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Gaikwad S, González CM, Vilariño D, Lasanta G, Villaverde C, Mouriño A, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A, Peluso-Iltis C, Rochel N, Berkowska K, Marcinkowska E. Lithocholic acid-based design of noncalcemic vitamin D receptor agonists. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104878. [PMID: 33853023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypercalcemic effects of the hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and most of known vitamin D metabolites and analogs call for the development of non secosteroidal vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligands as new selective and noncalcemic agonists for treatment of hyperproliferative diseases. We report on the in silico design and stereoselective synthesis of six lithocholic acid derivatives as well as on the calcemic activity of a potent LCA derivative and its crystallographic structure in complex with zVDR LBD. The low calcemic activity of this compound in comparison with the native hormone makes it of potential therapeutic value. Structure-function relationships provide the basis for the development of even more potent and selective lithocholic acid-based VDR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Gaikwad
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen M González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Vilariño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Lasanta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Villaverde
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus, 9802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus, 9802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Klaudia Berkowska
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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2
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Vernieri C, Nichetti F, Raimondi A, Pusceddu S, Platania M, Berrino F, de Braud F. Diet and supplements in cancer prevention and treatment: Clinical evidences and future perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 123:57-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds the secosteroid hormone 1,25(OH)2D3 with high affinity and regulates gene programs that control a serum calcium levels, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. A significant focus has been to exploit the VDR in cancer settings. Although preclinical studies have been strongly encouraging, to date clinical trials have delivered equivocal findings that have paused the clinical translation of these compounds. However, it is entirely possible that mining of genomic data will help to refine precisely what are the key anticancer actions of vitamin D compounds and where these can be used most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Donald L Trump
- Department of Medicine, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 3221 Gallows Road, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA
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Ravanan P, Srikumar IF, Talwar P. Autophagy: The spotlight for cellular stress responses. Life Sci 2017; 188:53-67. [PMID: 28866100 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular mechanism which plays "housekeeping" role in normal physiological processes including removing of long lived, aggregated and misfolded proteins, clearing damaged organelles, growth regulation and aging. Autophagy is also involved in a variety of biological functions like development, cellular differentiation, defense against pathogens and nutritional starvation. The integration of autophagy into these biological functions and other stress responses is determined by the transcriptional factors that undertake the regulatory mechanism. This review discusses the machinery of autophagy, the molecular web that connects autophagy to various stress responses like inflammation, hypoxia, ER stress, and various other pathologic conditions. Defects in autophagy regulation play a central role in number of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, pathogen infection and metabolic diseases. Similarly, inhibiting autophagy would contribute in the treatment of cancer. However, understanding the biology of autophagy regulation requires pharmacologically active compounds which modulate the autophagy process. Inducers of autophagy are currently receiving considerable attention as autophagy upregulation may be a therapeutic benefit for certain neurodegenerative diseases (via removal of protein aggregates) while the inhibitors are being investigated for the treatment of cancers. Both induction and inhibition of autophagy have been proven to be beneficial in the treatment of cancer. This dual role of autophagy in cancers is now getting uncovered by the advancement in the research findings and development of effective autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632014, India.
| | - Ida Florance Srikumar
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632014, India
| | - Priti Talwar
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632014, India
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Jusu S, Presley JF, Kremer R. Phosphorylation of Human Retinoid X Receptor α at Serine 260 Impairs Its Subcellular Localization, Receptor Interaction, Nuclear Mobility, and 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent DNA Binding in Ras-transformed Keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:1490-1509. [PMID: 27852823 PMCID: PMC5270490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.758185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human retinoid X receptor α (hRXRα) plays a critical role in DNA binding and transcriptional activity through heterodimeric association with several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, including the human vitamin D receptor (hVDR). We previously showed that hRXRα phosphorylation at serine 260 through the Ras-Raf-MAPK ERK1/2 activation is responsible for resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3 To further investigate the mechanism of this resistance, we studied intranuclear dynamics of hVDR and hRXRα-tagged constructs in living cells together with endogenous and tagged protein in fixed cells. We find that hVDR-, hRXRα-, and hVDR-hRXRα complex accumulate in the nucleus in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated HPK1A cells but to a lesser extent in HPK1ARas-treated cells. Also, by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we demonstrate increased interaction of the hVDR-hRXRα complex in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated HPK1A but not HPK1ARas cells. In HPK1ARas cells, 1α,25(OH)2D3-induced nuclear localization and interaction of hRXRα are restored when cells are treated with the MEK1/2 inhibitor UO126 or following transfection of the non-phosphorylatable hRXRα Ala-260 mutant. Finally, we demonstrate using fluorescence loss in photobleaching and quantitative co-localization with chromatin that RXR immobilization and co-localization with chromatin are significantly increased in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated HPK1ARas cells transfected with the non-phosphorylatable hRXRα Ala-260 mutant. This suggests that hRXRα phosphorylation significantly disrupts its nuclear localization, interaction with VDR, intra-nuclear trafficking, and binding to chromatin of the hVDR-hRXR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Jusu
