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D'Souza SP, Upton BA, Eldred KC, Glass I, Grover K, Ahmed A, Ngyuen MT, Gamlin P, Lang RA. Developmental adaptation of rod photoreceptor number via photoreception in melanopsin (OPN4) retinal ganglion cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554675. [PMID: 37662196 PMCID: PMC10473760 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoreception, a form of sensory experience, is essential for normal development of the mammalian visual system. Detecting photons during development is a prerequisite for visual system function - from vision's first synapse at the cone pedicle and maturation of retinal vascular networks, to transcriptional establishment and maturation of cell types within the visual cortex. Consistent with this theme, we find that the lighting environment regulates developmental rod photoreceptor apoptosis via OPN4-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Using a combination of genetics, sensory environment manipulations, and computational approaches, we establish a molecular pathway in which light-dependent glutamate release from ipRGCs is detected via a transiently expressed kainate receptor (GRIK3) in immature rods localized to the inner retina. Communication between ipRGCs and nascent inner retinal rods appears to be mediated by unusual hybrid neurites projecting from ipRGCs that sense light before eye-opening. These structures, previously referred to as outer retinal dendrites (ORDs), span the ipRGC-immature rod distance over the first postnatal week and contain the machinery for sensory detection (melanopsin, OPN4) and axonal/anterograde neurotransmitter release (Synaptophysin, and VGLUT2). Histological and computational assessment of human mid-gestation development reveal conservation of several hallmarks of an ipRGC-to-immature rod pathway, including displaced immature rods, transient GRIK3 expression in the rod lineage, and the presence of ipRGCs with putative neurites projecting deep into the developing retina. Thus, this analysis defines a retinal retrograde signaling pathway that links the sensory environment to immature rods via ipRGC photoreceptors, allowing the visual system to adapt to distinct lighting environments priory to eye-opening.
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Bowl W, Raoof S, Lorenz B, Holve K, Schweinfurth S, Stieger K, Andrassi-Darida M. Cone-Mediated Function Correlates to Altered Foveal Morphology in Preterm-Born Children at School Age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:1614-1620. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wadim Bowl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sinan Raoof
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Holve
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Knut Stieger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Flicker electroretinogram recorded with portable ERG device in prematurely born schoolchildren with and without ROP. Doc Ophthalmol 2019; 139:59-65. [PMID: 30972611 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-019-09695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare electroretinographic (ERG) responses of preterm schoolchildren, with and without a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with those of full-term schoolchildren by using a portable ERG device (RETeval system). METHODS Twenty five prematurely born schoolchildren with a mean gestational age of 27 + 1/7w (range 23-30w) and a mean birth weight of 1030 g (range 580-1700 g) who were 6.9 ± 2.2 years old participated in the study (premature group). A further subdivision according to a history of ROP (ROP+ group) or its absence (ROP- group) was introduced. Twenty eight healthy full-term schoolchildren with an average age of 8.6 ± 1.9 years participated as the control group. 30-Hz flicker ERG responses were obtained, and implicit times and amplitudes were compared between the groups. RESULTS 30-Hz flicker ERG implicit times showed a significant difference between all three groups of children. The mean value of the implicit time in the term group was 25.76 ± 0.9 ms, whereas in the preterm ROP + group it was 28.96 ± 1.0 ms and in the preterm ROP- group it was 26.87 ± 1.5 ms. 30-Hz flicker ERG amplitudes did not show significant difference between term children and children born prematurely with or without ROP. CONCLUSIONS Prematurely born schoolchildren exhibit longer implicit time of the 30-Hz flicker ERG response compared to controls, suggesting a possible abnormality of the retinal cone system function. Under such circumstances, portable ERG device might be used clinically as a screening tool for retinal function evaluation in prematurely born children.
