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Ye Y, Aruma A, Zhao W, Lu ZL, Zhou X, Zhao J. A novel quick contrast sensitivity function test in Chinese adults with myopia and its related parameters. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s00417-023-06010-7. [PMID: 36808230 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is to investigate the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) using the quick CSF (qCSF) test in Chinese adults with myopia. METHODS This case series study included 320 myopic eyes of 160 patients (mean age 27.75 ± 5.99 years) who underwent a qCSF test for acuity, area under log CSF (AULCSF), and mean contrast sensitivity (CS) at 1.0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 18.0 cycle per degree (cpd). Spherical equivalent, corrected-distant visual acuity (CDVA), and pupil size were recorded. RESULTS The spherical equivalent, CDVA (LogMAR), spherical refraction, cylindrical refraction, and the scotopic pupil size of the included eyes were - 6.30 ± 2.27 D (- 14.25 to - 0.88 D), 0 ± 0.02, - 5.74 ± 2.18 D, - 1.11 ± 0.86 D, and 6.77 ± 0.73 mm, respectively. The AULCSF and CSF acuity were 1.01 ± 0.21 and 18.45 ± 5.39 cpd, respectively. The mean CS (log units) at six different spatial frequencies were 1.25 ± 0.14, 1.29 ± 0.14, 1.25 ± 0.14, 0.98 ± 0.26, 0.45 ± 0.28, and 0.13 ± 0.17, respectively. A mixed effect model showed significant correlations between age and acuity, AULCSF, and CSF at 1.0, 12.0, and 18.0 cpd. Interocular CSF differences were correlated with the interocular difference of spherical equivalent, spherical refraction (at 1.0 cpd, 1.5 cpd), and cylindrical refraction (at 12.0 cpd, 18.0 cpd). The lower cylindrical refraction eye had higher CSF compared with the higher cylindrical refraction eye (0.48 ± 0.29 vs. 0.42 ± 0.27 at 12.0 cpd and 0.15 ± 0.19 vs. 0.12 ± 0.15 at 18.0 cpd). CONCLUSIONS The age-related decrease in contrast sensitivity is at low and high spatial frequencies. Higher-degree myopia may show a decrease in CSF acuity. Low astigmatism was noted to affect the contrast sensitivity significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Aruma Aruma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Wuxiao Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China.
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Noise Generation Methods Preserving Image Color Intensity Distributions. CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/cait-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In many visual perception studies, external visual noise is used as a methodology to broaden the understanding of information processing of visual stimuli. The underlying assumption is that two sources of noise limit sensory processing: the external noise inherent in the environmental signals and the internal noise or internal variability at different levels of the neural system. Usually, when external noise is added to an image, it is evenly distributed. However, the color intensity and image contrast are modified in this way, and it is unclear whether the visual system responds to their change or the noise presence. We aimed to develop several methods of noise generation with different distributions that keep the global image characteristics. These methods are appropriate in various applications for evaluating the internal noise in the visual system and its ability to filter the added noise. As these methods destroy the correlation in image intensity of neighboring pixels, they could be used to evaluate the role of local spatial structure in image processing.