- From the Department of Medicine, Calcium Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1
- the Department of Medicine, Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - John F Presley
- the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, and
| | - Richard Kremer
- From the Department of Medicine, Calcium Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1,
- the Department of Medicine, Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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Abstract
Vitamin D, also known as cholecalciferol, is the precursor to the active steroid hormone 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol; 1, 25(OH)2D3). The main physiological role for 1, 25(OH)2D3 is to regulate calcium and inorganic phosphate homeostasis for bone health. More recently, vitamin D has been investigated for its effects in the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Preclinical data strongly support a role for vitamin D in the prevention of cancer through its anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects on cells. Epidemiologic and clinical studies have shown mixed data on the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and cancer risk. This report seeks to outline results from the most recent preclinical and clinical studies investigating the potential role of vitamin D in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Ness
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:365-408. [PMID: 26681795 PMCID: PMC4839493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1087] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH)2D3 activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Rhieu SY, Annalora AJ, LaPorta E, Welsh J, Itoh T, Yamamoto K, Sakaki T, Chen TC, Uskokovic MR, Reddy GS. Potent antiproliferative effects of 25-hydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D₃ that resists the catalytic activity of both CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1392-402. [PMID: 24535953 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The potency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) is increased by several fold through its metabolism into 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) by cytochrome P450 27B1 (CYP27B1). Thus, the pivotal role of 1α-hydroxylation in the activation of vitamin D compounds is well known. Here, we examined the metabolism of 25-hydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 (25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3), a synthetic analog of 25(OH)D3 in a cell-free system and demonstrated that 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3 is neither activated by CYP27B1 nor inactivated by cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1). These findings were also confirmed in immortalized normal human prostate epithelial cells (PZ-HPV-7) which are known to express both CYP27B1 and CYP24A1, indicating that the structural modifications featured in 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3 enable the analog to resist the actions of both CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. To provide intelligible structure-function information, we also performed molecular docking analysis between the analog and CYP27B1. Furthermore, 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3 was found to suppress the growth of PZ-HPV-7 cells with a potency equivalent to 1α,25(OH)2D3. The antiproliferative activity of 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3 was found to be vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent as it failed to inhibit the growth of mammary tumor cells derived from VDR-knockout mice. Furthermore, stable introduction of VDR into VDR-knockout cells restored the growth inhibition by 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3. Thus, we identified 25-hydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 as a novel non-1α-hydroxylated vitamin D analog which is equipotent to 1α,25(OH)2D3 in its antiproliferative activity. We now propose that the low potency of the intrinsic VDR-mediated activities of 25(OH)D3 can be augmented to the level of 1α,25(OH)2D3 without its activation through 1α-hydroxylation by CYP27B1, but by simply preventing its inactivation by CYP24A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Y Rhieu
- Epimer LLC, North Smithfield, Rhode Island, 02896, USA
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Liu C, Zhao GD, Mao X, Suenaga T, Fujishima T, Zhang CM, Liu ZP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues with aromatic side chains attached at C-17. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:569-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Sidhu PS, Teske K, Feleke B, Yuan NY, Guthrie ML, Fernstrum GB, Vyas ND, Han L, Preston J, Bogart JW, Silvaggi NR, Cook JM, Singh RK, Bikle DD, Arnold LA. Anticancer activity of VDR-coregulator inhibitor PS121912. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:787-98. [PMID: 25107568 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PS121912 has been developed as selective vitamin D receptor (VDR)-coregulator inhibitor starting from a high throughput screening campaign to identify new agents that modulate VDR without causing hypercalcemia. Initial antiproliferative effects of PS121912 were observed that are characterized herein to enable future in vivo investigation with this molecule. METHODS Antiproliferation and apoptosis were determined using four different cancer cell lines (DU145, Caco2, HL-60 and SKOV3) in the presence of PS121912, 1,25-(OH)₂D₃, or a combination of 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ and PS121912. VDR si-RNA was used to identify the role of VDR during this process. The application of ChIP enabled us to determine the involvement of coregulator recruitment during transcription, which was investigated by RT-PCR with VDR target genes and those affiliated with cell cycle progression. Translational changes of apoptotic proteins were determined with an antibody array. The preclinical characterization of PS121912 includes the determination of metabolic stability and CYP3A4 inhibition. RESULTS PS121912 induced apoptosis in all four cancer cells, with HL-60 cells being the most sensitive. At sub-micromolar concentrations, PS121912 amplified the growth inhibition of cancer cells caused by 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ without being antiproliferative by itself. A knockout study with VDR si-RNA confirmed the mediating role of VDR. VDR target genes induced by 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ were down-regulated with the co-treatment of PS121912. This process was highly dependent on the recruitment of coregulators that in case of CYP24A1 was SRC2. The combination of PS121912 and 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ reduced the presence of SRC2 and enriched the occupancy of corepressor NCoR at the promoter site. E2F transcription factors 1 and 4 were down-regulated in the presence of PS121912 and 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ that in turn reduced the transcription levels of cyclin A and D, thus arresting HL-60 cells in the S or G2/M phase. In addition, proteins with hematopoietic functions such as cyclin-dependent kinase 6, histone deacetylase 9 and transforming growth factor beta 2 and 3 were down-regulated as well. Elevated levels of P21 and GADD45, in concert with