1
|
Iglesias-Corral D, García-Valles P, Arroyo-Garrapucho N, Bueno-Martínez E, Ruiz-Robles JM, Ovejero-Sánchez M, González-Sarmiento R, Herrero AB. Chloroquine-induced DNA damage synergizes with DNA repair inhibitors causing cancer cell death. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1390518. [PMID: 38803536 PMCID: PMC11128598 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1390518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a global health problem accounting for nearly one in six deaths worldwide. Conventional treatments together with new therapies have increased survival to this devastating disease. However, the persistent challenges of treatment resistance and the limited therapeutic arsenal available for specific cancer types still make research in new therapeutic strategies an urgent need. Methods Chloroquine was tested in combination with different drugs (Panobinostat, KU-57788 and NU-7026) in 8 human-derived cancer cells lines (colorectal: HCT116 and HT29; breast: MDA-MB-231 and HCC1937; glioblastoma: A-172 and LN-18; head and neck: CAL-33 and 32816). Drug´s effect on proliferation was tested by MTT assays and cell death was assessed by Anexin V-PI apoptosis assays. The presence of DNA double-strand breaks was analyzed by phospho-H2AX fluorescent staining. To measure homologous recombination efficiency the HR-GFP reporter was used, which allows flow cytometry-based detection of HR stimulated by I-SceI endonuclease-induced DSBs. Results The combination of chloroquine with any of the drugs employed displayed potent synergistic effects on apoptosis induction, with particularly pronounced efficacy observed in glioblastoma and head and neck cancer cell lines. We found that chloroquine produced DNA double strand breaks that depended on reactive oxygen species formation, whereas Panobinostat inhibited DNA double-strand breaks repair by homologous recombination. Cell death caused by chloroquine/Panobinostat combination were significantly reduced by N-Acetylcysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, underscoring the pivotal role of DSB generation in CQ/LBH-induced lethality. Based on these data, we also explored the combination of CQ with KU-57788 and NU-7026, two inhibitors of the other main DSB repair pathway, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), and again synergistic effects on apoptosis induction were observed. Conclusion Our data provide a rationale for the clinical investigation of CQ in combination with DSB inhibitors for the treatment of different solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Iglesias-Corral
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paula García-Valles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nuria Arroyo-Garrapucho
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Bueno-Martínez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Ruiz-Robles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Ovejero-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Herrero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frerker B, Bock F, Cappel ML, Kriesen S, Klautke G, Hildebrandt G, Manda K. Radiosensitizing Effects of Irinotecan versus Oxaliplatin Alone and in Combination with 5-Fluorouracil on Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10385. [PMID: 37373535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, oxaliplatin and irinotecan are used in combination with 5-flourouracil (5-FU) for metastatic colorectal cancer. In this study it was tested whether oxaliplatin and irinotecan and their combinations with 5-FU have an enhanced effect when treated simultaneously with ionizing radiation. In addition, it should be compared whether one combination therapy is more effective than the other. Colorectal cancer cells (HT-29) were treated with irinotecan or oxaliplatin, both alone and in combination with 5-FU, and subsequently irradiated. The cell growth, metabolic activity and proliferation of cells were investigated, and the clonogenic survival was determined. Furthermore, the assessment of radiation-induced DNA damage and the influence of the drugs and their combinations on DNA damage repair was investigated. Treatment with irinotecan or oxaliplatin in combination with 5-FU inhibited proliferation and metabolic activity as well as clonogenic survival and the DNA damage repair capacity of the tumor cells. The comparison of oxaliplatin and irinotecan with simultaneous irradiation showed the same effect of both drugs. When oxaliplatin or irinotecan was combined with 5-FU, tumor cell survival was significantly lower than with monotherapy; however, there was no superiority of either combination regimen. Our results have shown that the combination of 5-FU and irinotecan is as effective as the combination of 5-FU with oxaliplatin. Therefore, our data support the use of FOLFIRI as a radiosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Frerker
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marie-Louise Cappel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Kriesen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gunther Klautke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Chemnitz, Bürgerstrasse 2, 09113 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Manda
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ray U, Gopinatha VK, Sharma S, Goyary L, Choudhary B, Mantelingu K, Rangappa KS, Raghavan SC. Identification and characterization of mercaptopyrimidine-based small molecules as inhibitors of nonhomologous DNA end joining. FEBS J 2023; 290:796-820. [PMID: 36048168 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mercaptopyrimidine derivatives are heterocyclic compounds with potent biological activities including antiproliferative, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study describes the synthesis and characterization of several mercaptopyrimidine derivatives through condensation of 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol with various heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes. Previous studies have shown that SCR7, synthesized from 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol, induced cytotoxicity by targeting cancer cells by primarily inhibiting DNA Ligase IV involved in nonhomologous end joining, one of the major DNA double-strand break repair pathways. Inhibition of DNA repair pathways is considered as an important strategy for cancer therapy. Due to limitations of SCR7 in terms of IC50 in cancer cells, here we have designed, synthesized, and characterized potent derivatives of SCR7 using 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol as the starting material. Several synthesized imine compounds exhibited significant improvement in inhibition of end joining and cytotoxicity up to 27-fold lower concentrations than SCR7. Among these, two compounds, SCR116 and SCR132, showed increased cancer cell death in a Ligase IV-dependent manner. Treatment with the compounds also led to reduction in V(D)J recombination efficiency, cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, accumulation of double-strand breaks inside cells, and improved anti-cancer potential when combined with γ-radiation and radiomimetic drugs. Thus, we describe novel inhibitors of NHEJ with higher efficacy and potential, which can be developed as cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vindya K Gopinatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, India
| | - Laijau Goyary
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Kanchugarakoppal S Rangappa
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, India.,Institution of Excellence, Vijnana Bhavana, University of Mysore, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davis SL, Hartman SJ, Bagby SM, Schlaepfer M, Yacob BW, Tse T, Simmons DM, Diamond JR, Lieu CH, Leal AD, Cadogan EB, Hughes GD, Durant ST, Messersmith WA, Pitts TM. ATM kinase inhibitor AZD0156 in combination with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil in preclinical models of colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1107. [PMID: 36309653 PMCID: PMC9617348 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
AZD0156 is an oral inhibitor of ATM, a serine threonine kinase that plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) associated with double-strand breaks. Topoisomerase-I inhibitor irinotecan is used clinically to treat colorectal cancer (CRC), often in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5FU). AZD0156 in combination with irinotecan and 5FU was evaluated in preclinical models of CRC to determine whether low doses of AZD0156 enhance the cytotoxicity of irinotecan in chemotherapy regimens used in the clinic.
