Uryga A, Michalak K. MDR reversal and pro-apoptotic effects of statins and statins combined with flavonoids in colon cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1511-1522. [PMID: 30551403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of cancer cells to a variety of structurally non-related cytotoxic drugs is known as multidrug resistance phenomenon (MDR). In cellular membranes an activity of MDR transporters such as P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) is affected by their lipid environment. Many various compounds have been examined for their ability to restore drug-sensitivity of resistant cancer cells. Statins, inhibitors of the key enzyme of mevalonate pathway HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase are drugs commonly prescribed in order to reduce serum level of cholesterol and to diminish the risk of cardiovascular disease. Statins as drugs that influence lipid composition of cell membrane and in that way they also exert influence on lipid bilayer properties appear to be good candidates as MDR modulators. In this work it was shown that statins - mevastatin and simvastatin exert antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and reversing drug resistance effect in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line LoVo and its drug-resistant subline LoVo/Dx. A hypothesis was also checked whether flavones, which as it is well known are able to influence the biosynthesis of cholesterol, may change the anticancer activity of statins. Our investigations have revealed that combined use of statins and studied flavonoids results in enhanced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis and lower cancer cell proliferation as compared to the application only statins alone. Moreover, in drug resistant LoVo/Dx cells a stronger decrease of resistance to doxorubicine was observed in the presence of statins in combination with flavones as compared to the effect observed for statins only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Palko-Łabuz
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Uryga
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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Zhou M, Zheng J, Bi J, Wu X, Lyu J, Gao K. Synergistic inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by a combination of atorvastatin and phloretin. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:1985-1992. [PMID: 29399200 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATST), a drug commonly used to reduce the levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins, is a prospective agent for the prevention of colorectal cancer in patients with hyperlipidemia. ATST in combination with functional components is a promising strategy for cancer chemoprevention. In the present study, the growth inhibitory effect of ATST combined with phloretin (PT) on SW620 and HCT116 colon cancer cells was investigated. The results of MTT assays indicated that the combination of PT and ATST markedly reduced cell survival in both cell lines compared with PT or ATST treatment administered individually. The interaction indexes between PT and ATST, which were used to analyze their interaction pattern, were computed by the median-effect equation. The interaction indexes of each PT and ATST concentration pair were <1.0, which indicated a strong synergistic effect between the two compounds. The data obtained by flow cytometry and western blot analysis of cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase indicated a synergistic effect resulted in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint. Furthermore, combined treatment with PT and ATST markedly downregulated the expression of cyclin B and upregulated the expression of phospho-cdc2 and Myt1, which suggested that the activation of cdc2 was downregulated. This combined treatment strategy enhanced the anti-cancer activity of ATST at a relatively low dosage and suggested a possible method of preventing colorectal cancer in patients with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xinye Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lyu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Kun Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Simvastatin enhances radiation sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells. Surg Endosc 2017; 32:1533-1539. [PMID: 28916945 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) for rectal cancer induces variable responses, and better response has been associated with improved oncologic outcomes. Our group has previously shown that the administration of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, is associated with improved response to neoadjuvant CRT in rectal cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of simvastatin on colorectal cancer cells and explore its potential as a radiation-sensitizer in vitro. METHODS Four colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480, DLD1, SW837, and HRT18) were used to test the effects of simvastatin alone, radiation alone, and combination therapy. Outcome measures included ATP-based cell viability, colony formation, and protein (immunoblot) assays. RESULTS The combination of radiation and simvastatin inhibited colony formation and cell viability of all four CRC lines, to a greater degree than either treatment alone (p < 0.01). In addition, the effects of simvastatin in this combination therapy were dose dependent, with increased concentrations resulting in more potentiated inhibitory effects. The radiosensitizing effects of simvastatin on cell viability were negated by the presence of exogenous GGPP in the media. On protein analyses of irradiated cells, simvastatin treatment inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2, in a dose-dependent manner, while the total levels of ERK1/2 remained stable. In addition, the combined treatment resulted in increased levels of cleaved caspase 3, indicating greater apoptotic activity in the cells treated with radiation and simvastatin together. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with simvastatin hindered CRC cell viability and enhanced radiation sensitivity in vitro. These effects were tied to the depletion of GGPP and the decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, suggesting a prominent role for the EGFR-RAS-ERK1/2 pathway, through which statin enhances radiation sensitivity.
