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Duong DST, Jang CH. Detection of phosphatidylserine by using liquid crystal supported on the gold-deposited waveform surfaces with the annexin V-based signal enhancement. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Chang W, Xiao D, Fang X, Wang J. Phospholipids in small extracellular vesicles: emerging regulators of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:93-100. [PMID: 34742629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are generated by almost all cell types. They have a bilayer membrane structure that is similar to cell membranes. Thus, the phospholipids contained in sEVs are the main components of cell membranes and function as structural support elements. However, as in-depth research on sEV membrane components is conducted, some phospholipids have been found to participate in cellular biological processes and function as targets for cell-cell communication. Currently, sEVs are being developed as part of drug delivery systems and diagnostic factors for various diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. An understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of sEV phospholipids in cellular processes is essential for their future medical application. In this review, the authors discuss phospholipid components in sEVs of different origins and summarize the roles of phospholipids in sEV biogenesis. The authors further collect the current knowledge on the functional roles of sEV phospholipids in cell-cell communication and bioactivities as signals regulating neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and the possibility of using sEV phospholipids as biomarkers or in drug delivery systems for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge of sEV phospholipids is important to help us identify directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Wei M, Zhou RL, Luo T, Deng ZY, Li J. Trans triacylglycerols from dairy products and industrial hydrogenated oil exhibit different effects on the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells via modulating phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6399-6414. [PMID: 33773784 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dairy fat intake has been considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Rodent models show that trans fatty acids in industrial hydrogenated oil and ruminant milk have different effects on cardiovascular diseases. One of the main reasons is that the distributions of trans fatty acids in triacylglycerols from dairy products and from industrial hydrogenated oil are different, which affects lipid absorption and metabolism. This study investigated the effects of 1,3-olein-2-elaidin (OEO, representing industrial hydrogenated oil triacylglycerols) and 1-vaccenic-2,3-olein (OOV, representing ruminant triacylglycerols in dairy products) on the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), including cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) exudation rate, and nitric oxide secretory and nitric oxide synthase relative activity. We found that the detrimental effect of OEO on HUVEC was significantly greater than that of OOV. The results also showed that the absorption rate of OEO in HUVEC (78.25%) was significantly greater than that of OOV (63.32%). Mechanistically, based on phospholipidomics analysis, we found that calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) played a key role with regard to the OOV-mediated arachidonic acid (ARA)/COX-2/PG pathway, whereas secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) are responsible for the OEO-mediated ARA/COX-2/PG pathway. Moreover, OEO had a greater effect on the protein expression of COX-2 and PG secretion than OOV. In addition, iPLA2, sPLA2, and cPLA2 could mediate the ARA/CYP4A11 pathway in OOV-treated HUVEC, but only iPLA2 could mediate this pathway in HUVEC treated with OEO. We also found that sPLA2 could mediate the ARA/5-LOX pathway in HUVEC treated with OOV, but none of these 3 forms of PLA2 could mediate this pathway in HUVEC treated with OEO. On the other hand, after OOV treatment, trans-11 C18:1 was converted to beneficial forms of fatty acids in HUVEC, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-9 C16:1. In conclusion, we elucidated the potential mechanisms that might account for the diverse effects of triacylglycerols from industrial hydrogenated oil and ruminant milk on the function of HUVEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ruo-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
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Detection of phosphatidylserine-positive exosomes as a diagnostic marker for ovarian malignancies: a proof of concept study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14395-14407. [PMID: 28122335 PMCID: PMC5362413 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no suitable screening modalities for ovarian carcinomas (OC) and repeated imaging and CA-125 levels are often needed to triage equivocal ovarian masses. Definitive diagnosis of malignancy, however, can only be established by histologic confirmation. Thus, the ability to detect OC at early stages is low, and most cases are diagnosed as advanced disease. Since tumor cells expose phosphatidylserine (PS) on their plasma membrane, we predicted that tumors might secrete PS-positive exosomes into the bloodstream that could be a surrogate biomarker for cancer. To address this, we developed a highly stringent ELISA that detects picogram quantities of PS in patient plasma. Blinded plasma from 34 suspect ovarian cancer patients and 10 healthy subjects were analyzed for the presence of PS-expressing vesicles. The nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test showed the malignant group had significantly higher PS values than the benign group (median 0.237 vs. -0.027, p=0.0001) and the malignant and benign groups had significantly higher PS values than the healthy group (median 0.237 vs -0.158, p<0.0001 and -0.027 vs -0.158, p=0.0002, respectively). ROC analysis of the predictive accuracy of PS-expressing exosomes/vesicles in predicting malignant against normal, benign against normal and malignant against benign revealed AUCs of 1.0, 0.95 and 0.911, respectively. This study provides proof-of-concept data that supports the high diagnostic power of PS detection in the blood of women with suspect ovarian malignancies.