Methods
Anti-proliferative effects of single-agent AZD0156, the active metabolite of irinotecan (SN38), and combination therapy were evaluated in 12 CRC cell lines. Additional assessment with clonogenic assay, cell cycle analysis, and immunoblotting were performed in 4 selected cell lines. Four colorectal cancer patient derived xenograft (PDX) models were treated with AZD0156, irinotecan, or 5FU alone and in combination for assessment of tumor growth inhibition (TGI). Immunofluorescence was performed on tumor tissues. The DDR mutation profile was compared across in vitro and in vivo models.
Results
Enhanced effects on cellular proliferation and regrowth were observed with the combination of AZD0156 and SN38 in select models. In cell cycle analysis of these models, increased G2/M arrest was observed with combination treatment over either single agent. Immunoblotting results suggest an increase in DDR associated with irinotecan therapy, with a reduced effect noted when combined with AZD0156, which is more pronounced in some models. Increased TGI was observed with the combination of AZD0156 and irinotecan as compared to single-agent therapy in some PDX models. The DDR mutation profile was variable across models.
Conclusions
AZD0156 and irinotecan provide a rational and active combination in preclinical colorectal cancer models. Variability across in vivo and in vitro results may be related to the variable DDR mutation profiles of the models evaluated. Further understanding of the implications of individual DDR mutation profiles may help better identify patients more likely to benefit from treatment with the combination of AZD0156 and irinotecan in the clinical setting.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pranzini E, Pardella E, Muccillo L, Leo A, Nesi I, Santi A, Parri M, Zhang T, Uribe AH, Lottini T, Sabatino L, Caselli A, Arcangeli A, Raugei G, Colantuoni V, Cirri P, Chiarugi P, Maddocks ODK, Paoli P, Taddei ML. SHMT2-mediated mitochondrial serine metabolism drives 5-FU resistance by fueling nucleotide biosynthesis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111233. [PMID: 35977477 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a key component of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC). 5-FU efficacy is established by intracellular levels of folate cofactors and DNA damage repair strategies. However, drug resistance still represents a major challenge. Here, we report that alterations in serine metabolism affect 5-FU sensitivity in in vitro and in vivo CRC models. In particular, 5-FU-resistant CRC cells display a strong serine dependency achieved either by upregulating endogenous serine synthesis or increasing exogenous serine uptake. Importantly, regardless of the serine feeder strategy, serine hydroxymethyltransferase-2 (SHMT2)-driven compartmentalization of one-carbon metabolism inside the mitochondria represents a specific adaptation of resistant cells to support purine biosynthesis and potentiate DNA damage response. Interfering with serine availability or affecting its mitochondrial metabolism revert 5-FU resistance. These data disclose a relevant mechanism of mitochondrial serine use supporting 5-FU resistance in CRC and provide perspectives for therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Pranzini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisa Pardella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Livio Muccillo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Angela Leo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Nesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alice Santi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Alejandro Huerta Uribe
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Tiziano Lottini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lina Sabatino
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Anna Caselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Annarosa Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Raugei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Colantuoni
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chloroquine-Induced DNA Damage Synergizes with Nonhomologous End Joining Inhibition to Cause Ovarian Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147518. [PMID: 35886866 PMCID: PMC9323666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy; therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed. We recently reported that chloroquine (CQ) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OC cell lines (OCCLs), causing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we analyzed whether these lesions are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the main pathways involved in DSB repair, and if the combination of CQ with NHEJ inhibitors (NHEJi) could be effective against OC. We found that NHEJ inhibition increased the persistence of γH2AX foci after CQ-induced DNA damage, revealing an essential role of this pathway in the repair of the lesions. NHEJi decreased the proliferation of OCCLs and a strong in vitro synergistic effect on apoptosis induction was observed when combined with CQ. This effect was largely abolished by the antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, revealing the critical role of ROS and DSB generation in CQ/NHEJi-induced lethality. We also found that the NHEJ efficiency in OCCLs was not affected by treatment with Panobinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor that also synergizes with CQ in OCCLs by impairing homologous recombination. Accordingly, the triple combination of CQ-NHEJi-Panobinostat exerted a stronger in vitro synergistic effect. Altogether, our data suggest that the combination of these drugs could represent new therapeutic strategies against OC.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu R, Chantana W, Pitchakarn P, Subhawa S, Chantarasuwan B, Temviriyanukul P, Chewonarin T. Ficus dubia Latex Extract Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by Regulating the NF-κB Pathway in Inflammatory Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112665. [PMID: 35681644 PMCID: PMC9179257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, the anti-tumor activity of Ficus dubia latex extract (FDLE) against HCT-116 and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cell lines in normal and inflammatory conditions was investigated. The results indicated that an inflammation-activated NF-κB increased proliferation-related proteins and decreased apoptosis-related proteins, leading to hyperproliferation of colorectal cancer cell lines. FDLE exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity in both conditions, however, more effective anti-proliferation was observed due to its more effective regulation of NF-κB inactivation and some proteins related to cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction in inflammatory condition. Our finding may promote the antiproliferative study of FDLE in inflammation-induced colorectal cancer progression. Abstract Colorectal cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers that is associated with inflammation. Ficus dubia latex is recognized as a remedy with various therapeutic effects in traditional medicine, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The present study aims to compare the anti-tumor activity of Ficus dubia latex extract (FDLE) against HCT-116 and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cell lines in normal and inflammatory condition and explore its mechanism of action. FDLE exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity against HCT-116 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cell lines in both conditions using MTT and colony formation assays and more effective anti-proliferation was observed in inflammatory condition. Mechanistically, FDLE induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase by down-regulating NF-κB, cyclin D1, CDK4 and up-regulatingp21 in both cell in normal condition. In inflammatory condition, FDLE not only exhibited stronger induction of cell cycle arrest in both cells by down-regulating NF-κB, cyclin D1, CDK4 and down-regulating p21, but also selectively induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells by down-regulating NF-κB and Bcl-xl and up-regulating Bid, Bak, cleaved caspase-7 and caspase-3 through stronger ability to regulate these proteins. Our results demonstrated that the phytochemical agent in the latex of Ficus dubia could potential be used for treatment and prevention of human colorectal cancer, especially in inflammation-induced hyperproliferation progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rentong Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.H.); (W.C.); (P.P.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Weerachai Chantana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.H.); (W.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.H.); (W.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Subhawat Subhawa
