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Tursini K, Remy I, Le Cam S, Louis-Dorr V, Malka-Mahieu H, Schwan R, Gross G, Laprévote V, Schwitzer T. Subsequent and simultaneous electrophysiological investigation of the retina and the visual cortex in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases: what are the forecasts for the medicine of tomorrow? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1167654. [PMID: 37333926 PMCID: PMC10272854 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1167654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual electrophysiological deficits have been reported in neurodegenerative disorders as well as in mental disorders. Such alterations have been mentioned in both the retina and the cortex, notably affecting the photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the primary visual cortex. Interestingly, such impairments emphasize the functional role of the visual system. For this purpose, the present study reviews the existing literature with the aim of identifying key alterations in electroretinograms (ERGs) and visual evoked potentials electroencephalograms (VEP-EEGs) of subjects with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. We focused on psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases due to similarities in their neuropathophysiological mechanisms. Our research focuses on decoupled and coupled ERG/VEP-EEG results obtained with black-and-white checkerboards or low-level visual stimuli. A decoupled approach means recording first the ERG, then the VEP-EEG in the same subject with the same visual stimuli. The second method means recording both ERG and VEP-EEG simultaneously in the same participant with the same visual stimuli. Both coupled and decoupled results were found, indicating deficits mainly in the N95 ERG wave and the P100 VEP-EEG wave in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and major depressive disorder. Such results reinforce the link between the retina and the visual cortex for the diagnosis of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. With that in mind, medical devices using coupled ERG/VEP-EEG measurements are being developed in order to further investigate the relationship between the retina and the visual cortex. These new techniques outline future challenges in mental health and the use of machine learning for the diagnosis of mental disorders, which would be a crucial step toward precision psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyne Tursini
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes et d’Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- BioSerenity, Paris, France
- INSERM U1254, Université de Lorraine, IADI, Nancy, France
| | - Irving Remy
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes et d’Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- BioSerenity, Paris, France
- INSERM U1114, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Steven Le Cam
- CRAN, CNRS UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes et d’Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- INSERM U1254, Université de Lorraine, IADI, Nancy, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Grégory Gross
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes et d’Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- INSERM U1254, Université de Lorraine, IADI, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Laprévote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes et d’Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- INSERM U1114, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d’Adultes et d’Addictologie du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- INSERM U1254, Université de Lorraine, IADI, Nancy, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Saravanan M, Xu R, Roby O, Wang Y, Zhu S, Lu A, Du J. Tissue-Specific Sex Difference in Mouse Eye and Brain Metabolome Under Fed and Fasted States. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:18. [PMID: 36892534 PMCID: PMC10010444 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.3.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Visual physiology and various ocular diseases demonstrate sexual dimorphisms; however, how sex influences metabolism in different eye tissues remains undetermined. This study aims to address common and tissue-specific sex differences in metabolism in the retina, RPE, lens, and brain under fed and fasted conditions. Methods After ad libitum fed or being deprived of food for 18 hours, mouse eye tissues (retina, RPE/choroid, and lens), brain, and plasma were harvested for targeted metabolomics. The data were analyzed with both partial least squares-discriminant analysis and volcano plot analysis. Results Among 133 metabolites that cover major metabolic pathways, we found 9 to 45 metabolites that are sex different in different tissues under the fed state and 6 to 18 metabolites under the fasted state. Among these sex-different metabolites, 33 were changed in 2 or more tissues, and 64 were tissue specific. Pantothenic acid, hypotaurine, and 4-hydroxyproline were the top commonly changed metabolites. The lens and the retina had the most tissue-specific, sex-different metabolites enriched in the metabolism of amino acid, nucleotide, lipids, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. The lens and the brain had more similar sex-different metabolites than other ocular tissues. The female RPE and female brain were more sensitive to fasting with more decreased metabolites in amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycles, and glycolysis. The plasma had the fewest sex-different metabolites, with very few overlapping changes with tissues. Conclusions Sex has a strong influence on eye and brain metabolism in tissue-specific and metabolic state-specific manners. Our findings may implicate the sexual dimorphisms in eye physiology and susceptibility to ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghashri Saravanan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
| | - Olivia Roby
