1
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Ding L, Chen D, Li Y, Xie Y, Sun X, Wang D. Saracatinib prompts hemin-induced K562 erythroid differentiation but suppresses erythropoiesis of hematopoietic stem cells. Hum Cell 2024; 37:648-665. [PMID: 38388899 PMCID: PMC11016514 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Human myeloid leukemia cells (such as K562) could be used for the study of erythropoiesis, and mature erythroid markers and globins could be induced during leukemia cell differentiation; however, the pathways involved are different compared with those of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).We identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of K562 cells and HSCs associated with stem cells and erythroid differentiation. Furthermore, we showed that hemin-induced differentiation of K562 cells could be induced by serum starvation or treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor saracatinib. However, erythroid differentiation of HSCs was inhibited by the deprivation of the important serum component erythropoietin (EPO) or treatment with saracatinib. Finally, we found that the mRNA expression of K562 cells and HSCs was different during saracatinib-treated erythroid differentiation, and the DEGs of K562 cells and HSCs associated with tyrosine-protein kinase were identified.These findings elucidated the cellular phenomenon of saracatinib induction during erythroid differentiation of K562 cells and HSCs, and the potential mechanism is the different mRNA expression profile of tyrosine-protein kinase in K562 cells and HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Department of Obstetrics, Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523326, Guangdong, China
| | - Diyu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanshuai Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingjun Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ding Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Ramos R, Vale N. Dual Drug Repurposing: The Example of Saracatinib. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4565. [PMID: 38674150 PMCID: PMC11050334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a dual Src/Abl inhibitor initially developed by AstraZeneca for cancer treatment; however, data from 2006 to 2024 reveal that this drug has been tested not only for cancer treatment, but also for the treatment of other diseases. Despite the promising pre-clinical results and the tolerability shown in phase I trials, where a maximum tolerated dose of 175 mg was defined, phase II clinical data demonstrated a low therapeutic action against several cancers and an elevated rate of adverse effects. Recently, pre-clinical research aimed at reducing the toxic effects and enhancing the therapeutic performance of saracatinib using nanoparticles and different pharmacological combinations has shown promising results. Concomitantly, saracatinib was repurposed to treat Alzheimer's disease, targeting Fyn. It showed great clinical results and required a lower daily dose than that defined for cancer treatment, 125 mg and 175 mg, respectively. In addition to Alzheimer's disease, this Src inhibitor has also been studied in relation to other health conditions such as pulmonary and liver fibrosis and even for analgesic and anti-allergic functions. Although saracatinib is still not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the large number of alternative uses for saracatinib and the elevated number of pre-clinical and clinical trials performed suggest the huge potential of this drug for the treatment of different kinds of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramos
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Integrative and Comprehensive Pan-Cancer Analysis of Lymphocyte-Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase in Human Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213998. [PMID: 36430477 PMCID: PMC9697346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) is common in a variety of hematologic malignancies but comparatively less common in solid tumors. This study aimed to explore the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of LCK across tumors through integrative and comprehensive pan-cancer analysis, as well as experimental validation. Multiple databases were used to explore the expression, alteration, prognostic value, association with immune infiltration, and potential functional pathways of LCK in pan-cancers. The results were further validated by western blotting and qPCR of patient samples as well as tumor cell lines. High LCK expression typically represents a better prognosis. Notably, drug sensitivity prediction of LCK identified P-529 as a candidate for drug development. Gene Annotations (GO) and KEGG analyses showed significant enrichment of PD-L1 and the T-cell receptor pathway. The results from patient samples and tumor cell lines confirmed these conclusions in LIHC. In conclusion, LCK is differentially expressed in multiple tumors and normal tissues. Further analysis highlighted its association with prognostic implications, pan-cancer genetic alterations, and immune signatures. Our data provide evidence for a diagnostic marker of LCK and the possible use of LCK as a target for the treatment of tumors.
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4
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McCabe NH, Stevenson L, Scanlon E, Douglas R, Kennedy S, Keminer O, Windshügel B, Zisterer D, Kennedy RD, Blayney JK, Turkington RC. Identification of Src as a Therapeutic Target in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma through Functional Genomic and High-Throughput Drug Screening Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153726. [PMID: 35954391 PMCID: PMC9367554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance limits the effectiveness of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) chemotherapies, leading to a poor prognosis for this disease. Elucidation of the underlying resistance mechanisms is key to enabling the identification of more effective treatments. This study, therefore, aims to identify novel therapeutic and/or chemotherapy sensitising drug targets in OAC. Transcriptional data from a cohort of 273 pre-treatment OAC biopsies, from patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection, were analysed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to determine differential gene expression between responding and non-responding OAC tumours. From this, 80 genes were selected for high-throughput siRNA screening in OAC cell lines with or without standard chemotherapy treatment. In parallel, cell viability assays were performed using a panel of FDA-approved drugs and combination index (CI) values were calculated to evaluate drug synergy with standard chemotherapy. Mechanisms of synergy were investigated using western blot, propidium iodide flow cytometry, and proliferation assays. Taken together, the screens identified that targeting Src, using either siRNA or the small molecule inhibitor dasatinib, enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapy in OAC cells. Further in vitro functional analysis confirmed Src inhibition to be synergistic with standard OAC chemotherapies, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and cisplatin (CDDP). In conclusion, a compound screen together with a functional genomic approach identified Src as a potential chemosensitising target in OAC, which could be assessed in a clinical study for poor prognosis OAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh H. McCabe
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (N.H.M.); (L.S.); (E.S.); (R.D.); (S.K.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Leanne Stevenson
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (N.H.M.); (L.S.); (E.S.); (R.D.); (S.K.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Enya Scanlon
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (N.H.M.); (L.S.); (E.S.); (R.D.); (S.K.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Rosalie Douglas
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (N.H.M.); (L.S.); (E.S.); (R.D.); (S.K.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Susanna Kennedy
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (N.H.M.); (L.S.); (E.S.); (R.D.); (S.K.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Oliver Keminer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Discovery Research ScreeningPort, 22525 Hamburg, Germany; (O.K.); (B.W.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Björn Windshügel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Discovery Research ScreeningPort, 22525 Hamburg, Germany; (O.K.); (B.W.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniela Zisterer
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland;
| | | | - Jaine K. Blayney