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | | | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.H.); (W.C.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-935325
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Integrated bioinformatic analysis of RNA binding proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2480-2505. [PMID: 33411682 PMCID: PMC7880356 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are aberrantly expressed in a tissue-specific manner across many tumors. These proteins, which play a vital role in post-transcriptional gene regulation, are involved in RNA splicing, maturation, transport, stability, degradation, and translation. We set out to establish an accurate risk score model based on RBPs to estimate prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RNA-sequencing data, proteomic data and corresponding clinical information were acquired from the Cancer Genome Atlas database and the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium database respectively. We identified 406 differentially expressed RBPs between HCC tumor and normal tissues at the transcriptional and protein level. Overall, 11 RBPs (BRIX1, DYNC1H1, GTPBP4, PRKDC, RAN, RBM19, SF3B4, SMG5, SPATS2, TAF9, and THOC5) were selected to establish a risk score model. We divided HCC patients into low-risk and high-risk groups based on the median of risk score values. The survival analysis indicated that patients in the high-risk group had poorer overall survival compared to patients in the low-risk group. Our study demonstrated that 11 RBPs were associated with the overall survival of HCC patients. These RBPs may represent potential drug targets and can help optimize future clinical treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Inhibitors of DNA double-strand break repair at the crossroads of cancer therapy and genome editing. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
Beyond DNA Repair: DNA-PKcs in Tumor Metastasis, Metabolism and Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113389. [PMID: 33207636 PMCID: PMC7698146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a key component of the DNA-PK complex that has a well-characterized function in the non-homologous end-joining repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Since its identification, a large body of evidence has demonstrated that DNA-PKcs is frequently overexpressed in cancer, plays a critical role in tumor development and progression, and is associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients. Intriguingly, recent studies have suggested novel functions beyond the canonical role of DNA-PKcs, which has transformed the paradigm of DNA-PKcs in tumorigenesis and has reinvigorated the interest to target DNA-PKcs for cancer treatment. In this review, we update recent advances in DNA-PKcs, in particular the emerging roles in tumor metastasis, metabolic dysregulation, and immune escape. We further discuss the possible molecular basis that underpins the pleiotropism of DNA-PKcs in cancer. Finally, we outline the biomarkers that may predict the therapeutic response to DNA-PKcs inhibitor therapy. Understanding the functional repertoire of DNA-PKcs will provide mechanistic insights of DNA-PKcs in malignancy and, more importantly, may revolutionize the design and utility of DNA-PKcs-based precision cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yin Y, He Q, Li Y, Long J, Lei X, Li Z, Zhu W. Emerging functions of PRKDC in the initiation and progression of cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2020; 107:483-488. [PMID: 32867618 DOI: 10.1177/0300891620950472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is encoded by the protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide (PRKDC) gene. DNA-PKcs plays a major role in nonhomologous end joining DNA repair, and it has been identified to be an important factor in tumor progression and metastasis. DNA-PKcs may have opposite effects in diseases, depending on the cell and tissue types. In this review, we discuss its role in various tumors. High levels of DNA-PKcs are directly associated with prognosis, neoplasm recurrence rates, and overall survival. Our results suggest that DNA-PKcs may serve as a therapeutic target for advanced malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yin
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qinglian He
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuling Li
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiali Long
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue Lei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
DNA-PK in human malignant disorders: Mechanisms and implications for pharmacological interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107617. [PMID: 32610116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-PK holoenzyme is a fundamental element of the DNA damage response machinery (DDR), which is responsible for cellular genomic stability. Consequently, and predictably, over the last decades since its identification and characterization, numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies reported observations correlating aberrant DNA-PK status and activity with cancer onset, progression and responses to therapeutic modalities. Notably, various studies have established in recent years the role of DNA-PK outside the DDR network, corroborating its role as a pleiotropic complex involved in transcriptional programs that operate biologic processes as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, metabolism, nuclear receptors signaling and inflammatory responses. In particular tumor entities as prostate cancer, immense research efforts assisted mapping and describing the overall signaling networks regulated by DNA-PK that control metastasis and tumor progression. Correspondingly, DNA-PK emerges as an obvious therapeutic target in cancer and data pertaining to various pharmacological approaches have been published, largely in context of combination with DNA-damaging agents (DDAs) that act by inflicting DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Currently, new generation inhibitors are tested in clinical trials. Several excellent reviews have been published in recent years covering the biology of DNA-PK and its role in cancer. In the current article we are aiming to systematically describe the main findings on DNA-PK signaling in major cancer types, focusing on both preclinical and clinical reports and present a detailed current status of the DNA-PK inhibitors repertoire.