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Sevak P, Pushkar B. Arsenic pollution cycle, toxicity and sustainable remediation technologies: A comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119504. [PMID: 37956515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic pollution and its allied impacts on health are widely reported and have gained global attention in the last few decades. Although the natural distribution of arsenic is limited, anthropogenic activities have increased its mobility to distant locations, thereby increasing the number of people affected by arsenic pollution. Arsenic has a complex biogeochemical cycle which has a significant role in pollution. Therefore, this review paper has comprehensively analysed the biogeochemical cycle of arsenic which can dictate the occurrence of arsenic pollution. Considering the toxicity and nature of arsenic, the present work has also analysed the current status of arsenic pollution around the world. It is noted that the south of Asia, West-central Africa, west of Europe and Latin America are major hot spots of arsenic pollution. Bibliometric analysis was performed by using scopus database with specific search for keywords such as arsenic pollution, health hazards to obtain the relevant data. Scopus database was searched for the period of 20 years from year 2003-2023 and total of 1839 articles were finally selected for further analysis using VOS viewer. Bibliometric analysis of arsenic pollution and its health hazards has revealed that arsenic pollution is primarily caused by anthropogenic sources and the key sources of arsenic exposure are drinking water, sea food and agricultural produces. Arsenic pollution was found to be associated with severe health hazards such as cancer and other health issues. Thus considering the severity of the issue, few sustainable remediation technologies such as adsorption using microbes, biological waste material, nanomaterial, constructed wetland, phytoremediation and microorganism bioremediation are proposed for treating arsenic pollution. These approaches are environmentally friendly and highly sustainable, thus making them suitable for the current scenario of environmental crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sevak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mumbai, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhupendra Pushkar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mumbai, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, Maharashtra, India.
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2
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Maity S, Sarkar D, Poddar K, Patil P, Sarkar A. Biofilm-Mediated Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous System by Multi-Metal-Resistant Bacterial Strain Bacillus sp. GH-s29. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:4832-4850. [PMID: 36576655 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide ever-augmenting urbanization, modernization, and industrialization have contributed to the release of pernicious compounds and a variety of pollutants into the environment. The pollutants discharged due to industrialization are of global concern. Industrial waste and effluent are comprised of hazardous organic and inorganic chemicals including heavy metals which pose a significant threat to the environment and may bring about numerous diseases or abnormalities in human beings. This brings on greater urgency for remediation of these polluted soil and water using sustainable approaches and mechanisms. In the present research, a multi-metal-resistant, gram-positive, non-virulent bacterial strain Bacillus sp. GH-s29 was isolated from contaminated groundwater of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. The strain had the potential to develop a biofilm that was able to remediate different heavy metals [arsenic, cadmium, and chromium] from individual and multi-heavy metal solutions. Maximum removal for As (V), Cd (II), and Cr (VI) from individual-metal and the multi-metal solution was observed to be 73.65%, 57.37%, 61.62%, and 48.92%, 28.7%, and 35.46%, respectively. SEM-EDX analysis revealed the sequestration of multi-heavy metals by bacterial biofilm. Further characterization by FTIR analysis ensured that the presence of negatively charged functional groups on the biofilm-EPS such as hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfate, and carboxyl helps in binding to the positively charged metal ions. Thus, Bacillus sp. GH-s29 proved to be an effective and economical alternative for different heavy metal remediation from contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maity
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Debapriya Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Kasturi Poddar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Pritam Patil