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (N.H.M.); (L.S.); (E.S.); (R.D.); (S.K.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Richard C. Turkington
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (N.H.M.); (L.S.); (E.S.); (R.D.); (S.K.); (J.K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)28-9097-2756
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5
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Garmendia I, Redin E, Montuenga LM, Calvo A. YES1: a novel therapeutic target and biomarker in cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1371-1380. [PMID: 35732509 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
YES1 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the SRC family of kinases (SFKs) and controls multiple cancer signaling pathways. YES1 is amplified and overexpressed in many tumor types, where it promotes cell proliferation, survival and invasiveness. Therefore, YES1 has been proposed as an emerging target in solid tumors. In addition, studies have shown that YES1 is a prognostic biomarker and a predictor of dasatinib activity. Several SFKs-targeting drugs have been developed and some of them have reached clinical trials. However, these drugs have encountered challenges to their utilization in the clinical practice in unselected patients due to toxicity and lack of efficacy. In the case of YES1, novel specific inhibitors have been developed and tested in preclinical models, with impressive antitumor effects. In this review, we summarize the structure and activation of YES1 and describe its role in cancer as a target and prognostic and companion biomarker. We also address the efficacy of SFKs inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials, highlighting the main hindrances for their clinical use. Current available information strongly suggests that inhibiting YES1 in tumors with high expression of this protein is a promising strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Garmendia
- INSERM UMRS1138. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | - Luis M Montuenga
- CIMA and Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
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6
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Weiße J, Rosemann J, Müller L, Kappler M, Eckert AW, Glaß M, Misiak D, Hüttelmaier S, Ballhausen WG, Hatzfeld M, Haemmerle M, Gutschner T. Identification of lymphocyte cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (LCK) as a driver for invasion and migration of oral cancer by tumor heterogeneity exploitation. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:88. [PMID: 34116687 PMCID: PMC8194179 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer metastases are the main cause of lethality. The five-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with advanced stage oral cancer is 30%. Hence, the identification of novel therapeutic targets is an urgent need. However, tumors are comprised of a heterogeneous collection of cells with distinct genetic and molecular profiles that can differentially promote metastasis making therapy development a challenging task. Here, we leveraged intratumoral heterogeneity in order to identify drivers of cancer cell motility that might be druggable targets for anti-metastasis therapy. METHODS We used 2D migration and 3D matrigel-based invasion assays to characterize the invasive heterogeneity among and within four human oral cancer cell lines in vitro. Subsequently, we applied mRNA-sequencing to map the transcriptomes of poorly and strongly invasive subclones as well as primary tumors and matched metastasis. RESULTS We identified SAS cells as a highly invasive oral cancer cell line. Clonal analysis of SAS yielded a panel of 20 subclones with different invasive capacities. Integrative gene expression analysis identified the Lymphocyte cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (LCK) as a druggable target gene associated with cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Inhibition of LCK using A-770041 or dasatinib blocked invasion of highly aggressive SAS cells. Interestingly, reduction of LCK activity increased the formation of adherens junctions and induced cell differentiation. CONCLUSION Analysis of invasive heterogeneity led to the discovery of LCK as an important regulator of motility in oral cancer cells. Hence, small molecule mediated inhibition of LCK could be a promising anti-metastasis therapy option for oral cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weiße
- Junior Research Group 'RNA biology and pathogenesis', Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Rosemann
- Junior Research Group 'RNA biology and pathogenesis', Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Müller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander W Eckert
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Markus Glaß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Danny Misiak
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Ballhausen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Monika Haemmerle
- Institute of Pathology, Section for Experimental Pathology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112, Halle, Germany
| | - Tony Gutschner
- Junior Research Group 'RNA biology and pathogenesis', Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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7
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Ruiz-Saenz A, Zahedi F, Peterson E, Yoo A, Dreyer CA, Spassov DS, Oses-Prieto J, Burlingame A, Moasser MM. Proteomic Analysis of Src Family Kinase Phosphorylation States in Cancer Cells Suggests Deregulation of the Unique Domain. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:957-967. [PMID: 33727342 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Src family kinases (SFK) are homologs of retroviral oncogenes, earning them the label of proto-oncogenes. Their functions are influenced by positive and negative regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation events and inhibitory and activating intramolecular and extramolecular interactions. This regulation is disrupted in their viral oncogene counterparts. However, in contrast to most other proto-oncogenes, the genetic alteration of these genes does not seem to occur in human tumors and how and whether their functions are altered in human cancers remain to be determined. To look for proteomic-level alterations, we took a more granular look at the activation states of SFKs based on their two known regulatory tyrosine phosphorylations, but found no significant differences in their activity states when comparing immortalized epithelial cells with cancer cells. SFKs are known to have other less well-studied phosphorylations, particularly within their unstructured N-terminal unique domains (UD), although their role in cancers has not been explored. In comparing panels of epithelial cells with cancer cells, we found a decrease in S17 phosphorylation in the UD of Src in cancer cells. Dephosphorylated S17 favors the dimerization of Src that is mediated through the UD and suggests increased Src dimerization in cancers. These data highlight the important role of the UD of Src and suggest that a deeper understanding of proteomic-level alterations of the unstructured UD of SFKs may provide considerable insights into how SFKs are deregulated in cancers. IMPLICATIONS: This work highlights the role of the N-terminal UD of Src kinases in regulating their signaling functions and possibly in their deregulation in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruiz-Saenz
- Departments of Cell Biology & Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Farima Zahedi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elliott Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ashley Yoo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Courtney A Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Juan Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark M Moasser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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8
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Src Family Kinases as Therapeutic Targets in Advanced Solid Tumors: What We Have Learned so Far. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061448. [PMID: 32498343 PMCID: PMC7352436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Src is the prototypal member of Src Family tyrosine Kinases (SFKs), a large non-receptor kinase class that controls multiple signaling pathways in animal cells. SFKs activation is necessary for the mitogenic signal from many growth factors, but also for the acquisition of migratory and invasive phenotype. Indeed, oncogenic activation of SFKs has been demonstrated to play an important role in solid cancers; promoting tumor growth and formation of distant metastases. Several drugs targeting SFKs have been developed and tested in preclinical models and many of them have successfully reached clinical use in hematologic cancers. Although in solid tumors SFKs inhibitors have consistently confirmed their ability in blocking cancer cell progression in several experimental models; their utilization in clinical trials has unveiled unexpected complications against an effective utilization in patients. In this review, we summarize basic molecular mechanisms involving SFKs in cancer spreading and metastasization; and discuss preclinical and clinical data highlighting the main challenges for their future application as therapeutic targets in solid cancer progression
