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Hunt JE, Pratt KG, Molnár Z. Ocular Necessities: A Neuroethological Perspective on Vertebrate Visual Development. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2024; 99:96-108. [PMID: 38447544 PMCID: PMC11152017 DOI: 10.1159/000536035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By examining species-specific innate behaviours, neuroethologists have characterized unique neural strategies and specializations from throughout the animal kingdom. Simultaneously, the field of evolutionary developmental biology (informally, "evo-devo") seeks to make inferences about animals' evolutionary histories through careful comparison of developmental processes between species, because evolution is the evolution of development. Yet despite the shared focus on cross-species comparisons, there is surprisingly little crosstalk between these two fields. Insights can be gleaned at the intersection of neuroethology and evo-devo. Every animal develops within an environment, wherein ecological pressures advantage some behaviours and disadvantage others. These pressures are reflected in the neurodevelopmental strategies employed by different animals across taxa. SUMMARY Vision is a system of particular interest for studying the adaptation of animals to their environments. The visual system enables a wide variety of animals across the vertebrate lineage to interact with their environments, presenting a fantastic opportunity to examine how ecological pressures have shaped animals' behaviours and developmental strategies. Applying a neuroethological lens to the study of visual development, we advance a novel theory that accounts for the evolution of spontaneous retinal waves, an important phenomenon in the development of the visual system, across the vertebrate lineage. KEY MESSAGES We synthesize literature on spontaneous retinal waves from across the vertebrate lineage. We find that ethological considerations explain some cross-species differences in the dynamics of retinal waves. In zebrafish, retinal waves may be more important for the development of the retina itself, rather than the retinofugal projections. We additionally suggest empirical tests to determine whether Xenopus laevis experiences retinal waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Elan Hunt
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kara Geo Pratt
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Gao X, Lin S, Zhang M, Lyu M, Liu Y, Luo X, You W, Ke C. Review: Use of Electrophysiological Techniques to Study Visual Functions of Aquatic Organisms. Front Physiol 2022; 13:798382. [PMID: 35153830 PMCID: PMC8829447 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.798382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The light environments of natural water sources have specific characteristics. For the majority of aquatic organisms, vision is crucial for predation, hiding from predators, communicating information, and reproduction. Electroretinography (ERG) is a diagnostic method used for assessing visual function. An electroretinogram records the comprehensive potential response of retinal cells under light stimuli and divides it into several components. Unique wave components are derived from different retinal cells, thus retinal function can be determined by analyzing these components. This review provides an overview of the milestones of ERG technology, describing how ERG is used to study visual sensitivity (e.g., spectral sensitivity, luminous sensitivity, and temporal resolution) of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other aquatic organisms (seals, sea lions, sea turtles, horseshoe crabs, and jellyfish). In addition, it describes the correlations between visual sensitivity and habitat, the variation of visual sensitivity as a function of individual growth, and the diel cycle changes of visual sensitivity. Efforts to identify the visual sensitivity of different aquatic organisms are vital to understanding the environmental plasticity of biological evolution and for directing aquaculture, marine fishery, and ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shihui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingxin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Xie J, Jusuf PR, Bui BV, Goodbourn PT. Experience-dependent development of visual sensitivity in larval zebrafish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18931. [PMID: 31831839 PMCID: PMC6908733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a popular vertebrate model for studying visual development, especially at the larval stage. For many vertebrates, post-natal visual experience is essential to fine-tune visual development, but it is unknown how experience shapes larval zebrafish vision. Zebrafish swim with a moving texture; in the wild, this innate optomotor response (OMR) stabilises larvae in moving water, but it can be exploited in the laboratory to assess zebrafish visual function. Here, we compared spatial-frequency tuning inferred from OMR between visually naïve and experienced larvae from 5 to 7 days post-fertilisation. We also examined development of synaptic connections between neurons by quantifying post-synaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in larval retinae. PSD-95 is closely associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the neurotransmitter-receptor proteins underlying experience-dependent visual development. We found that rather than following an experience-independent genetic programme, developmental changes in visual spatial-frequency tuning at the larval stage required visual experience. Exposure to motion evoking OMR yielded no greater improvement than exposure to static form, suggesting that increased sensitivity as indexed by OMR was driven not by motor practice but by visual experience itself. PSD-95 density varied with visual sensitivity, suggesting that experience may have up-regulated clustering of PSD-95 for synaptic maturation in visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Xie
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patricia R Jusuf
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patrick T Goodbourn
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Sovrano VA, Bertolucci C, Frigato E, Foà A, Rogers LJ. Influence of exposure in ovo to different light wavelengths on the lateralization of social response in zebrafish larvae. Physiol Behav 2016; 157:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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SIEBECK UE, O'CONNOR J, BRAUN C, LEIS JM. Do human activities influence survival and orientation abilities of larval fishes in the ocean? Integr Zool 2015; 10:65-82. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike E. SIEBECK
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Jack O'CONNOR
- Ichthyology; The Australian Museum; Sydney Australia
- Department of Environmental Studies; University of Technology Sydney; Ultimo Australia
| | - Christoph BRAUN
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Jeffrey M. LEIS
- Ichthyology; The Australian Museum; Sydney Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies; University of Tasmania; Hobart Australia
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Abstract
Zebrafish is becoming an increasingly popular model in the field of visual neuroscience. Although the absorption spectra of its cone photopigments have been described, the cone action spectra were still unknown. In this study we report the action spectra of the four types of zebrafish cone photoreceptors, determined by measuring voltage responses upon light stimulation using whole cell patch clamp recordings. A generic template of photopigment absorption spectra was fit to the resulting action spectra in order to establish the maximum absorption wavelength, the A2-based photopigment contribution and the size of the β-wave of each cone-type. Although in general there is close correspondence between zebrafish cone action- and absorbance spectra, our data suggest that in the case of MWS- and LWS-cones there is appreciable contribution of A2-based photopigments and that the β-wave for these cones is smaller than expected based on the absorption spectra.
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