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
| | - Yekai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
| | - Siyan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
| | - Jianhai Du
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
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Kato K, Sugawara A, Nagashima R, Ikesugi K, Sugimoto M, Kondo M. Factors Affecting Photopic Negative Response Recorded with RET eval System: Study of Young Healthy Subjects. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:19. [PMID: 32879775 PMCID: PMC7443124 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether there is a significant correlation between the amplitude of the photopic negative response (PhNR) and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) in eyes of young, healthy subjects. Methods We analyzed 136 eyes of 136 young, healthy subjects (89 males and 47 females; age, 20–29 years). The PhNRs were recorded with the RETeval system without mydriasis using red flashes on a blue background. PhNR amplitude was measured at two points: at 72 ms (P72) and at the negative trough following the b-wave (Pmin). Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify the independent variables that were significantly correlated with P72 and Pmin. The variables included age, sex, axial length, pRNFLT, intraocular pressure (IOP), a-wave amplitude, b-wave amplitude, and pupillary area during the electroretinogram recordings. Results The amplitudes of P72 and Pmin were significantly larger in female subjects (P = 0.021 and P = 0.001, respectively). Univariate analyses showed that PhNR amplitudes were significantly correlated with pRNFLT (P72: r = 0.246, P = 0.004; Pmin: r = 0.219, P = 0.011). Female sex was significantly and negatively correlated with P72 (r = –0.206; P = 0.016) and Pmin (r = –0.271; P = 0.001). Multivariable regression analyses showed that greater pRNFLT was an independent factor significantly associated with a larger P72 (r = 0.283; P = 0.004) and Pmin (r = 0.299; P = 0.002). Female sex was an independent factor that was significantly associated with a larger Pmin (r = –0.208; P = 0.022). Conclusions These findings indicate that PhNR amplitude is significantly associated with pRNFLT and female sex in young, healthy subjects. Translational Relevance The amplitude of the PhNR recorded with RETeval is smaller in subjects with thinner pRNFLT not only in glaucoma patients but also in young healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Asako Sugawara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Nagashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kengo Ikesugi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sugimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Klee S, Liebermann J, Haueisen J. Source localization of S-cone and L/M-cone driven signals using silent substitution flash stimulation. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2017; 62:339-348. [PMID: 27227705 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2015-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the neuronal sources of the visual evoked potentials after flash stimulation of the S- and the L/M-cone driven channels of the visual system. For 11 volunteers a 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during selective excitation of both color opponent channels. Individual and grand average data were analyzed topographically. Source localization was carried out using a realistically shaped three compartment boundary element model (BEM) and a mirrored moving dipole model. We found two main components (N1, P1) in all subjects, as well as a third late component in most subjects. For these components significant latency differences (N1=33 ms, P1=22 ms; p<0.05) between both color opponent channels were found. The results showed no differences in the topography and no differences in dipole localization between both color channels. Talairach coordinates of grand averages indicated activation in area 18. Comparison of results of separately stimulated eyes revealed no differences. Our findings showed that neural processing occurs in the same areas of the visual cortex for stimuli with different spectral properties. The signals of S- and L/M-cone driven channels are transmitted in distinct pathways to the cortex. Thus, the observed latency differences might be caused by different anatomical and functional properties of these pathways.
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Advance in ERG analysis: from peak time and amplitude to frequency, power, and energy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:246096. [PMID: 25061605 PMCID: PMC4100345 DOI: 10.1155/2014/246096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To compare time domain (TD: peak time and amplitude) analysis of the human photopic electroretinogram (ERG) with measures obtained in the frequency domain (Fourier analysis: FA) and in the time-frequency domain (continuous (CWT) and discrete (DWT) wavelet transforms). Methods. Normal ERGs (n = 40) were analyzed using traditional peak time and amplitude measurements of the a- and b-waves in the TD and descriptors extracted from FA, CWT, and DWT. Selected descriptors were also compared in their ability to monitor the long-term consequences of disease process. Results. Each method extracted relevant information but had distinct limitations (i.e., temporal and frequency resolutions). The DWT offered the best compromise by allowing us to extract more relevant descriptors of the ERG signal at the cost of lesser temporal and frequency resolutions. Follow-ups of disease progression were more prolonged with the DWT (max 29 years compared to 13 with TD). Conclusions. Standardized time domain analysis of retinal function should be complemented with advanced DWT descriptors of the ERG. This method should allow more sensitive/specific quantifications of ERG responses, facilitate follow-up of disease progression, and identify diagnostically significant changes of ERG waveforms that are not resolved when the analysis is only limited to time domain measurements.