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9
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Danson S, Mulvey MR, Turner L, Horsman J, Escott KJ, Coleman RE, Ahmedzai SH, Bennett MI, Andrew D. An exploratory randomized-controlled trial of the efficacy of the Src-kinase inhibitor saracatinib as a novel analgesic for cancer-induced bone pain. J Bone Oncol 2019; 19:100261. [PMID: 31667062 PMCID: PMC6812043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a major symptom of bone metastases from advanced cancer and represents a clinical challenge to treat effectively. Basic neurobiology in preclinical animal models implicates enhanced sensory processing in the central nervous system, acting through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, as an important mechanism underpinning persistent pain. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src is thought to act as a hub for regulating NMDA receptor activity and the orally available Src inhibitor saracatinib has shown promise as a potential analgesic in recent animal studies. Here we tested the efficacy of saracatinib as a novel analgesic in an exploratory phase II randomized controlled trial on cancer patients with painful bone metastases. Twelve patients completed the study, with 6 receiving saracatinib 125 mg/day for 28 days and 6 receiving placebo. Pharmacokinetic measurements confirmed appropriate plasma levels of drug in the saracatinib-treated group and Src inhibition was achieved clinically by a significant reduction in the bone resorption biomarker serum cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen. Differences between the saracatinib and placebo groups self-reported pain scores, measured using the short form of the Brief Pain Inventory, were not clinically significant after 4 weeks of treatment. There was also no change in consumption of maintenance analgesia in the saracatinib-treated group and no improvement in Quality-of-Life scores. The data were insufficient to demonstrate saracatinib has efficacy as analgesic, although it may have a role as an anti-bone resorptive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Danson
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew R Mulvey
- Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Lesley Turner
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Janet Horsman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - KJane Escott
- Emerging Innovations Unit, BioPharmaceuticals R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert E Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Michael I Bennett
- Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - David Andrew
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, UK
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10
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Cho IJ, Lui PP, Obajdin J, Riccio F, Stroukov W, Willis TL, Spagnoli F, Watt FM. Mechanisms, Hallmarks, and Implications of Stem Cell Quiescence. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1190-1200. [PMID: 31189093 PMCID: PMC6565921 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a dormant but reversible cellular state in which cell-cycle entry and proliferation are prevented. Recent studies both in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that quiescence is actively maintained through synergistic interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Subtypes of adult mammalian stem cells can be maintained in this poised, quiescent state, and subsequently reactivated upon tissue injury to restore homeostasis. However, quiescence can become deregulated in pathological settings. In this review, we discuss the recent advances uncovering intracellular signaling pathways, transcriptional changes, and extracellular cues within the stem cell niche that control induction and exit from quiescence in tissue stem cells. We discuss the implications of quiescence as well as the pharmacological and genetic approaches that are being explored to either induce or prevent quiescence as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchul J Cho
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Prudence PokWai Lui
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jana Obajdin
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Federica Riccio
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Wladislaw Stroukov
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Thea Louise Willis
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Francesca Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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11
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c-Src activity is differentially required by cancer cell motility modes. Oncogene 2018; 37:2104-2121. [PMID: 29379163 PMCID: PMC5906457 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell migration requires that cells respond and adapt to their surroundings. In the absence of extracellular matrix cues, cancer cells will undergo a mesenchymal to ameboid transition, whereas a highly confining space will trigger a switch to “leader bleb-based” migration. To identify oncogenic signaling pathways mediating these transitions, we undertook a targeted screen using clinically useful inhibitors. Elevated Src activity was found to change actin and focal adhesion dynamics, whereas inhibiting Src triggered focal adhesion disassembly and blebbing. On non-adherent substrates and in collagen matrices, amoeboid-like, blebbing cells having high Src activity formed protrusions of the plasma membrane. To evaluate the role of Src in confined cells, we use a novel approach that places cells under a slab of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is held at a defined height. Using this method, we find that leader bleb-based migration is resistant to Src inhibition. High Src activity was found to markedly change the architecture of cortical actomyosin, reduce cell mechanical properties, and the percentage of cells that undergo leader bleb-based migration. Thus, Src is a signal transducer that can potently influence transitions between migration modes with implications for the rational development of metastasis inhibitors.
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12
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Kettle JG, Wilson DM. Standing on the shoulders of giants: a retrospective analysis of kinase drug discovery at AstraZeneca. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1596-1608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Te Boekhorst V, Friedl P. Plasticity of Cancer Cell Invasion-Mechanisms and Implications for Therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 132:209-64. [PMID: 27613134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell migration is a plastic and adaptive process integrating cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion, as well as tissue remodeling. In response to molecular and physical microenvironmental cues during metastatic dissemination, cancer cells exploit a versatile repertoire of invasion and dissemination strategies, including collective and single-cell migration programs. This diversity generates molecular and physical heterogeneity of migration mechanisms and metastatic routes, and provides a basis for adaptation in response to microenvironmental and therapeutic challenge. We here summarize how cytoskeletal dynamics, protease systems, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion pathways control cancer cell invasion programs, and how reciprocal interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment contributes to plasticity of invasion and dissemination strategies. We discuss the potential and future implications of predicted "antimigration" therapies that target cytoskeletal dynamics, adhesion, and protease systems to interfere with metastatic dissemination, and the options for integrating antimigration therapy into the spectrum of targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Te Boekhorst
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - P Friedl