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bankoglu EE, Kodandaraman G, Stopper H. A systematic review of the use of the alkaline comet assay for genotoxicity studies in human colon-derived cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 845:402976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Increased Non-Homologous End Joining Makes DNA-PK a Promising Target for Therapeutic Intervention in Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091278. [PMID: 31480356 PMCID: PMC6769470 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumour in adults, with a mean survival of six months following metastasis. The survival rates have not improved in over 30 years. This study has shown that sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is low in UM which is likely due to a reduced expression of FANCD2. As FANCD2 can function to suppress non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), this study therefore investigated NHEJ in UM. The activation of the catalytic subunit of the NHEJ pathway protein DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) was measured by analysing the foci formation and the ligation efficiency by NHEJ determined using a plasmid-based end-joining assay. Using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) knock-down, and chemical inhibitors of DNA-PK, the survival of primary UM cultures and two cell lines were determined. To assess the homologous recombination capacity in response to the inhibition of DNA-PK, a SCE analysis was performed. In addition, to support the findings, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of genes associated with NHEJ was analysed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-UM RNAseq data (n = 79). The NHEJ activity and DNA-PKcs activation was upregulated in UM and the inhibition of DNA-PK selectively induced apoptosis and sensitized to ionising radiation and inter-strand cross-linking agents. The inhibition of the NHEJ protein DNA-PK is lethal to UM, indicating a potentially effective therapeutic option, either alone or as a sensitizer for other treatments.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cancer risk from low dose radiation in Ptch1/ mice with inactive DNA repair systems: Therapeutic implications for medulloblastoma. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 74:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
16
|
Sharif-Askari B, Amrein L, Aloyz R, Panasci L. PARP3 inhibitors ME0328 and olaparib potentiate vinorelbine sensitization in breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 172:23-32. [PMID: 30039287 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PARP-3 is member of the PARP family of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases involved in ADPribosylation. PARPs are involved in the basic mechanisms of DNA repair. PARP3, a critical player for efficient mitotic progression, is required for the stabilization of the mitotic spindle by regulation of the mitotic components, NuMA and Tankyrase 1. METHODS The sensitization effect of vinorelbine on PARP3 inhibition-induced cytotoxicity was assessed by the SRB assay. The contribution of programed cell death and cell cycle arrest to the sensitization effect were determined by assessing changes in Annexin V, a marker of apoptosis. Alterations in cell cycle progression were assessed by cell cycle analysis. We used immunofluorescence to assess the effect of vinorelbine and/or PARP3 inhibitors on tubulin and microtubule depolarization. The PARP3 chemiluminescent assay kit was used for PARP3 activity. RESULTS PARP3 inhibitors sensitize breast cancer cells to vinorelbine, a vinca alkaloid used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Olaparib which was originally described as a PARP1 and 2 inhibitor has recently been shown to be a potent PARP3 inhibitor while ME0328 is a more selective PARP3 inhibitor. The combination of vinorelbine with nontoxic concentrations of ME0328 or olaparib reduces vinorelbine resistance by 10 and 17 fold, respectively, potentiating vinorelbine-induced arrest at the G2/M boundary. In addition, PARP3 inhibition potentiates vinorelbine interaction with tubulin. Furthermore, olaparib or ME0328 potentiates vinorelbine-induced PARP3 inhibition, mitotic arrest, and apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our results indicated this approach with PARP3 inhibitors and vinorelbine is unique and promising for breast cancer patients with metastases. This combination could significantly increase the survival of breast cancer patients with metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sharif-Askari
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Segal Cancer Center, Lawrence Panasci & Raquel Aloyz Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Lilian Amrein
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Segal Cancer Center, Lawrence Panasci & Raquel Aloyz Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Raquel Aloyz
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Segal Cancer Center, Lawrence Panasci & Raquel Aloyz Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Lawrence Panasci
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Segal Cancer Center, Lawrence Panasci & Raquel Aloyz Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Darband SG, Kaviani M, Mihanfar A, Aghazadeh Attari J, Yousefi B, Majidinia M. DNA damage response and repair in colorectal cancer: Defects, regulation and therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 69:34-52. [PMID: 30055507 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response, a key factor involved in maintaining genome integrity and stability, consists of several kinase-dependent signaling pathways, which sense and transduce DNA damage signal. The severity of damage appears to determine DNA damage responses, which can include cell cycle arrest, damage repair and apoptosis. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that defection in signaling through this network is thought to be an underlying mechanism behind the development and progression of various types of human malignancies, including colorectal cancer. In this review, colorectal cancer and its molecular pathology as well as DNA damage response is briefly introduced. Finally, the involvement of key components of this network in the initiation/progression, prognosis, response to treatment and development of drug resistance is comprehensively discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Ghazizadeh Darband
- Danesh Pey Hadi Co., Health Technology Development Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ainaz Mihanfar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ando K, Shah AK, Sachdev V, Kleinstiver BP, Taylor-Parker J, Welch MM, Hu Y, Salgia R, White FM, Parvin JD, Ozonoff A, Rameh LE, Joung JK, Bharti AK. Camptothecin resistance is determined by the regulation of topoisomerase I degradation mediated by ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43733-43751. [PMID: 28415827 PMCID: PMC5546437 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasomal degradation of topoisomerase I (topoI) is one of the most remarkable cellular phenomena observed in response to camptothecin (CPT). Importantly, the rate of topoI degradation is linked to CPT resistance. Formation of the topoI-DNA-CPT cleavable complex inhibits DNA re-ligation resulting in DNA-double strand break (DSB). The degradation of topoI marks the first step in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) dependent DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we show that the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer binds with topoI, and that the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) phosphorylates topoI on serine 10 (topoI-pS10), which is subsequently ubiquitinated by BRCA1. A higher basal level of topoI-pS10 ensures rapid topoI degradation leading to CPT resistance. Importantly, PTEN regulates DNA-PKcs kinase activity in this pathway and PTEN deletion ensures DNA-PKcs dependent higher topoI-pS10, rapid topoI degradation and CPT resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ando
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ankur K Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vibhu Sachdev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kleinstiver
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julian Taylor-Parker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moira M Welch
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiheng Hu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte , CA, USA
| | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Parvin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Center for Patient Safety and Quality Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucia E Rameh