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Jiang YY, Tian JY, Cao Q. High risk factors for recurrence after resection of colorectal polyps. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3433-3438. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i22.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the high risk factors for recurrence after resection of colorectal polyps.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent endoscopic resection of colorectal polyps more than twice from January 2012 to December 2015 at Shanghai Putuo District Central Hospital to identify the high risk factors for recurrence.
RESULTS: A total of 54 patients was included. Univariate analysis showed that male gender, old age, low intestinal cleaning degree, adenomatous polyps, polyps < 1 cm, APC electric cauterization combined with high frequency electrocoagulation, and multiple polyps were risk factors for postoperative recurrence of colorectal polyps. Multivariate analysis showed that only age was an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence of colorectal polyps.
CONCLUSION: Age, gender, polyp number, polyp pathology, and intestinal cleanliness are risk factors for postoperative recurrence of colorectal polyps. Insufficient bowel preparation and smaller polyps will increase the rate of missed diagnosis and increase the risk of postoperative recurrence.
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Jiang YY, Cao Q. Latest progress in research of factors associated with recurrence after resection of colorectal polyps. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2002-2009. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i13.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal polyps are growths projecting into the mucosal surface of the colon lumen. Colorectal polyps, especially colorectal adenomas, are considered precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer. With the continuous development of endoscopic technology, endoscopic treatment of colon polyps has been used widely. However, the recurrence rate is high, and the risk of recurrence and malignant transformation still exists. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to the recurrence related factors after the resection of colorectal polyps. This article will review the latest progress in the research of factors related to recurrence after resection of colorectal polyps.
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Stäubert C, Krakowsky R, Bhuiyan H, Witek B, Lindahl A, Broom O, Nordström A. Increased lanosterol turnover: a metabolic burden for daunorubicin-resistant leukemia cells. Med Oncol 2015; 33:6. [PMID: 26698156 PMCID: PMC4689760 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol metabolism is essential for cancer cell proliferation. We found the expression of genes involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway up-regulated in the daunorubicin-resistant leukemia cell line CEM/R2, which is a daughter cell line to the leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM (CEM). Cellular (2)H2O labelling, mass spectrometry, and isotopomer analysis revealed an increase in lanosterol synthesis which was not accompanied by an increase in cholesterol flux or pool size in CEM/R2 cells. Exogenous addition of lanosterol had a negative effect on CEM/R2 and a positive effect on sensitive CEM cell viability. Treatment of CEM and CEM/R2 cells with cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors acting on the enzymes squalene epoxidase and lanosterol synthase, both also involved in the 24,25-epoxycholesterol shunt pathway, revealed a connection of this pathway to lanosterol turnover. Our data highlight that an increased lanosterol flux poses a metabolic weakness of resistant cells that potentially could be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stäubert
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rosanna Krakowsky
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hasanuzzaman Bhuiyan
- Doping Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Witek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindahl
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Broom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Nordström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kobayashi Y, Kashima H, Wu RC, Jung JG, Kuan JC, Gu J, Xuan J, Sokoll L, Visvanathan K, Shih IM, Wang TL. Mevalonate Pathway Antagonist Suppresses Formation of Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma and Ovarian Carcinoma in Mouse Models. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4652-62. [PMID: 26109099 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Statins are among the most frequently prescribed drugs because of their efficacy and low toxicity in treating hypercholesterolemia. Recently, statins have been reported to inhibit the proliferative activity of cancer cells, especially those with TP53 mutations. Because TP53 mutations occur in almost all ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), we determined whether statins suppressed tumor growth in animal models of ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two ovarian cancer mouse models were used. The first one was a genetically engineered model, mogp-TAg, in which the promoter of oviduct glycoprotein-1 was used to drive the expression of SV40 T-antigen in gynecologic tissues. These mice spontaneously developed serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STICs), which are known as ovarian cancer precursor lesions. The second model was a xenograft tumor model in which human ovarian cancer cells were inoculated into immunocompromised mice. Mice in both models were treated with lovastatin, and effects on tumor growth were monitored. The molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of lovastatin were also investigated. RESULTS Lovastatin significantly reduced the development of STICs in mogp-TAg mice and inhibited ovarian tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model. Knockdown of prenylation enzymes in the mevalonate pathway recapitulated the lovastatin-induced antiproliferative phenotype. Transcriptome analysis indicated that lovastatin affected the expression of genes associated with DNA replication, Rho/PLC signaling, glycolysis, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways, suggesting that statins have pleiotropic effects on tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest that repurposing statin drugs for ovarian cancer may provide a promising strategy to prevent and manage this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kashima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ren-Chin Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Gyoung Jung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jen-Chun Kuan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jinghua Gu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Lori Sokoll
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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12
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Statins in oncological research: from experimental studies to clinical practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:296-311. [PMID: 25220658 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are commonly used drugs in the treatment of dyslipidemias, primarily raised cholesterol. Recently, many epidemiological and preclinical studies pointed to anti-tumor properties of statins, including anti-proliferative activities, apoptosis, decreased angiogenesis and metastasis. These processes play an important role in carcinogenesis and, therefore, the role of statins in cancer disease is being seriously discussed among oncologists. Anti-neoplastic properties of statins combined with an acceptable toxicity profile in the majority of individuals support their further development as anti-tumor drugs. The mechanism of action, current preclinical studies and clinical efficacy of statins are reviewed in this paper. Moreover, promising results have been reported regarding the statins' efficacy in some cancer types, especially in esophageal and colorectal cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Statins' hepatotoxicity has traditionally represented an obstacle to the prescription of this class of drugs and this issue is also discussed in this review.