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Center (CGC.nl), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Chua KN, Kong LR, Sim WJ, Ng HC, Ong WR, Thiery JP, Huynh H, Goh BC. Combinatorial treatment using targeted MEK and SRC inhibitors synergistically abrogates tumor cell growth and induces mesenchymal-epithelial transition in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29991-30005. [PMID: 26358373 PMCID: PMC4745777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is regulated by a complex signal transduction network. Single-agent targeted therapy fails frequently due to treatment insensitivity and acquired resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that co-inhibition of the MAPK and SRC pathways using a PD0325901 and Saracatinib kinase inhibitor combination can abrogate tumor growth in NSCLC. PD0325901/Saracatinib at 0.25:1 combination was screened against a panel of 28 NSCLC cell lines and 68% of cell lines were found to be sensitive (IC50 < 2 μM) to this combination. In Snail1 positive NSCLC lines, the drug combination complementarily enhanced mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), increasing both E-cadherin and Plakoglobin expression, and reducing Snail1, FAK and PXN expression. In addition, the drug combination abrogated cell migration and matrigel invasion. The co-inhibition of MAPK and SRC induced strong G1/G0 cell cycle arrest in the NSCLC lines, inhibited anchorage independent growth and delayed tumor growth in H460 and H358 mouse xenografts. These data provide rationale for further investigating the combination of MAPK and SRC pathway inhibitors in advanced stage NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Ngiap Chua
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Ren Kong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Jing Sim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Hsien Chun Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
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15
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Abstract
Tumour metastasis, the movement of tumour cells from a primary site to progressively colonize distant organs, is a major contributor to the deaths of cancer patients. Therapeutic goals are the prevention of an initial metastasis in high-risk patients, shrinkage of established lesions and prevention of additional metastases in patients with limited disease. Instead of being autonomous, tumour cells engage in bidirectional interactions with metastatic microenvironments to alter antitumour immunity, the extracellular milieu, genomic stability, survival signalling, chemotherapeutic resistance and proliferative cycles. Can targeting of these interactions significantly improve patient outcomes? In this Review preclinical research, combination therapies and clinical trial designs are re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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16
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Yazici O, Sendur MAN, Ozdemir N, Aksoy S. Targeted therapies in gastric cancer and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:471-89. [PMID: 26811601 PMCID: PMC4716053 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is associated with a high mortality rate and, despite multiple new chemotherapy options, the survival rates of patients with AGC remains poor. After the discovery of targeted therapies, research has focused on the new treatment options for AGC. In the last two decades, many targeted molecules were developed against AGC. Currently, two targeted therapy molecules have been approved for patients with AGC. In 2010, trastuzumab was the first molecule shown to improve survival in patients with HER2-positive AGC as part of a first-line combination regimen. In 2014, ramucirumab was the second targeted molecule to improve survival rates and was suggested as treatment for patients with AGC who had progressed after first-line platinum plus fluoropyrimidine with or without anthracycline chemotherapy. Ramucirumab was the first targeted therapy acting as a single agent in patients with advanced gastroesophageal cancers. Although these two molecules were introduced into clinical use, many other promising molecules have been tested in phase I-II trials. It is obvious that in the near future many different targeted therapies will be in use for treatment of AGC. In this review, the current status of targeted therapies in the treatment of AGC and gastroesophageal junction tumors, including HER (2-3) inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, c-MET inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, agents against other molecular pathways fibroblast growth factor, Claudins, insulin-like growth factor, heat shock proteins, and immunotherapy, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Yazici
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - M Ali Nahit Sendur
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Sercan Aksoy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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17
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Reddy SM, Kopetz S, Morris J, Parikh N, Qiao W, Overman MJ, Fogelman D, Shureiqi I, Jacobs C, Malik Z, Jimenez CA, Wolff RA, Abbruzzese JL, Gallick G, Eng C. Phase II study of saracatinib (AZD0530) in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:977-84. [PMID: 26062928 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src has a critical role in tumor cell migration and invasion. Increased Src activity has been shown to correlate with disease progression and poor prognosis, suggesting Src could serve as a therapeutic target for kinase inhibition. Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a novel selective oral Src kinase inhibitor. METHODS Metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had received one prior treatment and had measurable disease were enrolled in this phase 2 study. Saracatinib was administered at 175 mg by mouth daily for 28 day cycles until dose-limiting toxicity or progression as determined by staging every 2 cycles. The primary endpoint was improvement in 4 month progression-free survival. Design of Thall, Simon, and Estey was used to monitor proportion of patients that were progression free at 4 months. The trial was opened with plan to enroll maximum of 35 patients, with futility assessment every 10 patients. RESULTS A total of 10 patients were enrolled between January and November 2007. Further enrollment was stopped due to futility. Median progression-free survival was 7.9 weeks, with all 10 patients showing disease progression following radiographic imaging. Median overall survival was 13.5 months. All patients were deceased by time of analysis. Observed adverse events were notable for a higher than expected number of patients with grade 3 hypophosphatemia (n = 5). CONCLUSION Saracatinib is a novel oral Src kinase inhibitor that was well tolerated but failed to meet its primary endpoint of improvement in 4 month progression-free survival as a single agent in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Reddy
- Hematology-Oncology Fellow, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 463, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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18
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Vincenzi B, Imperatori M, Silletta M, Marrucci E, Santini D, Tonini G. Emerging kinase inhibitors of the treatment of gastric cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015; 20:479-93. [PMID: 26021342 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.1051467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common malignancy in the world. In the last years, for the first time in literature, the addition of a targeted therapy to standard chemotherapy has proved to prolong median overall survival. In this scenario, kinase inhibitors (KIs), smaller intracellular agents, could be an interesting and novel type of targeted treatment of metastatic GC both in first and further lines of therapy. AREAS COVERED Several KI have been evaluated in the preclinical setting. This review will underline the most relevant targeted pathways involved in GC tumorigenesis and disease progression including EGFR, VEGFR, c-MET, mTOR, fibroblast growth factor receptor, Src and Aurora kinases. EXPERT OPINION Despite the good results of TOGA, RAINBOW and REGARD trials about the addition of monoclonal antibodies to standard of care in GC, the addition of KI seems not to achieve comparable interesting results in management of GC. However, an improved patient selection before and during treatment according to molecular characteristics, as well as combination studies evaluating the synergistic effect of combination schedules of different KIs and standard chemotherapy, or KI plus KI or KI plus antibodies-based therapy may reveal interesting results and lead to understand mechanisms of multi-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vincenzi