- Department of Medicine, Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ajit K Bharti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pascale RM, Joseph C, Latte G, Evert M, Feo F, Calvisi DF. DNA-PKcs: A promising therapeutic target in human hepatocellular carcinoma? DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 47:12-20. [PMID: 27789167 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent and deadly disease worldwide. The absence of effective therapies when the tumor is surgically unresectable leads to an extremely poor outcome of HCC patients. Thus, it is mandatory to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of HCC in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies against this pernicious tumor. Mounting evidence indicates that suppression of the DNA damage response machinery might be deleterious for the survival and growth of the tumor cells. In particular, DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a major player in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair process, seems to represent a valuable target for innovative anti-neoplastic therapies in cancer. DNA-PKcs levels are strongly upregulated and associated with a poor clinical outcome in various tumor types, including HCC. Importantly, DNA-PKcs not only protects tumor cells from harmful DNA insults coming either from the microenvironment or chemotherapeutic drug treatments, but also possesses additional properties, independent from its DNA repair activity, that provide growth advantages to cancer cells. These properties (metabolic and gene reprogramming, invasiveness and metastasis, resistance to apoptosis, etc.) have started to be elucidated. In the present review, we summarize the physiologic and oncogenic roles of DNA-PKcs, with a special emphasis on liver cancer. In particular, this work focuses on the molecular mechanism whereby DNA-PKcs exerts its pro-tumorigenic activity in cancer cells. In addition, the upstream regulator of DNA-PKcs activation as well as its downstream effectors thus far identified are illustrated. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting DNA-PKcs activity in HCC are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Christy Joseph
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gavinella Latte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Durisova K, Salovska B, Pejchal J, Tichy A. Chemical inhibition of DNA repair kinases as a promising tool in oncology. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:11-9. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
21
|
Dolman MEM, van der Ploeg I, Koster J, Bate-Eya LT, Versteeg R, Caron HN, Molenaar JJ. DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase As Molecular Target for Radiosensitization of Neuroblastoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145744. [PMID: 26716839 PMCID: PMC4696738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells might resist therapy with ionizing radiation (IR) by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) of IR-induced double-strand breaks. One of the key players in NHEJ is DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). The catalytic subunit of DNA-PK, i.e. DNA-PKcs, can be inhibited with the small-molecule inhibitor NU7026. In the current study, the in vitro potential of NU7026 to radiosensitize neuroblastoma cells was investigated. DNA-PKcs is encoded by the PRKDC (protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide) gene. We showed that PRKDC levels were enhanced in neuroblastoma patients and correlated with a more advanced tumor stage and poor prognosis, making DNA-PKcs an interesting target for radiosensitization of neuroblastoma tumors. Optimal dose finding for combination treatment with NU7026 and IR was performed using NGP cells. One hour pre-treatment with 10 μM NU7026 synergistically sensitized NGP cells to 0.63 Gy IR. Radiosensitizing effects of NU7026 increased in time, with maximum effects observed from 96 h after IR-exposure on. Combined treatment of NGP cells with 10 μM NU7026 and 0.63 Gy IR resulted in apoptosis, while no apoptotic response was observed for either of the therapies alone. Inhibition of IR-induced DNA-PK activation by NU7026 confirmed the capability of NGP cells to, at least partially, resist IR by NHEJ. NU7026 also synergistically radiosensitized other neuroblastoma cell lines, while no synergistic effect was observed for low DNA-PKcs-expressing non-cancerous fibroblasts. Results obtained for NU7026 were confirmed by PRKDC knockdown in NGP cells. Taken together, the current study shows that DNA-PKcs is a promising target for neuroblastoma radiosensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Emmy M. Dolman
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ida van der Ploeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurel Tabe Bate-Eya
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huib N. Caron
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Kinderziekenhuis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan J. Molenaar
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
DNA Damage Signalling and Repair Inhibitors: The Long-Sought-After Achilles' Heel of Cancer. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3204-59. [PMID: 26610585 PMCID: PMC4693276 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were the two only approaches exploiting DNA repair processes to fight against cancer. Nowadays, cancer therapeutics can be a major challenge when it comes to seeking personalized targeted medicine that is both effective and selective to the malignancy. Over the last decade, the discovery of new targeted therapies against DNA damage signalling and repair has offered the possibility of therapeutic improvements in oncology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of DNA damage signalling and repair inhibitors, their molecular and cellular effects, and future therapeutic use.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abu-Sanad A, Wang Y, Hasheminasab F, Panasci J, Noë A, Rosca L, Davidson D, Amrein L, Sharif-Askari B, Aloyz R, Panasci L. Simultaneous inhibition of ATR and PARP sensitizes colon cancer cell lines to irinotecan. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:147. [PMID: 26257651 PMCID: PMC4510998 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced DNA damage repair is one mechanism involved in colon cancer drug resistance. Thus, targeting molecular components of repair pathways with specific small molecule inhibitors may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. ABT-888 and VE-821, inhibitors of poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) and the serine/threonine-kinase Ataxia telangiectasia related (ATR), respectively, were used to treat colon cancer cell lines in combination with the topoisomerase-I inhibitor irinotecan (SN38). Our findings show that each of these DNA repair inhibitors utilized alone at nontoxic single agent concentrations resulted in sensitization to SN38 producing a 1.4–3 fold reduction in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of SN38 in three colon cancer cell lines. When combined together, nontoxic concentrations of ABT-888 and VE-821 produced a 4.5–27 fold reduction in the IC50 of SN38 with the HCT-116 colon cancer cells demonstrating the highest sensitization as compared to LoVo and HT-29 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the combination of all three agents was associated with maximal G2 −M arrest and enhanced DNA-damage (γH2AX) in all three colon cancer cell lines. The mechanism of this enhanced sensitization was associated with: (a) maximal suppression of SN38 induced PARP activity in the presence of both inhibitors and (b) ABT-888 producing partial abrogation of the VE-821 enhancement of SN38 induced DNA-PK phosphorylation, resulting in more unrepaired DNA damage; these alterations were only present in the HCT-116 cells which have reduced levels of ATM. This novel combination of DNA repair inhibitors may be useful to enhance the activity of DNA damaging chemotherapies such as irinotecan and help produce sensitization to this drug in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atlal Abu-Sanad