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Li R, Chiguru S, Li L, Kim D, Velmurugan R, Kim D, Devanaboyina SC, Tian H, Schroit A, Mason RP, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Targeting Phosphatidylserine with Calcium-Dependent Protein-Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:169-182. [PMID: 28939556 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to cellular stress, phosphatidylserine is exposed on the outer membrane leaflet of tumor blood vessels and cancer cells, motivating the development of phosphatidylserine-specific therapies. The generation of drug-conjugated phosphatidylserine-targeting agents represents an unexplored therapeutic approach, for which antitumor effects are critically dependent on efficient internalization and lysosomal delivery of the cytotoxic drug. In the current study, we have generated phosphatidylserine-targeting agents by fusing phosphatidylserine-binding domains to a human IgG1-derived Fc fragment. The tumor localization and pharmacokinetics of several phosphatidylserine-specific Fc fusions have been analyzed in mice and demonstrate that Fc-Syt1, a fusion containing the synaptotagmin 1 C2A domain, effectively targets tumor tissue. Conjugation of Fc-Syt1 to the cytotoxic drug monomethyl auristatin E results in a protein-drug conjugate (PDC) that is internalized into target cells and, due to the Ca2+ dependence of phosphatidylserine binding, dissociates from phosphatidylserine in early endosomes. The released PDC is efficiently delivered to lysosomes and has potent antitumor effects in mouse xenograft tumor models. Interestingly, although an engineered, tetravalent Fc-Syt1 fusion shows increased binding to target cells, this higher avidity variant demonstrates reduced persistence and therapeutic effects compared with bivalent Fc-Syt1. Collectively, these studies show that finely tuned, Ca2+-switched phosphatidylserine-targeting agents can be therapeutically efficacious. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(1); 169-82. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Srinivas Chiguru
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Li Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ramraj Velmurugan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - David Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Hong Tian
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alan Schroit
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - E Sally Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas. .,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
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Sharma R, Huang X, Brekken RA, Schroit AJ. Detection of phosphatidylserine-positive exosomes for the diagnosis of early-stage malignancies. Br J Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28641308 PMCID: PMC5558679 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been increasing interest in the detection of tumour exosomes in blood for cancer diagnostics. Most studies have focussed on miRNA and protein signatures that are surrogate markers for specific tumour types. Because tumour cells and tumour-derived exosomes display phosphatidylserine (PS) in their outer membrane leaflet, we developed a highly sensitive ELISA-based system that detects picogram amounts of exosomal phospholipid in plasma as a cancer biomarker. Methods: This report describes the development of a highly specific and sensitive ELISA for the capture of PS-expressing tumour exosomes in the blood of tumour-bearing mice. To monitor the relationship between tumour burden and tumour exosome plasma concentrations, plasma from one transplantable breast cancer model (MDA-MB-231) and three genetic mouse models (MMTV-PyMT; breast and KIC and KPC; pancreatic) were screened for captured exosomal phospholipid. Results: We show that quantitative assessment of PS-expressing tumour exosomes detected very early-stage malignancies before clinical evidence of disease in all four model systems. Tumour exosome levels showed significant increases by day 7 after tumour implantation in the MDA-MB-231 model while palpable tumours appeared only after day 27. For the MMTV-PyMT and KIC models, tumour exosome levels increased significantly by day 49 (P⩽0.0002) and day 21 (P⩽0.001) while tumours developed only after days 60 and 40, respectively. For the KPC model, a significant increase in blood exosome levels was detected by day 70 (P=0.023) when only preinvasive lesions are microscopically detectable. Conclusions: These data indicate that blood PS exosome levels is a specific indicator of cancer and suggest that blood PS is a biomarker for early-stage malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghava Sharma
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xianming Huang
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alan J Schroit
- Harold Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, TX, USA
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ZHU C, LIANG QL, WANG YM, LUO GA, Vreeken RJ, Hankmeimer T. Advance in Analysis and Detection Technologies for Phospholipidomics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Davis HW, Hussain N, Qi X. Detection of cancer cells using SapC-DOPS nanovesicles. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:33. [PMID: 27160923 PMCID: PMC4862232 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells express high levels of phosphatidylserine on the extracellular leaflet of their cell membrane. Exploiting this characteristic, our lab developed a therapeutic agent that consists of the fusogenic protein, saposin C (SapC) which is embedded in dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) vesicles. These nanovesicles selectively target cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Here we review the data supporting use of SapC-DOPS to locate tumors for surgical resection or for treatment. In addition, there is important evidence suggesting that SapC-DOPS may also prove to be an effective novel cancer therapeutic reagent. Given that SapC-DOPS is easily labeled with lipophilic dyes, it has been combined with the far-red fluorescent dye, CellVue Maroon (CVM), for tumor targeting studies. We also have used contrast agents incorporated in the SapC-DOPS nanovesicles for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and review that data here. Administered intravenously, the fluorescently labeled SapC-DOPS traversed the blood–brain tumor barrier enabling identification of brain tumors. SapC-DOPS-CVM also detected a variety of other mouse tumors in vivo, rendering them observable by optical imaging using IVIS and multi-angle rotational optical imaging. Dye is detected within 30 min and remains within tumor for at least 7 days, whereas non-tumor tissues were unstained (some dye observed in the liver was transient, likely representing degradation products). Additionally, labeled SapC-DOPS ex vivo delineated tumors in human histological specimens. SapC-DOPS can also be labeled with contrast reagents for computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. In conclusion, labeled SapC-DOPS provides a convenient, specific, and nontoxic method for detecting tumors while concurrently offering a therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold W Davis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0508, USA
| | - Nida Hussain
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0508, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0508, USA. .,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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