- a University Campus Biomedico - Medical Oncology , Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Rome 00128, Italy
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19
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Kaufman AC, Salazar SV, Haas LT, Yang J, Kostylev MA, Jeng AT, Robinson SA, Gunther EC, van Dyck CH, Nygaard HB, Strittmatter SM. Fyn inhibition rescues established memory and synapse loss in Alzheimer mice. Ann Neurol 2015; 77:953-71. [PMID: 25707991 PMCID: PMC4447598 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently no effective disease-modifying agents exist for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD). The Fyn tyrosine kinase is implicated in AD pathology triggered by amyloid-ß oligomers (Aßo) and propagated by Tau. Thus, Fyn inhibition may prevent or delay disease progression. Here, we sought to repurpose the Src family kinase inhibitor oncology compound, AZD0530, for AD. METHODS The pharmacokinetics and distribution of AZD0530 were evaluated in mice. Inhibition of Aßo signaling to Fyn, Pyk2, and Glu receptors by AZD0530 was tested by brain slice assays. After AZD0530 or vehicle treatment of wild-type and AD transgenic mice, memory was assessed by Morris water maze and novel object recognition. For these cohorts, amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, synaptic markers (SV2 and PSD-95), and targets of Fyn (Pyk2 and Tau) were studied by immunohistochemistry and by immunoblotting. RESULTS AZD0530 potently inhibits Fyn and prevents both Aßo-induced Fyn signaling and downstream phosphorylation of the AD risk gene product Pyk2, and of NR2B Glu receptors in brain slices. After 4 weeks of treatment, AZD0530 dosing of APP/PS1 transgenic mice fully rescues spatial memory deficits and synaptic depletion, without altering APP or Aß metabolism. AZD0530 treatment also reduces microglial activation in APP/PS1 mice, and rescues Tau phosphorylation and deposition abnormalities in APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mice. There is no evidence of AZD0530 chronic toxicity. INTERPRETATION Targeting Fyn can reverse memory deficits found in AD mouse models, and rescue synapse density loss characteristic of the disease. Thus, AZD0530 is a promising candidate to test as a potential therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Kaufman
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Santiago V. Salazar
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Laura T. Haas
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Jinhee Yang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Mikhail A. Kostylev
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Amanda T. Jeng
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Sophie A. Robinson
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Erik C. Gunther
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Haakon B. Nygaard
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen M. Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Hong YS, Kim J, Pectasides E, Fox C, Hong SW, Ma Q, Wong GS, Peng S, Stachler MD, Thorner AR, Van Hummelen P, Bass AJ. Src mutation induces acquired lapatinib resistance in ERBB2-amplified human gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109440. [PMID: 25350844 PMCID: PMC4211679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ERBB2-directed therapy is now a routine component of therapy for ERBB2-amplified metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas. However, there is little knowledge of the mechanisms by which these tumors develop acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibition. To investigate this question we sought to characterize cell line models of ERBB2-amplified gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma with acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibition. We generated lapatinib-resistant (LR) subclones from an initially lapatinib-sensitive ERBB2-amplified esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line, OE19. We subsequently performed genomic characterization and functional analyses of resistant subclones with acquired lapatinib resistance. We identified a novel, acquired SrcE527K mutation in a subset of LR OE19 subclones. Cells with this mutant allele harbour increased Src phosphorylation. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of Src resensitized these subclones to lapatinib. Biochemically, Src mutations could activate both the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase pathways in the lapatinib-treated LR OE19 cells. Ectopic expression of SrcE527K mutation also was sufficient to induce lapatinib resistance in drug-naïve cells. These results indicate that pathologic activation of Src is a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibition in ERBB2-amplified gastroesophageal cancer. Although Src mutation has not been described in primary tumor samples, we propose that the Src hyperactivation should be investigated in the settings of acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibition in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sang Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eirini Pectasides
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cameron Fox
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seung-Woo Hong
- Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Qiuping Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle S. Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shouyong Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Stachler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Thorner
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul Van Hummelen
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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McNeish IA, Ledermann JA, Webber L, James L, Kaye SB, Hall M, Hall G, Clamp A, Earl H, Banerjee S, Kristeleit R, Raja F, Feeney A, Lawrence C, Dawson-Athey L, Persic M, Khan I. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of weekly paclitaxel and saracatinib (AZD0530) in platinum-resistant ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer†. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1988-1995. [PMID: 25070546 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) improved efficacy of weekly paclitaxel in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with platinum-resistant ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer were randomised 2 : 1 to receive 8-week cycles of weekly paclitaxel (wPxl; 80 mg/m(2)/week ×6 with 2-week break) plus saracatinib (S; 175 mg o.d.) or placebo (P) continuously, starting 1 week before wPxl, until disease progression. Patients were stratified by taxane-free interval (<6 versus ≥6 months/no prior taxane). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 6 months. Secondary end points included overall survival (OS) and response rate (RR). RESULTS A total of 107 patients, median age 63 years, were randomised. Forty-three (40%) had received >2 lines of prior chemotherapy. The 6-month PFS rate was 29% (wPxl + S) versus 34% (wPxl + P) (P = 0.582). Median PFS was 4.7 versus 5.3 months (hazard ratio 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.65-1.54; P = 0.99). RR (complete + partial) was 29% (wPxl + S) versus 43% (wPxl + P), P value = 0.158. Grade 3/4 adverse events were 36% versus 31% (P = 0.624); the most frequent G3/4 toxicities were vomiting (5.8% saracatinib versus 8.6% placebo), abdominal pain (5.8% versus 0%) and diarrhoea (4.3% versus 5.7%). Febrile neutropenia was more common in the saracatinib arm (4.3%) than placebo (0%). Response, PFS and OS were all significantly (P < 0.05) better in patients with taxane interval ≥6 months/no prior taxane (n = 85) than those <6 months (n = 22), regardless of randomisation. CONCLUSIONS Saracatinib does not improve activity of weekly paclitaxel in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Taxane-free interval of ≥6 months/no prior taxane was associated with better outcome in both groups. TRIALS REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01196741; ISRCTN 32163062.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A McNeish
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
| | - J A Ledermann
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London
| | - L Webber
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London
| | - L James
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London
| | - S B Kaye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton
| | - M Hall
- Division of Cancer Services, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood
| | - G Hall
- Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds
| | - A Clamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester
| | - H Earl
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge