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yunzhe Wang
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Hasheminasab
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Justin Panasci
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alycia Noë
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lorena Rosca
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Davidson
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lilian Amrein
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bahram Sharif-Askari
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Raquel Aloyz
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lawrence Panasci
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Goldstein M, Kastan MB. The DNA Damage Response: Implications for Tumor Responses to Radiation and Chemotherapy. Annu Rev Med 2015; 66:129-43. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-081313-121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goldstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710; ,
| | - Michael B. Kastan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710; ,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Andrs M, Korabecny J, Jun D, Hodny Z, Bartek J, Kuca K. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) inhibitors: importance of the morpholine ring. J Med Chem 2014; 58:41-71. [PMID: 25387153 DOI: 10.1021/jm501026z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKKs) are two related families of kinases that play key roles in regulation of cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, survival, and responses to diverse stresses including DNA damage. To design novel efficient strategies for treatment of cancer and other diseases, these kinases have been extensively studied. Despite their different nature, these two kinase families have related origin and share very similar kinase domains. Therefore, chemical inhibitors of these kinases usually carry analogous structural motifs. The most common feature of these inhibitors is a critical hydrogen bond to morpholine oxygen, initially present in the early nonspecific PI3K and PIKK inhibitor 3 (LY294002), which served as a valuable chemical tool for development of many additional PI3K and PIKK inhibitors. While several PI3K pathway inhibitors have recently shown promising clinical responses, inhibitors of the DNA damage-related PIKKs remain thus far largely in preclinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andrs
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Sokolska 81, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ramzan Z, Nassri AB, Huerta S. Genotypic characteristics of resistant tumors to pre-operative ionizing radiation in rectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 6:194-210. [PMID: 25024812 PMCID: PMC4092337 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i7.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a wide range of clinical response in patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer it is essential to understand molecular factors that lead to the broad response observed in patients receiving the same form of treatment. Despite extensive research in this field, the exact mechanisms still remain elusive. Data raging from DNA-repair to specific molecules leading to cell survival as well as resistance to apoptosis have been investigated. Individually, or in combination, there is no single pathway that has become clinically applicable to date. In the following review, we describe the current status of various pathways that might lead to resistance to the therapeutic applications of ionizing radiation in rectal cancer.
Collapse
|
27
|
Flassig RJ, Maubach G, Täger C, Sundmacher K, Naumann M. Experimental design, validation and computational modeling uncover DNA damage sensing by DNA-PK and ATM. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1978-86. [PMID: 24833308 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and efficient detection of DNA damage constitutes a vital capability of human cells to maintain genome stability. Following DNA damage, the histone variant H2AX becomes rapidly phosphorylated by the DNA damage response kinases DNA-PKcs and ATM. H2AX phosphorylation plays a central role in signal amplification leading to chromatin remodeling and DNA repair initiation. The contribution of DNA-PKcs and ATM to H2AX phosphorylation is however puzzling. Although ATM is required, DNA-PKcs can substitute for it. Here we analyze the interplay between DNA-PKcs and ATM with a computational model derived by an iterative workflow: switching between experimental design, experiment and model analysis, we generated an extensive set of time-resolved data and identified a conclusive dynamic signaling model out of several alternatives. Our work shows that DNA-PKcs and ATM enforce a biphasic H2AX phosphorylation. DNA-PKcs can be associated to the initial, and ATM to the succeeding phosphorylation phase of H2AX resulting into a signal persistence detection function for reliable damage sensing. Further, our model predictions emphasize that DNA-PKcs inhibition significantly delays H2AX phosphorylation and associated DNA repair initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Flassig
- Process Systems Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou Y, Paull TT. DNA-dependent protein kinase regulates DNA end resection in concert with Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37112-25. [PMID: 24220101 PMCID: PMC3873567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.514398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The resection of DNA double strand breaks initiates homologous recombination (HR) and is critical for genomic stability. Using direct measurement of resection in human cells and reconstituted assays of resection with purified proteins in vitro, we show that DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a classic nonhomologous end joining factor, antagonizes double strand break resection by blocking the recruitment of resection enzymes such as exonuclease 1 (Exo1). Autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs promotes DNA-PKcs dissociation and consequently Exo1 binding. Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase activity can compensate for DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation and promote resection under conditions where DNA-PKcs catalytic activity is inhibited. The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex further stimulates resection in the presence of Ku and DNA-PKcs by recruiting Exo1 and enhancing DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation, and it also inhibits DNA ligase IV/XRCC4-mediated end rejoining. This work suggests that, in addition to its key role in nonhomologous end joining, DNA-PKcs also acts in concert with MRN and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated to regulate resection and thus DNA repair pathway choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Tanya T. Paull
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pitts TM, Davis SL, Eckhardt SG, Bradshaw-Pierce EL. Targeting nuclear kinases in cancer: development of cell cycle kinase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:258-69. [PMID: 24362082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proliferation is a tightly controlled set of events that is regulated by numerous nuclear protein kinases. The proteins involved include checkpoint kinases (CHK), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), which regulate the cell cycle and aurora kinases (AURK) and polo-like kinases (PLK), which regulate mitosis. In cancer, these nuclear kinases are often dysregulated and cause uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth. Much work has gone into developing novel therapeutics that target each of these protein kinases in cancer but none have been approved in patients. In this review we provide an overview of the current compounds being developed clinically to target these nuclear kinases involved in regulating the cell cycle and mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, United States.