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Martini D, Innocenti A, Cosentino C, Bedogni G, Angelino D, Biasini B, Zavaroni I, Ventura M, Galli D, Mirandola P, Vitale M, Dei Cas A, Bonadonna RC, Passeri G, Pruneti C, Del Rio D. Claimed Effects, Outcome Variables and Methods of Measurement for Health Claims on Foods Related to Vision Proposed Under Regulation (EC) 1924/2006. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020211. [PMID: 29443929 PMCID: PMC5852787 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate visual function has a strong impact on the quality of life of people. Several foods and food components have been hypothesized to play a role in the maintenance of normal visual function and in the prevention of eye diseases. Some of these foods/food components have been the object of a request of authorization for use of health claims under Articles 13(5) or 14 of the Regulation (EC) 1924/2006. Most of these requests have received a negative opinion from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) due to the choice of inappropriate outcome variables (OVs) and/or methods of measurement (MMs) applied in the studies used to substantiate the claims. This manuscript refers to the collection, collation and critical analysis of OVs and MMs related to vision. Guidance document and requests for authorization of health claims were used to collect OVs and MMs related to vision. A literature review was performed to critically analyse OVs and MMs, with the aim of defining their appropriateness in the context of a specific claimed effect related to vision. The results highlight the importance of adequate choices of OVs and MMs for an effective substantiation of claims related to visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Martini
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Augusto Innocenti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cosentino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Donato Angelino
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Biasini
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Ivana Zavaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Endocrinology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
- The Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Medicine Centre (SEM), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Medicine Centre (SEM), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Medicine Centre (SEM), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Dei Cas
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Endocrinology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
- The Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Riccardo C Bonadonna
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Endocrinology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
- The Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Passeri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Building Clinica Medica Generale, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlo Pruneti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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Molnar AEC, Andréasson SO, Larsson EKB, Åkerblom HM, Holmström GE. Reduction of Rod and Cone Function in 6.5-Year-Old Children Born Extremely Preterm. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135:854-861. [PMID: 28662245 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Importance The function of rods and cones in children born extremely preterm has not yet been fully investigated. Objective To compare retinal function via full-field electroretinographic (ffERG) recordings in 6.5-year-old children born extremely preterm with children born at term. Design, Setting, and Participants A subcohort study was conducted from July 1, 2010, to January 15, 2014, of the national Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study, including preterm children (<27 weeks' gestational age) and children born at term, at 6.5 years of age and living in the Uppsala health care region in Sweden. Full-field electroretinography was performed binocularly, using DTL electrodes and electroretinographic (ERG) protocols with flash strengths of 0.009, 0.17, 3.0, and 12.0 candelas (cd)/s/m2, together with 30-Hz flicker and 3.0 cd/s/m2 single-cone flash. Main Outcomes and Measures The ffERG recordings were analyzed, and their associations with gestational age and retinopathy of prematurity were examined. Results Adequate ffERG recordings were obtained from 52 preterm children (19 girls and 33 boys; mean [SD] age at examination, 6.6 [0.1] years) and 45 children born at term (22 girls and 23 boys; mean [SD] age at examination, 6.6 [0.1] years). Lower amplitudes of the combined rod and cone responses (the a-wave of the dark-adapted ERG protocol of 3.0 cd/s/m2: mean difference, -48.9 μV [95% CI, -80.0 to -17.9 μV]; P=.003; the a-wave of the dark-adapted ERG protocol of 12.0 cd/s/m2: mean difference, -55.7 μV [95% CI, -92.5 to -18.8 μV]; P = .004), as well as of the isolated cone response (30-Hz flicker ERG: mean difference, -12.1 μV [95% CI, -22.5 to -1.6 μV]; P = .03), were found in the preterm group in comparison with the group born at term. The implicit time of the combined rod and cone responses (the a-wave of the dark-adapted ERG protocol of 12.0 cd/s/m2) was longer (mean difference, 1.2 milliseconds [95% CI, 0.3-2.0 milliseconds]; P = .01) in the preterm group, as were the isolated cone responses (30-Hz flicker ERG: mean difference, 1.2 milliseconds [95% CI, 0.5-1.8 milliseconds]; P < .001), than in the group born at term. No association was found between the ffERG recordings and gestational age or retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm group. Conclusions and Relevance Both rod function and cone function were reduced in children born extremely preterm when compared with children born at term. There was no association with retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm group, which suggests that being born extremely preterm may be one of the main reasons for a general retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E C Molnar
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Eva K B Larsson
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna M Åkerblom
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerd E Holmström