| | - S Banerjee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton
| | - R Kristeleit
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College Hospital, London
| | - F Raja
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London
| | - A Feeney
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London
| | - C Lawrence
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London
| | - L Dawson-Athey
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London
| | - M Persic
- Department of Oncology, Queen's Hospital, Burton upon Trent, UK
| | - I Khan
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London
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Nygaard HB, van Dyck CH, Strittmatter SM. Fyn kinase inhibition as a novel therapy for Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:8. [PMID: 24495408 PMCID: PMC3978417 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, afflicting more than one-third of people over the age of 85. While many therapies for AD are in late-stage clinical testing, rational drug design based on distinct signaling pathways in this disorder is only now emerging. Here we review the putative signaling pathway of amyloid-beta (Aβ), by which the tyrosine kinase Fyn is activated via cell surface binding of Aβ oligomers to cellular prion protein. Several lines of evidence implicate Fyn in the pathogenesis of AD, and its interaction with both Aβ and Tau renders Fyn a unique therapeutic target that addresses both of the major pathologic hallmarks of AD. We are currently enrolling patients in a phase Ib study of saracatinib (AZD0530), a small molecule inhibitor with high potency for Src and Fyn, for the treatment of AD. The results of this trial and a planned phase IIa multisite study will provide important data regarding the potential for this therapeutic strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon B Nygaard
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208018, New Haven, CT 06520, USA ; Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, BCMM 436, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Christopher H van Dyck
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Suite 600, New Haven, CT 06510, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208018, New Haven, CT 06520, USA ; Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, BCMM 436, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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23
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Mestroni L, Nguyen DT. Inhibition of proto-oncogene c-Src tyrosine kinase: toward a new antiarrhythmic strategy? J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:935-7. [PMID: 24412447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mestroni
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Duy Thai Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado
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24
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Laurie SA, Goss GD, Shepherd FA, Reaume MN, Nicholas G, Philip L, Wang L, Schwock J, Hirsh V, Oza A, Tsao MS, Wright JJ, Leighl NB. A Phase II Trial of Saracatinib, an Inhibitor of src Kinases, in Previously-Treated Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: The Princess Margaret Hospital Phase II Consortium. Clin Lung Cancer 2014; 15:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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El Touny LH, Vieira A, Mendoza A, Khanna C, Hoenerhoff MJ, Green JE. Combined SFK/MEK inhibition prevents metastatic outgrowth of dormant tumor cells. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:156-68. [PMID: 24316974 DOI: 10.1172/jci70259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) can recur as metastatic disease many years after primary tumor removal, suggesting that disseminated tumor cells survive for extended periods in a dormant state that is refractory to conventional therapies. We have previously shown that altering the tumor microenvironment through fibrosis with collagen and fibronectin deposition can trigger tumor cells to switch from a dormant to a proliferative state. Here, we used an in vivo preclinical model and a 3D in vitro model of dormancy to evaluate the role of Src family kinase (SFK) in regulating this dormant-to-proliferative switch. We found that pharmacological inhibition of SFK signaling or Src knockdown results in the nuclear localization of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and prevents the proliferative outbreak of dormant BC cells and metastatic lesion formation; however, SFK inhibition did not kill dormant cells. Dormant cell proliferation also required ERK1/2 activation. Combination treatment of cells undergoing the dormant-to-proliferative switch with the Src inhibitor (AZD0530) and MEK1/2 inhibitor (AZD6244) induced apoptosis in a large fraction of the dormant cells and delayed metastatic outgrowth, neither of which was observed with either inhibitor alone. Thus, targeting Src prevents the proliferative response of dormant cells to external stimuli, but requires MEK1/2 inhibition to suppress their survival. These data indicate that treatments targeting Src in combination with MEK1/2 may prevent BC recurrence.
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Klempner SJ, Myers AP, Mills GB, Westin SN. Clinical investigation of receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:2171-82. [PMID: 23937415 PMCID: PMC4103698 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.826650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the second most common gynecologic malignancy and the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in the USA. EOC is an exquisitely chemo-sensitive disease with response rates of over 75% in the upfront setting. Despite this, due to high rates of recurrence and development of chemo-resistance, the overall survival of EOC remains about 25%. Thus, there is a great need for new therapeutic approaches to render more durable responses. Based on preclinical and early phase clinical studies, key targeted pathways include targets that drive angiogenesis and chemo-resistance. Receptor tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases play important roles in these processes and several small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are in clinical development. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes clinical rationale, mechanisms of action and clinical data for the TKIs under evaluation in the Phase III setting for EOC. EXPERT OPINION Despite reasonable preclinical activity, small molecule TKIs are unlikely to improve patient survival as single agent therapies in an unselected EOC population. Incorporation of tissue evaluation during ongoing clinical trials is required to identify molecularly defined groups that respond to single agents and direct rational combination strategies based on mechanisms of resistance to improve outcomes in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Klempner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Andrea P. Myers
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, 77030
| | - Shannon N. Westin
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
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Schildberg C, Abbas M, Merkel S, Agaimy A, Dimmler A, Schlabrakowski A, Croner R, Leupolt J, Hohenberger W, Allgayer H. COX-2, TFF1, and Src define better prognosis in young patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2013; 108:409-13. [PMID: 24037722 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite its dwindling occurrence, gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Molecular determinants of prognosis that impact survival are being sought out as a means to facilitate rational clinical decision-making and enhance patient management. In this study, we evaluated three molecules implicated in gastric carcinogenesis and demonstrated that the differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the viral oncogene homolog Src proteins could explain the differences in survival observed in patients older and younger than 50 years of age. METHODS We evaluated 5-year survival in a cohort of 423 gastric cancer patients using chronological age as a variable. Additionally, we assessed the protein expression of three molecules (COX-2, TFF1, Src) implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that patients younger than 50 years of age had a better 5-year survival rate in all tumor stages. We found that the expression of COX-2 and Src correlated significantly with survival in this group without any significant impact attributable to TFF1. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that young gastric cancer patients have a better prognostic outlook that could in part be explained by the differential expression of COX-2 and Src.