| | - S Lindsey Davis
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
| | - Erica L Bradshaw-Pierce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Fusion genes that are caused by chromosome translocations have been recognized for several decades as drivers of deregulated cell growth in certain types of cancer. In recent years, oncogenic fusion genes have been found in many haematological and solid tumours, demonstrating that translocations are a common cause of malignancy. Sequencing approaches have now confirmed that numerous, non-clonal translocations are a typical feature of cancer cells. These chromosome rearrangements are often highly complex and contain DNA sequence from multiple genomic sites. The factors and pathways that promote translocations are becoming clearer, with non-homologous end-joining implicated as a key source of genomic rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Bunting
- Rutgers University, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Davidson D, Wang Y, Aloyz R, Panasci L. The PARP inhibitor ABT-888 synergizes irinotecan treatment of colon cancer cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:461-8. [PMID: 23054213 PMCID: PMC3857790 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1 (PARP-1) localizes rapidly to sites of DNA damage and has been associated with various repair mechanisms including base excision repair (BER) and homologous recombination/non-homologous end joining (HRR/NHEJ). PARP-1 acts by adding poly-ADP ribose side chains to target proteins (PARylation) altering molecular interactions and functions. Recently small molecule inhibitors of PARP-1 have been shown to have significant clinical potential and third generation PARP inhibitors are currently being investigated in clinical trials. These drugs alone or in combination with radio/chemotherapy have resulted in meaningful patient responses and an increase in survival in metastatic breast cancer cases bearing BRCA-deficient or triple negative tumors and BRCA-deficient ovarian cancer patients. ABT-888, a potent PARP-1 inhibitor, sensitizes many cancer cells in-vitro and in-vivo to temozolomide. As such, we hypothesized that colon cancers would be sensitized to the DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents, oxaliplatin and irinotecan, by ABT-888. Using colon cancer cell lines significant synergy was observed between ABT-888 and irinotecan at concentrations of ABT-888 as low as 0.125 μM. The level of synergy observed correlated with the degree of PARP1 inhibition as measured biochemically in cell lysates. ABT-888 at concentrations of 0.5-4 μM resulted in synergy with oxaliplatin. Furthermore, 24 h post treatment combinations of ABT-888/irinotecan generally resulted in increased G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased levels of DNA damage, followed by increased levels of apoptosis 48 h post treatment. In conclusion this study suggests that ABT-888 may be a clinically effective adjuvant to current colon cancer therapies that include the use of irinotecan and/or oxaliplatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Davidson
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer-Segal Cancer Center-Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755, Côte Sainte Catherine Road, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Davidson D, Amrein L, Panasci L, Aloyz R. Small Molecules, Inhibitors of DNA-PK, Targeting DNA Repair, and Beyond. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 23386830 PMCID: PMC3560216 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many current chemotherapies function by damaging genomic DNA in rapidly dividing cells ultimately leading to cell death. This therapeutic approach differentially targets cancer cells that generally display rapid cell division compared to normal tissue cells. However, although these treatments are initially effective in arresting tumor growth and reducing tumor burden, resistance and disease progression eventually occur. A major mechanism underlying this resistance is increased levels of cellular DNA repair. Most cells have complex mechanisms in place to repair DNA damage that occurs due to environmental exposures or normal metabolic processes. These systems, initially overwhelmed when faced with chemotherapy induced DNA damage, become more efficient under constant selective pressure and as a result chemotherapies become less effective. Thus, inhibiting DNA repair pathways using target specific small molecule inhibitors may overcome cellular resistance to DNA damaging chemotherapies. Non-homologous end joining a major mechanism for the repair of double-strand breaks (DSB) in DNA is regulated in part by the serine/threonine kinase, DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). The DNA-PK holoenzyme acts as a scaffold protein tethering broken DNA ends and recruiting other repair molecules. It also has enzymatic activity that may be involved in DNA damage signaling. Because of its’ central role in repair of DSBs, DNA-PK has been the focus of a number of small molecule studies. In these studies specific DNA-PK inhibitors have shown efficacy in synergizing chemotherapies in vitro. However, compounds currently known to specifically inhibit DNA-PK are limited by poor pharmacokinetics: these compounds have poor solubility and have high metabolic lability in vivo leading to short serum half-lives. Future improvement in DNA-PK inhibition will likely be achieved by designing new molecules based on the recently reported crystallographic structure of DNA-PK. Computer based drug design will not only assist in identifying novel functional moieties to replace the metabolically labile morpholino group but will also facilitate the design of molecules to target the DNA-PKcs/Ku80 interface or one of the autophosphorylation sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Davidson
- Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gopalsamy A, Bennett EM, Shi M, Zhang WG, Bard J, Yu K. Identification of pyrimidine derivatives as hSMG-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6636-41. [PMID: 23021994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
hSMG-1 kinase plays a dual role in a highly conserved RNA surveillance pathway termed nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) and in cellular genotoxic stress response. Since deregulation of cellular responses to stress contributes to tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy, hSMG-1 is a potential target for cancer treatment. From our screening efforts, we have identified pyrimidine derivatives as hSMG-1 kinase inhibitors. We report structure-based optimization of this pan-kinase scaffold to improve its biochemical profile and overall kinome selectivity, including mTOR and CDK, to generate the first reported selective hSMG-1 tool compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariamala Gopalsamy