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Zheng X, Xu G, Han C, Tian P, Zhang K, Liang R, Jia Y, Yan W, Du C, Zhang S. Enhancing Performance of SSVEP-Based Visual Acuity via Spatial Filtering. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:716051. [PMID: 34489633 PMCID: PMC8417433 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.716051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to enhance the performance of steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based visual acuity assessment with spatial filtering methods. Using the vertical sinusoidal gratings at six spatial frequency steps as the visual stimuli for 11 subjects, SSVEPs were recorded from six occipital electrodes (O1, Oz, O2, PO3, POz, and PO4). Ten commonly used training-free spatial filtering methods, i.e., native combination (single-electrode), bipolar combination, Laplacian combination, average combination, common average reference (CAR), minimum energy combination (MEC), maximum contrast combination (MCC), canonical correlation analysis (CCA), multivariate synchronization index (MSI), and partial least squares (PLS), were compared for multielectrode signals combination in SSVEP visual acuity assessment by statistical analyses, e.g., Bland–Altman analysis and repeated-measures ANOVA. The SSVEP signal characteristics corresponding to each spatial filtering method were compared, determining the chosen spatial filtering methods of CCA and MSI with a higher performance than the native combination for further signal processing. After the visual acuity threshold estimation criterion, the agreement between the subjective Freiburg Visual Acuity and Contrast Test (FrACT) and SSVEP visual acuity for the native combination (0.253 logMAR), CCA (0.202 logMAR), and MSI (0.208 logMAR) was all good, and the difference between FrACT and SSVEP visual acuity was also all acceptable for the native combination (−0.095 logMAR), CCA (0.039 logMAR), and MSI (−0.080 logMAR), where CCA-based SSVEP visual acuity had the best performance and the native combination had the worst. The study proved that the performance of SSVEP-based visual acuity can be enhanced by spatial filtering methods of CCA and MSI and also recommended CCA as the spatial filtering method for multielectrode signals combination in SSVEP visual acuity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanghua Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengcheng Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peiyuan Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Renghao Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaguang Jia
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenqiang Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenghang Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Ridder WH, Comer G, Oquindo C, Yoshinaga P, Engles M, Burke J. Contrast Sensitivity in Early to Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:287-296. [PMID: 34412522 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1966478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies indicated that advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects contrast sensitivity (CS) in humans. The CS results for early/intermediate AMD patients are contradictory. The purpose of this study was to determine if CS testing discriminates early/intermediate AMD patients with normal acuity from normal patients. METHODS Forty-nine subjects (25 control and 24 early/intermediate AMD patients) were chosen for this project. The age (p = .16) and acuity (p = .34) was not significantly different between the groups. The average simplified AREDS AMD grade for the AMD patients was 2.75 ± 1.03. Three CS functions employing a descending method of limits were measured at the fovea (1. stationary stimulus and, 2. 16 Hz counter-phase stimulus under photopic conditions and 3. the stationary stimulus viewed through a 2 log unit neutral density filter (mesopic condition, background luminance of 1 cd/m2)) and at 4 deg right or left of the fovea with a horizontally oriented sine wave grating (5 deg diameter) viewed on a VPixx monitor (luminance of 100 cd/m2). RESULTS The early AMD patients were no different from the control patients for any test condition. The intermediate AMD patients were significantly different from the control patients for the mesopic CS function (p = .05). Post-hoc 2-sample t-tests for the intermediate AMD patients were significantly different from the control patients under the stationary photopic and mesopic conditions for the 1.5 cycle per degree stimulus. CONCLUSIONS Group differences in CS were only found in intermediate AMD patients. The loss in CS increased for the intermediate AMD patients under low light levels. Thus, CS may not be the optimal test to discriminate early AMD from control patients so other tests measured under dark adapted conditions should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Ridder
- Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - George Comer
- Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Caren Oquindo
- Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Pat Yoshinaga
- Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Michael Engles
- Biological Research, AbbVie, Inc, Irvine, California, USA
| | - James Burke
- Biological Research, AbbVie, Inc, Irvine, California, USA
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Assessment of Human Visual Acuity Using Visual Evoked Potential: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195542. [PMID: 32998208 PMCID: PMC7582995 DOI: 10.3390/s20195542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Visual evoked potential (VEP) has been used as an alternative method to assess visual acuity objectively, especially in non-verbal infants and adults with low intellectual abilities or malingering. By sweeping the spatial frequency of visual stimuli and recording the corresponding VEP, VEP acuity can be defined by analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) signals. This paper presents a review on the VEP-based visual acuity assessment technique, including a brief overview of the technique, the effects of the parameters of visual stimuli, and signal acquisition and analysis of the VEP acuity test, and a summary of the current clinical applications of the technique. Finally, we discuss the current problems in this research domain and potential future work, which may enable this technique to be used more widely and quickly, deepening the VEP and even electrophysiology research on the detection and diagnosis of visual function.
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