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Spijkers-Hagelstein JAP, Mimoso Pinhanços S, Schneider P, Pieters R, Stam RW. Src kinase-induced phosphorylation of annexin A2 mediates glucocorticoid resistance in MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 27:1063-71. [PMID: 23334362 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (<1 year of age) are frequently resistant to glucocorticoids, like prednisone and dexamethasone. As poor glucocorticoid responses are strongly associated with therapy failure, overcoming glucocorticoid resistance may be a crucial step towards improving prognosis. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid resistance in MLL-rearranged ALL largely remain obscure. We here defined a gene signature that accurately discriminates between prednisolone-resistant and prednisolone-sensitive MLL-rearranged infant ALL patient samples, demonstrating that, among other genes, high-level ANXA2 is associated with prednisolone resistance in this type of leukemia. Further investigation demonstrated that the underlying factor of this association was the presence of Src kinase-induced phosphorylation (activation) of annexin A2, a process requiring the adapter protein p11 (encoded by human S100A10). shRNA-mediated knockdown of either ANXA2, FYN, LCK or S100A10, all led to inhibition of annexin A2 phosphorylation and resulted in marked sensitization to prednisolone. Likewise, exposure of prednisolone-resistant MLL-rearranged ALL cells to different Src kinase inhibitors exerting high specificity towards FYN and/or LCK had similar effects. In conclusion, we here present a novel mechanism of prednisolone resistance in MLL-rearranged leukemias, and propose that inhibition of annexin A2 phosphorylation embodies a therapeutic strategy for overcoming resistance to glucocorticoids in this highly aggressive type of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A P Spijkers-Hagelstein
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Haematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Nam HJ, Im SA, Oh DY, Elvin P, Kim HP, Yoon YK, Min A, Song SH, Han SW, Kim TY, Bang YJ. Antitumor activity of saracatinib (AZD0530), a c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:16-26. [PMID: 23144237 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Src is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase involved in the cross-talk and mediation of many signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis. Increased Src activity has been reported in many types of human cancer, including gastric cancer. Therefore, this factor has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments, and targeting Src in gastric cancer is predicted to have potent effects. We evaluated the antitumor effect of a c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (AZD0530), alone or combined with chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer cell lines and a NCI-N87 xenograft model. Among 10 gastric cancer cell lines, saracatinib specifically inhibited the growth and migration/invasion of SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Saracatinib blocked the Src/FAK, HER family, and oncogenic signaling pathways, and it induced G(1) arrest and apoptosis in SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Apoptosis required induction of the proapoptotic BCL2 family member Bim. Knockdown of Bim using siRNA decreased apoptosis induced by treatment with saracatinib, suggesting that Bim has an important role in saracatinib-induced apoptosis. Saracatinib enhanced the effects of lapatinib, an EGFR/HER2 dual inhibitor, in SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Furthermore, combined treatment with saracatinib and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or cisplatin exerted synergistic effects in both saracatinib-sensitive and saracatinib-resistant cells. Consistent with our in vitro findings, cotreatment with saracatinib and 5-FU resulted in enhanced antitumor activity in the NCI-N87 xenografts. These data indicate that the inhibition of Src kinase activity by saracatinib alone or in combination with other agents can be a strategy to target gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Nam
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Arcaroli J, Quackenbush K, Dasari A, Powell R, McManus M, Tan AC, Foster NR, Picus J, Wright J, Nallapareddy S, Erlichman C, Hidalgo M, Messersmith WA. Biomarker-driven trial in metastatic pancreas cancer: feasibility in a multicenter study of saracatinib, an oral Src inhibitor, in previously treated pancreatic cancer. Cancer Med 2012; 1:207-17. [PMID: 23342270 PMCID: PMC3544442 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Src tyrosine kinases are overexpressed in pancreatic cancers, and the oral Src inhibitor saracatinib has shown antitumor activity in preclinical models of pancreas cancer. We performed a CTEP-sponsored Phase II clinical trial of saracatinib in previously treated pancreas cancer patients, with a primary endpoint of 6-month survival. A Simon MinMax two-stage phase II design was used. Saracatinib (175 mg/day) was administered orally continuously in 28-day cycles. In the unselected portion of the study, 18 patients were evaluable. Only two (11%) patients survived for at least 6 months, and three 6-month survivors were required to move to second stage of study as originally designed. The study was amended as a biomarker-driven trial (leucine rich repeat containing protein 19 [LRRC19] > insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 [IGFBP2] "top scoring pairs" polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay, and PIK3CA mutant) based on preclinical data in a human pancreas tumor explant model. In the biomarker study, archival tumor tissue or fresh tumor biopsies were tested. Biomarker-positive patients were eligible for the study. Only one patient was PIK3CA mutant in a 3' untranslated region (UTR) portion of the gene. This patient was enrolled in the study and failed to meet the 6-month survival endpoint. As the frequency of biomarker-positive patients was very low (<3%), the study was closed. Although we were unable to conclude whether enriching for a subset of second/third line pancreatic cancer patients treated with a Src inhibitor based on a biomarker would improve 6-month survival, we demonstrate that testing pancreatic tumor samples for a biomarker-driven, multicenter study in metastatic pancreas cancer is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Arcaroli
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
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Gill J, Ahluwalia MK, Geller D, Gorlick R. New targets and approaches in osteosarcoma. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:89-99. [PMID: 22983152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary tumor of bone. Approximately 2/3 of patients who present with localized osteosarcoma can be expected to be cured of their disease with surgery and routine chemotherapy. Only 1/3 of patients with metastases detectable at presentation will be cured. These survival trends have stagnated over the past 20 years using conventional chemotherapy. New agents need to be rationally investigated to strive for improvement in the survival of patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma. This manuscript will review the rationale for conventional chemotherapy used in the treatment of osteosarcoma, as well as agents in varying stages of development that may have promise for treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, United States
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Arcaroli JJ, Quackenbush KS, Powell RW, Pitts TM, Spreafico A, Varella-Garcia M, Bemis L, Tan AC, Reinemann JM, Touban BM, Dasari A, Eckhardt SG, Messersmith WA. Common PIK3CA mutants and a novel 3' UTR mutation are associated with increased sensitivity to saracatinib. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2704-14. [PMID: 22553375 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Src signaling pathways commonly occur in colorectal cancer. Mutations in the PIK3CA gene are associated with an increase in severity of disease and worse clinical outcomes. Elevated levels of Src have been identified in premalignant lesions and are suggested to play a central role in tumor progression. Because these pathways appear to enhance tumor growth and metastasis, molecularly targeted agents for both pathways are currently being evaluated in early-phase clinical trials. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used colorectal cancer cell lines and a patient-derived explant model to investigate the efficacy of saracatinib. Mutations in the PIK3CA were evaluated to examine the association between mutations in the PIK3CA gene and sensitivity to saracatinib. RESULTS We have identified a subset of patients with a PIK3CA (exon 9 and 20) mutation with increased sensitivity to saracatinib. A novel 3' untranslated region (UTR) mutation was also shown to be associated with increased sensitivity to saracatinib and have a reduced affinity for miR-520a and miR-525a. Importantly, we show that Src inhibition reduces the interaction between Src and p85, subsequently decreasing Akt-dependent signaling. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a personalized approach in targeting Src in PIK3CA-mutant patients with colorectal cancers may prove effective in a subset of patients with this genetic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Arcaroli
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
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Cavalloni G, Peraldo-Neia C, Sarotto I, Gammaitoni L, Migliardi G, Soster M, Marchiò S, Aglietta M, Leone F. Antitumor activity of Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD-0530) in preclinical models of biliary tract carcinomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1528-38. [PMID: 22452946 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) has a poor prognosis due to limited treatment options. There is, therefore, an urgent need to identify new targets and to design innovative therapeutic approaches. Among potential candidate molecules, we evaluated the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src, observing promising antitumor effects of its small-molecule inhibitor saracatinib in BTC preclinical models. The presence of an active Src protein was investigated by immunohistochemistry in 19 surgical samples from patients with BTC. Upon saracatinib treatment, the phosphorylation of Src and of its downstream transducers was evaluated in the BTC cell lines TFK-1, EGI-1, HuH28, and TGBC1-TKB. The effect of saracatinib on proliferation and migration was analyzed in these same cell lines, and its antitumor activity was essayed in EGI-1 mouse xenografts. Saracatinib-modulated transcriptome was profiled in EGI-1 cells and in tumor samples of the xenograft model. Src was activated in about 80% of the human BTC samples. In cultured BTC cell lines, low-dose saracatinib counteracted the activation of Src and of its downstream effectors, increased the fraction of cells in G(0)-G(1) phase, and inhibited cell migration. At high concentrations (median dose from 2.26-6.99 μmol/L), saracatinib was also capable of inhibiting BTC cell proliferation. In vivo, saracatinib treatment resulted in delayed tumor growth, associated with an impaired vascular network. Here, we provide a demonstration that the targeted inhibition of Src kinase by saracatinib is of therapeutic benefit in preclinical models of BTC. We propose our results as a basis for the design of saracatinib-based clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cavalloni
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.