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13
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Corcos L, Le Jossic-Corcos C. Statins: perspectives in cancer therapeutics. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:795-802. [PMID: 23490341 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Virtually any cell type in a mammalian organism uses Acetyl CoA to yield mevalonate, through the activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase enzyme and, ultimately, cholesterol. Statins have long and quite successfully been used as cholesterol lowering drugs. They reversibly inhibit the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity, which is rate limiting in the early steps of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. In addition to these effects, it has also been amply shown that statins may efficiently trigger cancer cell apoptosis, making them a plausible therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. Whether statins may prevent cancer occurrence is a matter of debate and an unanswered question; undoubtedly experimental models have clearly demonstrated the potential of statins as direct cytotoxic agents, which can reduce tumour development or metastasis spread, even more so when combined with cytotoxic drugs. Until now, however, only few data in humans support the idea that statins could rightfully belong to the group of anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, as cancer cell metabolism is being thoroughly revisited, the mevalonate pathway has recently been reported as truly oncogenic, presenting the attractive possibility that mevalonate pathway inhibitors, such as statins, may join the ranks of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Corcos
- INSERM U1078-ECLA and SFR-ScInBioS, European University, Bretagne, France.
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14
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Kabel AM, Abdel-Rahman MN, El-Sisi AEDE, Haleem MS, Ezzat NM, El Rashidy MA. Effect of atorvastatin and methotrexate on solid Ehrlich tumor. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 713:47-53. [PMID: 23669249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase is the key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. A relationship was found between cholesterol and the development of many types of cancer. Atorvastatin is a hypolipidemic drug that may have a role in treatment of cancer. Moreover, atorvastatin was reported to decrease the resistance of cancer cells to many chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this work was to study the effect of each of methotrexate (MTX) and atorvastatin alone and in combination on solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) in mice. Fifty BALB/c mice were divided into five equal groups: control untreated group, SEC, SEC+MTX, SEC+atorvastatin, SEC+MTX+atorvastatin. Tumor volume, tissue glutathione reductase (GR), catalase, malondialdehyde (MDA), cholesterol and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined. A part of the tumor was examined for histopathological and immunohistochemical study. MTX or atorvastatin alone or in combination induced significant increase in tissue catalase and GR with significant decrease in tumor volume, tissue MDA, cholesterol and TNF-α and alleviated the histopathological changes with significant increase in p53 expression and apoptotic index compared to SEC group. In conclusion, the combination of MTX and atorvastatin had a better effect than each of MTX or atorvastatin alone against solid Ehrlich tumor in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Kabel
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
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15
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Smith B, Land H. Anticancer activity of the cholesterol exporter ABCA1 gene. Cell Rep 2012; 2:580-90. [PMID: 22981231 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABCA1 protein mediates the transfer of cellular cholesterol across the plasma membrane to apolipoprotein A-I. Loss-of-function mutations in the ABCA1 gene induce Tangier disease and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, both cardiovascular conditions characterized by abnormally low levels of serum cholesterol, increased cholesterol in macrophages, and subsequent formation of vascular plaque. Increased intracellular cholesterol levels are also frequently found in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate anticancer activity of ABCA1 efflux function, which is compromised following inhibition of ABCA1 gene expression by oncogenic mutations or cancer-specific ABCA1 loss-of-function mutations. In concert with elevated cholesterol synthesis found in cancer cells, ABCA1 deficiency allows for increased mitochondrial cholesterol, inhibits release of mitochondrial cell death-promoting molecules, and thus facilitates cancer cell survival, suggesting that elevated mitochondrial cholesterol is essential to the cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Smith
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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16