cyclin D1, also mediated the antiproliferative response of HL-60 in the presence of 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ and PS121912. Studies at higher concentration of P121912 identified a VDR-independent pathway of antiproliferation that included the enzymatic and transcriptional activation of caspase 3/7. CONCLUSION Overall, we conclude that PS121912 behaves like a VDR antagonist at low concentrations but interacts with more targets at higher concentrations leading to apoptosis mediated by caspase 3/7 activation. In addition, PS121912 showed an acceptable metabolic stability to enable in vivo cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetpal S Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To briefly review recent work within the vitamin D and cancer field, whereas also providing context relating how these findings may impact clinical care and future research efforts. RECENT FINDINGS Vitamin D has now been convincingly shown both in vitro and in preclinical animal models to alter the differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Whether vitamin D prevents cancer in humans or limits cancer progression, however, remain open questions. Epidemiologic and observational data relating circulating 25(OH)D levels and cancer risk suggest an inverse relationship for most cancers including breast, colorectal, leukemia and lymphoma, and prostate, although for each malignancy there also exist studies that have failed to demonstrate such an inverse relationship. Likewise, a more recent report failed to confirm a previously reported association of increased pancreatic cancer risk in patients with higher 25(OH)D levels. A large prospective study in which patients aged at least 50 years receive 2000 IU vitamin D3 daily for 5 years, with cancer as a primary endpoint, has recently been launched. SUMMARY Although much effort has attempted to delineate a causal relationship between vitamin D and a wide array of human cancers, we await large-scale randomized controlled trial data for definitive answers.
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Leyssens C, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A. The future of vitamin D analogs. Front Physiol 2014; 5:122. [PMID: 24772087 PMCID: PMC3982071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is a major regulator of bone and calcium homeostasis. In addition, this hormone also inhibits the proliferation and stimulates the differentiation of normal as well as malignant cells. Supraphysiological doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are required to reduce cancer cell proliferation. However, these doses will lead in vivo to calcemic side effects such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. During the last 25 years, many structural analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been synthesized by the introduction of chemical modifications in the A-ring, central CD-ring region or side chain of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the hope to find molecules with a clear dissociation between the beneficial antiproliferative effects and adverse calcemic side effects. One example of such an analog with a good dissociation ratio is calcipotriol (Daivonex®), which is clinically used to treat the hyperproliferative skin disease psoriasis. Other vitamin D analogs were clinically approved for the treatment of osteoporosis or secondary hyperparathyroidism. No vitamin D analog is currently used in the clinic for the treatment of cancer although several analogs have been shown to be potent drugs in animal models of cancer. Transcriptomics studies as well as in vitro cell biological experiments unraveled basic mechanisms involved in the antineoplastic effects of vitamin D and its analogs. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and analogs act in a cell type- and tissue-specific manner. Moreover, a blockade in the transition of the G0/1 toward S phase of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of migration and invasion of tumor cells together with effects on angiogenesis and inflammation have been implicated in the pleiotropic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs. In this review we will give an overview of the action of vitamin D analogs in tumor cells and look forward how these compounds could be introduced in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Leyssens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Sidhu PS, Nassif N, McCallum MM, Teske K, Feleke B, Yuan NY, Nandhikonda P, Cook JM, Singh RK, Bikle DD, Arnold LA. Development of novel Vitamin D Receptor-Coactivator Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:199-204. [PMID: 24799995 DOI: 10.1021/ml400462j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coregulators are master regulators of transcription and selectively interact with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to modulate cell differentiation, cell proliferation and calcium homeostasis. Herein, we report the syntheses and evaluation of highly potent and selective VDR-coactivator inhibitors based on a recently identified 3-indolylmethanamine scaffold. The most active compound, PS121912, selectively inhibited VDR-mediated transcription among eight other nuclear receptors tested. PS121912 is also selectively disrupting the binding between VDR and the third nuclear receptor interaction domain of the coactivator SRC2. Genetic studies revealed that PS121912 behaves like a VDR antagonist by repressing 1,25-(OH)2D3 activated gene transcription. In addition, PS121912 induced apoptosis in HL-60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetpal S. Sidhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Nicholas Nassif
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Megan M. McCallum
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Kelly Teske
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Belaynesh Feleke
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Nina Y. Yuan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Premchendar Nandhikonda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Molecular
Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Woman and Infant’s Hospital of
Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- Endocrine
Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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Clark AS, DeMichele A. Vitamin D and breast cancer: evidence for biological and clinical significance. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.12.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Both vitamin D deficiency and breast cancer are common. Laboratory evidence strongly suggests a biological role for vitamin D in normal breast cellular maintenance. Clinically, however, definitive associations between vitamin D and breast cancer risk and outcome have been challenging to decipher. A myriad of epidemiological studies have attempted to connect vitamin D with breast cancer risk, stage at diagnosis and outcome, but results vary. Here, we will closely examine the biologic evidence that supports an association between vitamin D and breast cancer and summarize the epidemiologic and clinical studies in this area. We will discuss ongoing trials and additional research questions that should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Clark
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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