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Angana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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Mohsin H, Shafique M, Zaid M, Rehman Y. Microbial biochemical pathways of arsenic biotransformation and their application for bioremediation. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023:10.1007/s12223-023-01068-6. [PMID: 37326815 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous toxic metalloid, the concentration of which is beyond WHO safe drinking water standards in many areas of the world, owing to many natural and anthropogenic activities. Long-term exposure to arsenic proves lethal for plants, humans, animals, and even microbial communities in the environment. Various sustainable strategies have been developed to mitigate the harmful effects of arsenic which include several chemical and physical methods, however, bioremediation has proved to be an eco-friendly and inexpensive technique with promising results. Many microbes and plant species are known for arsenic biotransformation and detoxification. Arsenic bioremediation involves different pathways such as uptake, accumulation, reduction, oxidation, methylation, and demethylation. Each of these pathways has a certain set of genes and proteins to carry out the mechanism of arsenic biotransformation. Based on these mechanisms, various studies have been conducted for arsenic detoxification and removal. Genes specific for these pathways have also been cloned in several microorganisms to enhance arsenic bioremediation. This review discusses different biochemical pathways and the associated genes which play important roles in arsenic redox reactions, resistance, methylation/demethylation, and accumulation. Based on these mechanisms, new methods can be developed for effective arsenic bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareem Mohsin
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Shafique
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaid
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Rehman
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Saha A, Gupta A, Sar P. Metagenome based analysis of groundwater from arsenic contaminated sites of West Bengal revealed community diversity and their metabolic potential. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:91-106. [PMID: 36852697 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2173919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The study of microbial community in groundwater systems is considered to be essential to improve our understanding of arsenic (As) biogeochemical cycling in aquifers, mainly as it relates to the fate and transport of As. The present study was conducted to determine the microbial community composition and its functional potential using As-contaminated groundwater from part of the Bengal Delta Plain (BDP) in West Bengal, India. Geochemical analyses indicated low to moderate dissolved oxygen (0.42-3.02 mg/L), varying As (2.5-311 µg/L) and Fe (0.19-1.2 mg/L) content, while low concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), nitrate, and sulfate were detected. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum, while the indiscriminate presence of an array of archaeal phyla, Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, etc., was noteworthy. The core community members were affiliated to Sideroxydans, Acidovorax, Pseudoxanthomonas, Brevundimonas, etc. However, diversity assessed over multiple seasons indicated a shift from Sideroxydans to Pseudomonas or Brevundimonas dominant community, suggestive of microbial response to seasonally fluctuating geochemical stimuli. Taxonomy-based functional potential showed prospects for As biotransformation, methanogenesis, sulfate respiration, denitrification, etc. Thus, this study strengthened existing reports from this region by capturing the less abundant or difficult-to-culture taxa collectively forming a major fraction of the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumeha Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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Arsenic Pollution and Anaerobic Arsenic Metabolizing Bacteria in Lake Van, the World's Largest Soda Lake. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111900. [PMID: 36431035 PMCID: PMC9694729 DOI: 10.3390/life12111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is responsible for water pollution in many places around the world and presents a serious health risk for people. Lake Van is the world's largest soda lake, and there are no studies on seasonal arsenic pollution and arsenic-resistant bacteria. We aimed to determine the amount of arsenic in the lake water and sediment, to isolate arsenic-metabolizing anaerobic bacteria and their identification, and determination of arsenic metabolism. Sampling was done from 7.5 m to represent the four seasons. Metal contents were determined by using ICP-MS. Pure cultures were obtained using the Hungate technique. Growth characteristics of the strains were determined at different conditions as well as at arsenate and arsenite concentrations. Molecular studies were also carried out for various resistance genes. Our results showed that Lake Van's total arsenic amount changes seasonally. As a result of 16S rRNA sequencing, it was determined that the isolates were members of 8 genera with arsC resistance genes. In conclusion, to sustain water resources, it is necessary to prevent chemical and microorganism-based pollution. It is thought that the arsenic-resistant bacteria obtained as a result of this study will contribute to the solution of environmental arsenic pollution problems, as they are the first data and provide the necessary basic data for the bioremediation studies of arsenic from contaminated environmental habitats. At the same time, the first data that will contribute to the creation of the seasonal arsenic map of Lake Van are obtained.