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Johnson LA, Govani SM, Joyce JC, Waljee AK, Gillespie BW, Higgins PDR. Spironolactone and colitis: increased mortality in rodents and in humans. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1315-24. [PMID: 22081497 PMCID: PMC3288762 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease causes intestinal inflammation leading to intestinal fibrosis. Spironolactone is an antifibrotic medication commonly used in heart failure to reduce mortality. We examined whether spironolactone is antifibrotic in the context of intestinal inflammation. METHODS In vitro, spironolactone repressed fibrogenesis in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-stimulated human colonic myofibroblasts. However, spironolactone therapy significantly increased mortality in two rodent models of inflammation-induced intestinal fibrosis, suggesting spironolactone could be harmful during intestinal inflammation. Since inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients rarely receive spironolactone therapy, we examined whether spironolactone use was associated with mortality in a common cause of inflammatory colitis, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). RESULTS Spironolactone use during CDI infection was associated with increased mortality in a retrospective cohort of 4008 inpatients (15.9% vs. 9.1%, n = 390 deaths, P < 0.0001). In patients without liver disease, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for inpatient mortality associated with 80 mg spironolactone was 1.99 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51-2.63) In contrast to the main effect of spironolactone mortality, multivariate modeling revealed a protective interaction between liver disease and spironolactone dose. The adjusted OR for mortality after CDI was 1.96 (95% CI: 1.50-2.55) for patients without liver disease on spironolactone vs. 1.28 (95% CI: 0.82-2.00) for patients with liver disease on spironolactone when compared to a reference group without liver disease or spironolactone use. CONCLUSIONS We propose that discontinuation of spironolactone in patients without liver disease during CDI could reduce hospital mortality by 2-fold, potentially reducing mortality from CDI by 35,000 patients annually across Europe and the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Johnson
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Shail M. Govani
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joel C. Joyce
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Dermatology, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Akbar K. Waljee
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brenda W. Gillespie
- University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
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Pereira MA, Warner BM, Knobloch TJ, Weghorst CM, Lubet RA, Steele VE, Casto BC. Chemoprevention of mouse lung and colon tumors by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and atorvastatin. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1277-86. [PMID: 22161747 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atorvastatin and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) were evaluated for chemoprevention of mouse lung tumors. In Experiment 1, lung tumors were induced by vinyl carbamate in strain A/J mice followed by 500 mg/kg SAHA, 60 or 180 mg/kg atorvastatin, and combinations containing SAHA and atorvastatin administered in their diet. SAHA and both combinations, but not atorvastatin, decreased the multiplicity of lung tumors, including large adenomas and adenocarcinomas with the combinations demonstrating the greatest efficacy. In Experiment 2, lung tumors were induced by 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in strain A/J mice followed by 180 mg/kg atorvastatin, 500 mg/kg SAHA, or both drugs administered in the diet. SAHA and the combination of both drugs, but not atorvastatin alone, decreased the multiplicity of lung tumors and large tumors, with the combination demonstrating greater efficacy. In Experiment 3, lung tumors were induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in Swiss-Webster mice followed by 160 mg/kg atorvastatin, 400 mg/kg SAHA, or a combination of both drugs administered in the diet. SAHA and the combination, but not atorvastatin, decreased the multiplicity of lung tumors with the combination demonstrating greater efficacy. The multiplicity of colon tumors was decreased by SAHA, atorvastatin, and the combination, without any significant difference in their efficacy. mRNA expression analysis of lung tumor bearing mice suggested that the enhanced chemopreventive activity of the combination is related to atorvastatin modulation of DNA repair, SAHA modulation of angiogenesis, and both drugs modulating invasion and metastasis pathways. Atorvastatin demonstrated chemoprevention activity as indicated by the enhancement of the efficacy of SAHA to prevent mouse lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pereira
- College of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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