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El-Azab G. Proton Pump Inhibitors in Patients with Cirrhosis: Pharmacokinetics, Benefits and Drawbacks. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2024:10.1007/s11894-024-00943-7. [PMID: 39167119 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-024-00943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review explores the pharmacokinetics, benefits, and risks of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in cirrhotic patients, focusing on the appropriateness of their use and potential adverse effects. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies highlight significant pharmacokinetic alterations in PPIs among cirrhotic patients, with marked increases in lansoprazole and pantoprazole exposure and relatively stable levels of esomeprazole. While effective for managing acid-related disorders and post-band ulcer rebleeding, evidence supporting PPI use for portal hypertension-related bleeding is lacking. Emerging research suggests potential adverse effects such as hepatic decompensation, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and increased mortality, possibly linked to dysbiosis and bacterial translocation. PPI use in cirrhotic patients alters pharmacokinetics significantly, with esomeprazole potentially safer in advanced cirrhosis. The review advises caution in routine PPI use beyond acid-related conditions due to limited evidence and substantial risks. It underscores the need for careful risk-benefit assessments and exploration of alternative therapies. Future research should aim to identify safer management strategies for portal hypertension complications and to develop evidence-based guidelines for PPI use in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gasser El-Azab
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
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Talamantes S, Steiner F, Spencer S, Neshatian L, Sonu I. Intestinal Methanogen Overgrowth (IMO) Is Associated with Delayed Small Bowel and Colonic Transit Time (TT) on the Wireless Motility Capsule (WMC). Dig Dis Sci 2024:10.1007/s10620-024-08563-x. [PMID: 39068378 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methanogens are associated with gut dysmotility in animal models but have not been robustly studied in humans. The WMC assesses regional transit time (TT) and pH in the GI tract. AIMS To study the segmental TT and pH among patients with SIBO or IMO utilizing WMC. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 207 patients who underwent a glucose or lactulose breath test (BT) and WMC from 2010 to 2022. Diagnosis of SIBO and IMO were based on the 2017 North American consensus criteria. TT and pH were extracted from WMC recordings. We tested for differences in means of continuous variables and frequencies of categorical variables using two-sample t tests, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Chi-square, and Fisher exact tests. We used R version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21) for all statistical analyses. RESULTS A total of 196 patients met criteria, mean age 47.4 years and 155 (79.1%) females. Of the 86 (43.9%) patients with a positive BT, 42 (58.3%) had IMO only (meeting only CH4 criteria) and 30 (34.9%) met both H2 and CH4 criteria. Colonic TT was longer in patients with a positive BT compared to negative patients (40 h:29 min vs 28 h:51 min, p = 0.028). Small bowel TT and colonic TT were longer in patients with IMO compared to negative patients (SBTT: 5 h:15 min vs 4 h:32 min, p = 0.021; CTT: 44 h:23 min vs 28 h:51 min, p = 0.030). There were no significant differences in segmental pH compared to negative patients. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the largest study of patients who have undergone both BT and WMC. A positive BT was associated with delayed CTT, while having IMO only was associated with both delayed CTT and SBTT, but neither with pH. Future investigation is needed to elucidate whether changes in intestinal microbiota affect gut transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Talamantes
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Faye Steiner
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sean Spencer
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Leila Neshatian
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Irene Sonu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 430 Broadway Pavilion C 3rd Floor, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA.
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Liang Y, Meng Z, Ding XL, Jiang M. Effects of proton pump inhibitors on inflammatory bowel disease: An updated review. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2751-2762. [PMID: 38899331 PMCID: PMC11185295 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i21.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is believed to be caused by various factors, including abnormalities in disease susceptibility genes, environmental factors, immune factors, and intestinal bacteria. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the primary drugs used to treat acid-related diseases. They are also commonly prescribed to patients with IBD. Recent studies have suggested a potential association between the use of certain medications, such as PPIs, and the occurrence and progression of IBD. In this review, we summarize the potential impact of PPIs on IBD and analyze the underlying mechanisms. Our findings may provide insights for conducting further investigations into the effects of PPIs on IBD and serve as an important reminder for physicians to exercise caution when prescribing PPIs to patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Department of Intervention, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue-Li Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Al Khoury A, Taheri Tanjani M, Hari B, Almadi MA, Martel M, Barkun AN. Primary and Specialty Care Trainees' Perceptions About Proton Pump Inhibitor Use. J Clin Gastroenterol 2024:00004836-990000000-00268. [PMID: 38385596 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed with proven efficacy in many indications, yet longstanding controversy about potential adverse events persists. We aimed to acquire knowledge about perceptions of outpatient PPI long-term prescribing (≥8 wk) among primary and specialty care trainees at 2 Canadian Universities. METHODS Family medicine, internal medicine, and gastroenterology trainees completed a web-based survey that included 20 clinical scenarios assessing trainee knowledge about PPI efficacy. Contextual PPI prescribing decisions were also elicited, balancing possible PPI indications versus side effects. Management strategies were compared between junior and senior trainees, as well as across training programs. RESULTS Over a 4-month period,163 trainees (age <26 y: 12%; age 26 to 45: 88%; 59% females) participated in the survey (family medicine: 51%, internal medicine: 44%, and gastroenterology: 5%); 83% were considered junior residents. Only 42% had received formal education on prescribing PPI long-term. Overall, 93% believed they would benefit from such teaching, with 98% stating they would follow related guidelines. No between-group differences were noted in knowledge of appropriate PPI indications nor possible side effects when comparing juniors to seniors, or among different specialties. Across different management scenarios, inappropriate PPI discontinuation was chosen by 14.3% to 67.2%, whereas inappropriate PPI continuation was reported in up to 57%. Trainee seniority and specialty did not differ in appropriate deprescribing rates. CONCLUSIONS Training level and primary versus specialty care settings are associated with frequent inappropriate PPI prescribing and deprescribing. These findings highlight the need for and may inform future educational programs on PPI usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Al Khoury
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec
| | | | - Bretton Hari
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Majid A Almadi
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec
- Division of Gastroenterology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Myriam Martel
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alan N Barkun
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec
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Lee I, Jo JW, Woo HJ, Suk KT, Lee SS, Kim BS. Proton pump inhibitors increase the risk of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization by facilitating the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria in the gut microbiome. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2341635. [PMID: 38634770 PMCID: PMC11028007 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2341635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) pose a global health threat; however, there is still limited understanding of the risk factors and underlying mechanisms of CRE colonization in the gut microbiome. We conducted a matched case-control study involving 282 intensive care unit patients to analyze influencing covariates on CRE colonization. Subsequently, their effects on the gut microbiome were analyzed in a subset of 98 patients (47 CRE carriers and 51 non-CRE carriers) using whole metagenome sequences. The concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and antibiotics was a significant risk factor for CRE colonization. The gut microbiome differed according to PPI administration, even within the CRE and non-CRE groups. Moreover, the transfer of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) harboring carbapenem resistance genes (CRGs) between bacteria was higher in the PPI-treated group than in the PPI-not-treated group among CRE carriers. The concomitant use of PPIs and antibiotics significantly alters the gut microbiome and increases the risk of CRE colonization by facilitating the transfer of CRGs among bacteria of the gut microbiome. Based on these findings, improved stewardship of PPIs as well as antibiotics can provide strategies to reduce the risk of CRE colonization, thereby potentially improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imchang Lee
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jo
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Jeong Woo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soon Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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