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Fernández-Juricic E, Ojeda A, Deisher M, Burry B, Baumhardt P, Stark A, Elmore AG, Ensminger AL. Do male and female cowbirds see their world differently? Implications for sex differences in the sensory system of an avian brood parasite. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58985. [PMID: 23544049 PMCID: PMC3609808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Male and female avian brood parasites are subject to different selection pressures: males compete for mates but do not provide parental care or territories and only females locate hosts to lay eggs. This sex difference may affect brain architecture in some avian brood parasites, but relatively little is known about their sensory systems and behaviors used to obtain sensory information. Our goal was to study the visual resolution and visual information gathering behavior (i.e., scanning) of brown-headed cowbirds. Methodology/Principal Findings We measured the density of single cone photoreceptors, associated with chromatic vision, and double cone photoreceptors, associated with motion detection and achromatic vision. We also measured head movement rates, as indicators of visual information gathering behavior, when exposed to an object. We found that females had significantly lower density of single and double cones than males around the fovea and in the periphery of the retina. Additionally, females had significantly higher head-movement rates than males. Conclusions Overall, we suggest that female cowbirds have lower chromatic and achromatic visual resolution than males (without sex differences in visual contrast perception). Females might compensate for the lower visual resolution by gazing alternatively with both foveae in quicker succession than males, increasing their head movement rates. However, other physiological factors may have influenced the behavioral differences observed. Our results bring up relevant questions about the sensory basis of sex differences in behavior. One possibility is that female and male cowbirds differentially allocate costly sensory resources, as a recent study found that females actually have greater auditory resolution than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Fernández-Juricic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
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Schatz A, Willmann G, Enderle H, Sliesoraityte I, Messias A, Bartz-Schmidt K, Zrenner E, Gekeler F. A new DTL-electrode holder for recording of electroretinograms in animals. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 195:128-34. [PMID: 21075141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mendoza-Santiesteban CE, Fernández-Cherkasova L, Echavarria OH, Rodríguez RC, Columbié-Garbey Y, Riesgo TJ. Multifocal electroretinography. Semin Ophthalmol 2010; 25:155-64. [PMID: 20695736 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2010.500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) provides functional and objective evidence of retinal dysfunction. We have found mfERG to be especially useful in the management of occult outer retinopathy and Stargardt's disease.
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Wexler A, Sand T, Elsås TB. Macular thickness measurements in healthy Norwegian volunteers: an optical coherence tomography study. BMC Ophthalmol 2010; 10:13. [PMID: 20465801 PMCID: PMC2885325 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic, intersubject, interoperator and intermachine differences in measured macular thickness seem to exist. Our purpose was to collect normative macular thickness data in Norwegians and to evaluate the association between macular thickness and age, gender, parity, and contraception status. METHODS Retinal thickness was measured by Stratus Optical Coherence Tomography in healthy subjects. Mean macular thickness (MMT) was analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA with three dependent regional MMT-variables for interaction with age, gender, parity and oral contraception use. Exploratory correlation with age by the Pearson correlation test, both before and after stratification by gender was performed. Differences in MMT between older and younger subjects, between oral contraception users and non-users, as well as parous and nulliparous women were studied by post-hoc Student's t-tests. RESULTS Central MMT in Norwegians was similar to values earlier reported in whites. MMT in central areas of 1 and 2.25 mm in diameter were higher in males than in females. In younger subjects (< or =43 years) differences in MMT between genders were larger than in the mixed age group, whereas in older subjects (>43 years) the small differences did not reach the set significance level. No differences were found in minimal foveolar thickness (MMFT) between the genders in any age group.Mean foveal thickness (1 mm in diameter) was positively associated with age in females (r = 0.28, p = 0.03). MMFT was positively associated with age in all groups and reached significance both in females and in mixed gender group (r = 0.20, p = 0.041 and r = 0.26, p = 0.044 respectively).Mean foveal thickness and MMFT were significantly higher in parous than in nulliparous women, and age-adjusted ANOVA for MMFT revealed a borderline effect of parity. CONCLUSIONS Age and gender should be taken into consideration when establishing normal ranges for MMT in younger subjects. The gender difference in retinal thickness in young, but not older adults suggests a gonadal hormonal influence. The possible association between parity and retinal structure and its clinical relevance, should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wexler
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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