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Tou WI, Chen CYC. In silico investigation of potential SRC kinase ligands from traditional Chinese medicine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33728. [PMID: 22470466 PMCID: PMC3312348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Src kinase is an attractive target for drug development based on its established relationship with cancer and possible link to hypertension. The suitability of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds as potential drug ligands for further biological evaluation was investigated using structure-based, ligand-based, and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis. Isopraeroside IV, 9alpha-hydroxyfraxinellone-9-O-beta-D-glucoside (9HFG) and aurantiamide were the top three TCM candidates identified from docking. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were the primary forces governing docking stability. Their stability with Src kinase under a dynamic state was further validated through MD and torsion angle analysis. Complexes formed by TCM candidates have lower total energy estimates than the control Sacaratinib. Four quantitative-structural activity relationship (QSAR) in silico verifications consistently suggested that the TCM candidates have bioactive properties. Docking conformations of 9HFG and aurantiamide in the Src kinase ATP binding site suggest potential inhibitor-like characteristics, including competitive binding at the ATP binding site (Lys295) and stabilization of the catalytic cleft integrity. The TCM candidates have significantly lower ligand internal energies and are estimated to form more stable complexes with Src kinase than Saracatinib. Structure-based and ligand-based analysis support the drug-like potential of 9HFG and aurantiamide and binding mechanisms reveal the tendency of these two candidates to compete for the ATP binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Ieong Tou
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Computational and Systems Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
- Laboratory of Computational and Systems Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Zhang S, Yu D. Targeting Src family kinases in anti-cancer therapies: turning promise into triumph. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 33:122-8. [PMID: 22153719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is deregulated in many types of cancer. Decades of research have revealed the crucial role of Src in many aspects of tumor development, including proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, invasion and, most importantly, metastasis, in multiple tumor types. Despite extensive preclinical evidence that warrants targeting Src as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer, Src inhibitor(s) showed only minimal therapeutic activity in various types of solid tumors when used as a single agent in recent early-phase clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances from preclinical studies and clinical trials that shed light on potential clinical use of Src inhibitor-containing combinatorial regimens in overcoming resistance to current anticancer therapies and in preventing metastatic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhang S, Yu D. Targeting Src family kinases in anti-cancer therapies: turning promise into triumph. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011. [PMID: 22153719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.11.002s0165-6147(11)00208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is deregulated in many types of cancer. Decades of research have revealed the crucial role of Src in many aspects of tumor development, including proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, invasion and, most importantly, metastasis, in multiple tumor types. Despite extensive preclinical evidence that warrants targeting Src as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer, Src inhibitor(s) showed only minimal therapeutic activity in various types of solid tumors when used as a single agent in recent early-phase clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances from preclinical studies and clinical trials that shed light on potential clinical use of Src inhibitor-containing combinatorial regimens in overcoming resistance to current anticancer therapies and in preventing metastatic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Src inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic bone disease: rationale and clinical data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:1695-1706. [PMID: 22384312 DOI: 10.4155/cli.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Src is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase essential for the activation of osteoclasts, the cells that degrade bone. Src also regulates normal cell functions, cancer cell growth and metastasis to organs, including bone where tumor cells induce bone destruction by osteoclasts. Src inhibitors prevent bone destruction and tumor cell growth in animal models of metastatic bone disease, and some are being investigated in clinical trials, particularly in patients with prostate cancer, which has high bone metastatic potential. Here, we review how Src regulates osteoclast formation, activation and survival and the results of preclinical and clinical trials of Src inhibitors, which show some promise in inhibiting the effects of tumor cells on the skeleton.
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Puls LN, Eadens M, Messersmith W. Current status of SRC inhibitors in solid tumor malignancies. Oncologist 2011; 16:566-78. [PMID: 21521831 PMCID: PMC3228195 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Src is believed to play an important role in cancer, and several agents targeting Src are in clinical development. DESIGN We reviewed Src structure and function and preclinical data supporting its role in the development of cancer via a PubMed search. We conducted an extensive review of Src inhibitors by searching abstracts from major oncology meeting databases in the last 3 years and by comprehensively reviewing ongoing clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov. RESULTS In this manuscript, we briefly review Src structure and function, mechanisms involving Src that lead to the development of cancer, and Src inhibitors and key preclinical data establishing a rationale for clinical application. We then focus on clinical data supporting their use in solid tumor malignancies, a newer arena than their more well-established hematologic applications. Particularly highlighted are clinical trials investigating new biomarkers as well as ongoing studies assessing Src inhibitor activity in biomarker-selected patient populations. We also review newer investigational Src-targeting agents. CONCLUSIONS Src inhibitors have shown little activity in monotherapy trials in unselected solid tumor patient populations. Combination studies and biomarker-driven clinical trials are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Puls
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew Eadens
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wells Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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