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Cloning and functional characterization of arsenite oxidase (aoxB) gene associated with arsenic transformation in Pseudomonas sp. strain AK9. Gene X 2022; 850:146926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Navazas A, Mesa V, Thijs S, Fuente-Maqueda F, Vangronsveld J, Peláez AI, Cuypers A, González A. Bacterial inoculant-assisted phytoremediation affects trace element uptake and metabolite content in Salix atrocinerea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153088. [PMID: 35063508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural plant-associated microorganisms are of critical importance to plant growth and survival in field conditions under toxic concentrations of trace elements (TE) and these plant-microbial processes can be harnessed to enhance phytoremediation. The total bacterial diversity from grey willow (Salix atrocinerea) on a brownfield heavily-polluted with lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) was studied through pyrosequencing. Culturable bacteria were isolated and in vitro tested for plant growth-promotion (PGP) traits, arsenic (As) tolerance and impact on As speciation. Two of the most promising bacterial strains - the root endophyte Pantoea sp. AV62 and the rhizospheric strain Rhodococcus erythropolis AV96 - were inoculated in field to S. atrocinerea. This bioaugmentation resulted in higher As and Pb concentrations in both, roots and leaves of bacterial-inoculated plants as compared to non-inoculated plants. In consequence, bacterial bioaugmentation also affected parameters related to plant growth, oxidative stress, the levels of phytochelatins and phenylpropanoids, together with the differential expression of genes related to these tolerance mechanisms to TE in leaves. This study extends our understanding about plant-bacterial interactions and provides a solid basis for further bioaugmentation studies aiming to improve TE phytoremediation efficiency and predictability in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Navazas
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Area of Plant Physiology, University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Victoria Mesa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Paris, UMR-S1139, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sofie Thijs
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ana I Peláez
- Area of Microbiology, Department of Functional Biology and Environmental Biogeochemistry and Raw Materials Group, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Aida González
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Area of Plant Physiology, University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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Bacterial Arsenic Metabolism and Its Role in Arsenic Bioremediation. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:131. [PMID: 35290506 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic contaminations, often adversely influencing the living organisms, including plants, animals, and the microbial communities, are of grave apprehension. Many physical, chemical, and biological techniques are now being explored to minimize the adverse affects of arsenic toxicity. Bioremediation of arsenic species using arsenic loving bacteria has drawn much attention. Arsenate and arsenite are mostly uptaken by bacteria through aquaglycoporins and phosphate transporters. After entering arsenic inside bacterial cell arsenic get metabolized (e.g., reduction, oxidation, methylation, etc.) into different forms. Arsenite is sequentially methylated into monomethyl arsenic acid (MMA) and dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA), followed by a transformation of less toxic, volatile trimethyl arsenic acid (TMA). Passive remediation techniques, including adsorption, biomineralization, bioaccumulation, bioleaching, and so on are exploited by bacteria. Rhizospheric bacterial association with some specific plants enhances phytoextraction process. Arsenic-resistant rhizospheric bacteria have immense role in enhancement of crop plant growth and development, but their applications are not well studied till date. Emerging techniques like phytosuction separation (PS-S) have a promising future, but still light to be focused on these techniques. Plant-associated bioremediation processes like phytoextraction and phytosuction separation (PS-S) techniques might be modified by treating with potent bacteria for furtherance.