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mahajan K, Mahajan NP. PI3K-independent AKT activation in cancers: a treasure trove for novel therapeutics. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3178-84. [PMID: 22307544 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AKT/PKB serine threonine kinase, a critical signaling molecule promoting cell growth and survival pathways, is frequently dysregulated in many cancers. Although phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K), a lipid kinase, is well characterized as a major regulator of AKT activation in response to a variety of ligands, recent studies highlight a diverse group of tyrosine (Ack1/TNK2, Src, PTK6) and serine/threonine (TBK1, IKBKE, DNAPKcs) kinases that activate AKT directly to promote its pro-proliferative signaling functions. While some of these alternate AKT activating kinases respond to growth factors, others respond to inflammatory and genotoxic stimuli. A common theme emerging from these studies is that aberrant or hyperactivation of these alternate kinases is often associated with malignancy. Consequently, evaluating the use of small molecular inhibitors against these alternate AKT activating kinases at earlier stages of cancer therapy may overcome the pressing problem of drug resistance surfacing especially in patients treated with PI3K inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Mahajan
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hsu FM, Zhang S, Chen BPC. Role of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in cancer development and treatment. Transl Cancer Res 2012; 1:22-34. [PMID: 22943041 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-676x.2012.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a key component of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway, is involved in DNA double-strand break repair, immunocompetence, genomic integrity, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Clinical studies indicate that expression and activity of DNA-PKcs is correlated with cancer progression and response to treatment. Various anti-DNA-PKcs strategies have been developed and tested in preclinical studies to exploit the benefit of DNA-PKcs inhibition in sensitization of radiotherapy and in combined modality therapy with other antitumor agents. In this article, we review the association between DNA-PKcs and cancer development and discuss current approaches and mechanisms for inhibition of DNA-PKcs. The future challenges are to understand how DNA-PKcs activity is correlated with cancer susceptibility and to identify those patients who would most benefit from DNA-PKcs inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ming Hsu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lloyd AH, Wang D, Timmis JN. Single molecule PCR reveals similar patterns of non-homologous DSB repair in tobacco and Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32255. [PMID: 22389691 PMCID: PMC3289645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) occur constantly in eukaryotes. These potentially lethal DNA lesions are repaired efficiently by two major DSB repair pathways: homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). We investigated NHEJ in Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by introducing DNA double-strand breaks through inducible expression of I-SceI, followed by amplification of individual repair junction sequences by single-molecule PCR. Using this process over 300 NHEJ repair junctions were analysed in each species. In contrast to previously published variation in DSB repair between Arabidopsis and tobacco, the two species displayed similar DSB repair profiles in our experiments. The majority of repair events resulted in no loss of sequence and small (1-20 bp) deletions occurred at a minority (25-45%) of repair junctions. Approximately ~1.5% of the observed repair events contained larger deletions (>20 bp) and a similar percentage contained insertions. Strikingly, insertion events in tobacco were associated with large genomic deletions at the site of the DSB that resulted in increased micro-homology at the sequence junctions suggesting the involvement of a non-classical NHEJ repair pathway. The generation of DSBs through inducible expression of I-SceI, in combination with single molecule PCR, provides an effective and efficient method for analysis of individual repair junctions and will prove a useful tool in the analysis of NHEJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Lloyd
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Effects of the novel DNA dependent protein kinase inhibitor, IC486241, on the DNA damage response to doxorubicin and cisplatin in breast cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1736-42. [PMID: 21567185 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which the novel DNA-PKcs inhibitor, IC486241 (ICC), synergizes the cytotoxicity of DNA damaging agents in 3 genetically diverse breast cancer cell lines. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was employed as a primary screening method to determine the in-vitro cytotoxicity and the degree of synergy of ICC in combination with the topoisomerase II inhibitor, doxorubicin, or the DNA cross linking agent, cisplatin. Molecular mechanisms underlying drug toxicity were probed using immunostaining and flow cytometry, as well as, the alkaline comet assay to detect DNA damage. In this study, improved cytotoxicity and significant synergy were observed with both anticancer agents in the presence of nontoxic concentrations of ICC. Moreover, ICC decreased doxorubicin-induced DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation on Ser2056 and increased doxorubicin-induced DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, the novel DNA-PKcs inhibitor, ICC, synergistically sensitized 3 breast cancer cell lines to doxorubicin and cisplatin. Enhanced efficacy of doxorubicin was achieved by inhibiting non-homologous end joining resulting in increased accumulation of DNA damage.
Collapse
|
38
|
Inhibition of homologous recombination by DNA-dependent protein kinase requires kinase activity, is titratable, and is modulated by autophosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:1719-33. [PMID: 21300785 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01298-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How a cell chooses between nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) to repair a double-strand break (DSB) is a central and largely unanswered question. Although there is evidence of competition between HR and NHEJ, because of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK)'s cellular abundance, it seems that there must be more to the repair pathway choice than direct competition. Both a mutational approach and chemical inhibition were utilized to address how DNA-PK affects HR. We find that DNA-PK's ability to repress HR is both titratable and entirely dependent on its enzymatic activity. Still, although requisite, robust enzymatic activity is not sufficient to inhibit HR. Emerging data (including the data presented here) document the functional complexities of DNA-PK's extensive phosphorylations that likely occur on more than 40 sites. Even more, we show here that certain phosphorylations of the DNA-PK large catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) clearly promote HR while inhibiting NHEJ, and we conclude that the phosphorylation status of DNA-PK impacts how a cell chooses to repair a DSB.
Collapse
|