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Åkerblom H, Andreasson S, Larsson E, Holmström G. Photoreceptor Function in School-Aged Children is Affected by Preterm Birth. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 25674356 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prematurely born children have affected visual functions at school age. Optical coherent tomography (OCT) has shown morphological changes in the retina, suggesting a disturbance in normal retinal development in these children. The aim of this study was to examine retinal function with fullfield electroretinogram (ffERG) in school-aged children born prematurely and compare with children born at term. A second aim was to correlate retinal function with visual acuity (VA), gestational age (GA), birth weight, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS The study group consisted of 35 former preterm children born before GA of 32 weeks. A group of 42 children born at term acted as controls. All children were between 5- and 18-years old. FfERG was performed in both eyes. Best-corrected VA and refraction in cycloplegia was determined. RESULTS The a-wave of the combined rod/cone responses was significantly reduced in the prematurely-born children compared with children born at term. There was a correlation between reduced a-wave amplitude in the combined rod/cone response and ROP and GA at birth. CONCLUSION Function of photoreceptors was affected in prematurely born children, possibly also in children without previous ROP. Whether immaturity per se affects the retinal function remains to be elucidated. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The present study illustrates that electrophysiological studies of the retinal function can help us understand visual dysfunctions in prematurely born children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Åkerblom
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Larsson
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerd Holmström
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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He Q, Xu HP, Wang P, Tian N. Dopamine D1 receptors regulate the light dependent development of retinal synaptic responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79625. [PMID: 24260267 PMCID: PMC3834122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal synaptic connections and function are developmentally regulated. Retinal synaptic activity plays critical roles in the development of retinal synaptic circuitry. Dopamine receptors have been thought to play important roles in the activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in central nervous system. The primary goal of this study is to determine whether dopamine D1 receptor regulates the activity-dependent development of retinal light responsiveness. Accordingly, we recorded electroretinogram from wild type mice and mice with genetic deletion of D1 dopamine receptor (D1-/- mice) raised under cyclic light conditions and constant darkness. Our results demonstrated that D1-/- mice have reduced amplitudes of all three major components of electroretinogram in adulthood. When the relative strength of the responses is considered, the D1-/- mice have selective reduction of the amplitudes of a-wave and oscillatory potentials evoked by low-intermediate intensities of lights. During postnatal development, D1-/- mice have increased amplitude of b-wave at the time of eye-opening but reduced developmental increase of the amplitude of b-wave after eye opening. Light deprivation from birth significantly reduced the amplitudes of b-wave and oscillatory potentials, increased the outer retinal light response gain and altered the light response kinetics of both a- and b-waves of wild type mice. In D1-/- mice, the effect of dark rearing on the amplitude of oscillatory potentials was diminished and dark rearing induced effects on the response gain of outer retina and the kinetics of a-wave were reversed. These results demonstrated roles of dopamine D1 receptor in the activity-dependent functional development of mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhua He
- College of Pharmacy, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hong-ping Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ning Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Mactier H, Bradnam MS, Hamilton R. Dark-adapted oscillatory potentials in preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 127:33-40. [PMID: 23334439 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the appearance and maturation of dark-adapted oscillatory potentials (OPs) in electroretinograms (ERGs) recorded from preterm infants, and to determine any effect of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS Dark-adapted ERGs were recorded in conjunction with screening for ROP and at outpatient follow-up, using a flash luminance of 11.3 scot cd s m(-2) (4.06 phot cd s m(-2)). Eligible infants were born before 31 weeks' gestation and/or weighed ≤1,250 grams at birth. RESULTS Presence or absence of OPs was established for 68 ERG recordings from 38 infants at maturities ranging from 30 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) to 28 weeks' post-term corrected age. 20 infants did not develop ROP, eight developed stage 1, one stage 2 and one stage 3 disease which regressed spontaneously. Eight infants received treatment for threshold ROP. OPs were present in 50 % of infants at 36 weeks' PMA and in all by 50 weeks' PMA. The earliest appearance of OPs was at 30+5 weeks' PMA. Individual OP amplitudes increased and peak time of individual OPs decreased with increasing maturity. For infants with threshold ROP summed OP amplitudes tended to be smaller prior to treatment (6.5 vs 9.9μV, P = 0.09) and were significantly smaller by 50 weeks' PMA (14 vs 30μV, P = 0.007). OP1 was less likely to be present in infants who developed stage 3 or worse ROP (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Dark-adapted OPs are recordable in some preterm infants from 30 weeks' PMA. Relative suppression of early OPs is a potential marker for developing ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mactier
- Neonatal Unit, Princess Royal Maternity, 8-16, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER, Scotland, UK.
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