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Maldonado-Hernández J, Román-Ponce B, Arroyo-Herrera I, Guevara-Luna J, Ramos-Garza J, Embarcadero-Jiménez S, Estrada de Los Santos P, Wang ET, Vásquez-Murrieta MS. Metallophores production by bacteria isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soil and sediment at Lerma-Chapala Basin. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:180. [PMID: 35175407 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution as a result of heavy metals (HMs) is a worldwide problem and the implementation of eco-friendly remediation technologies is thus required. Metallophores, low molecular weight compounds, could have important biotechnological applications in the fields of agriculture, medicine, and bioremediation. This study aimed to isolate HM-resistant bacteria from soils and sediments of the Lerma-Chapala Basin and evaluated their abilities to produce metallophores and to promote plant growth. Bacteria from the Lerma-Chapala Basin produced metallophores for all the tested metal ions, presented a greater production of As3+ metallophores, and showed high HM resistance especially to Zn2+, As5+, and Ni2+. A total of 320 bacteria were isolated with 170 strains showing siderophores synthesis. Members of the Delftia and Pseudomonas genera showed above 92 percent siderophore units (psu) during siderophores production and hydroxamate proved to be the most common functional group among the analyzed siderophores. Our results provided evidence that Lerma-Chapala Basin bacteria and their metallophores could potentially be employed in bioremediation processes or may even have potential for applications in other biotechnological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maldonado-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.,Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Chapultepec, Laboratorio 314, Observatorio No. 400, Col. 16 de Septiembre, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11810, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Román-Ponce
- Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac 556, Lomas del Texcal, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ivan Arroyo-Herrera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joseph Guevara-Luna
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Ramos-Garza
- Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Chapultepec, Laboratorio 314, Observatorio No. 400, Col. 16 de Septiembre, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11810, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salvador Embarcadero-Jiménez
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas 152, Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, 07730, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paulina Estrada de Los Santos
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - En Tao Wang
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Soledad Vásquez-Murrieta
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Saha A, Mohapatra B, Kazy SK, Sar P. Variable response of arsenic contaminated groundwater microbial community to electron acceptor regime revealed by microcosm based high-throughput sequencing approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:804-817. [PMID: 34284694 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1930448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) mobilization in alluvial aquifers is facilitated by microbially catalyzed redox transformations that depend on the availability of electron acceptors (EAs). In this study, the response of an As-contaminated groundwater microbial community from West Bengal, India towards varied EAs was elucidated through microcosm based 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Acinetobacter, Deinococcus, Nocardioides, etc., and several unclassified bacteria (Ignavibacteria) and archaea (Bathyarchaeia, Micrarchaeia) previously not reported from As-contaminated groundwater of West Bengal, characterized the groundwater community. Distinct shifts in community composition were observed in response to various EAs. Enrichment of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated to Denitratisoma (NO3-), Spirochaetaceae (Mn4+), Deinococcus (As5+), Ruminiclostridium (Fe3+), Macellibacteroides (SO42-), Holophagae-Subgroup 7 (HCO3-), Dechloromonas and Geobacter (EA mixture) was noted. Alternatively, As3+ amendment as electron donor allowed predominance of Rhizobium. Taxonomy based functional profiling highlighted the role of chemoorganoheterotrophs capable of concurrent reduction of NO3-, Fe3+, SO42-, and As biotransformation in As-contaminated groundwater of West Bengal. Our analysis revealed two major aspects of the community, (a) taxa selective toward responding to the EAs, and (b) multifaceted nature of taxa appearing in abundance in response to multiple substrates. Thus, the results emphasized the potential of microbial community members to influence the biogeochemical cycling of As and other dominant anions/cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumeha Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Balaram Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sufia Khannam Kazy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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Mohapatra B, Saha A, Chowdhury AN, Kar A, Kazy SK, Sar P. Geochemical, metagenomic, and physiological characterization of the multifaceted interaction between microbiome of an arsenic contaminated groundwater and aquifer sediment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125099. [PMID: 33951854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Geomicrobiological details of the interactions between groundwater microbiome (GWM) and arsenic (As)-rich aquifer sediment of Bengal basin was investigated through microcosm incubations. Role of key microorganisms and their specific interactions with As-bearing minerals was demarcated under organic carbon- amended and -unamended conditions. Acinetobacter (50.8 %), Brevundimonas (7.9 %), Sideroxydans (3.4 %), Alkanindiges (3.0 %) dominated the GWM. The microbiome catalysed considerable alterations in As-bearing mineral [Fe-(hydr)oxide and aluminosilicate] phases resulting in substantial changes in overall geochemistry and release of As (65 μg/L) and Fe (118 μg/L). Synergistic roles of autotrophic, NH4+-oxidizing Archaea (Thaumarchaeota) and chemoheterotrophic bacteria (Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Geobacter) of diverse metabolic abilities (NH4+-oxidizing, NO3-, As/Fe-reducing) were noted for observed changes. Organic carbon supported enhanced microbial growth and As mobilization (upto 403.2 μg As/L) from multiple mineral phases (hematite, magnetite, maghemite, biotite, etc.). In presence of high organic carbon, concerted actions of anaerobic, hydrocarbon-utilizing, As-, Fe-reducing Rhizobium, fermentative Escherichia, anaerobic Bacillales, metal-reducing and organic acid-utilizing Pseudomonas and Achromobacter were implicated in altering sediment mineralogy and biogeochemistry. Increase in abundance of arrA, arsC, bssA genes, and dissolution of Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn confirmed that dissimilatory-, cytosolic-As reduction, and mineral weathering fuelled by anaerobic (hydro)carbon metabolism are the predominant mechanisms of As release in aquifers of Bengal basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram Mohapatra
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Anumeha Saha
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Atalanta N Chowdhury
- Central Ground Water Board, Bhujalika, C.P Block-6, Sector-V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Amlanjyoti Kar
- Central Ground Water Board, Bhujalika, C.P Block-6, Sector-V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Sufia K Kazy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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Sonthiphand P, Kraidech S, Polart S, Chotpantarat S, Kusonmano K, Uthaipaisanwong P, Rangsiwutisak C, Luepromchai E. Arsenic speciation, the abundance of arsenite-oxidizing bacteria and microbial community structures in groundwater, surface water, and soil from a gold mine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:769-785. [PMID: 34038319 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1927421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The arsenic speciation, the abundance of arsenite-oxidizing bacteria, and microbial community structures in the groundwater, surface water, and soil from a gold mining area were explored using the PHREEQC model, cloning-ddPCR of the aioA gene, and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. The analysis of the aioA gene showed that arsenite-oxidizing bacteria retrieved from groundwater, surface water, and soil were associated with Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. In groundwaters from the mining area, there were relatively high ratios of aioA/total 16S rRNA gene copies and the dominance of As5+, which suggested the presence and activity of arsenite-oxidizing bacteria. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the majority of the soil and surface water microbiomes were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi, whereas the groundwater microbiomes were dominated exclusively by Betaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. Geochemical factors influencing the microbial structure in the groundwater were As, residence time, and groundwater flowrate, while those showing a positive correlation to the microbial structure in the surface water were TOC, ORP, and DO. This study provides insights into the groundwater, surface water, and soil microbiomes from a gold mine and expands the current understanding of the diversity and abundance of arsenite-oxidizing bacteria, playing a vital role in global As cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinpida Sonthiphand
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Ratchathewi, Thailand
| | - Supeerapat Kraidech
- International Postgraduate Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowarod Polart
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Ratchathewi, Thailand
| | - Srilert Chotpantarat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- Research Program on Controls of Hazardous Contaminants in Raw Water Resources for Water Scarcity Resilience, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- Research Unit of Site Remediation on Metals Management from Industry and Mining (Site Rem), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanthida Kusonmano
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pichahpuk Uthaipaisanwong
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalida Rangsiwutisak
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ekawan Luepromchai
- Research Program on Remediation Technologies for Petroleum Contamination, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Rawle R, Saley TC, Kang YS, Wang Q, Walk S, Bothner B, McDermott TR. Introducing the ArsR-Regulated Arsenic Stimulon. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630562. [PMID: 33746923 PMCID: PMC7965956 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial ars operon encodes the primary bacterial defense response to the environmental toxicant, arsenic. An important component of this operon is the arsR gene, which encodes ArsR, a member of the family of proteins categorized as DNA-binding transcriptional repressors. As currently documented, ArsR regulates its own expression as well as other genes in the same ars operon. This study examined the roles of four ArsR proteins in the well-developed model Gram-negative bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A. RNASeq was used to compare and characterize gene expression profiles in ± arsenite-treated cells of the wild-type strain and in four different arsR mutants. We report that ArsR-controlled transcription regulation is truly global, extending well beyond the current ars operon model, and includes both repression as well as apparent activation effects. Many cellular functions are significantly influenced, including arsenic resistance, phosphate acquisition/metabolism, sugar transport, chemotaxis, copper tolerance, iron homeostasis, and many others. While there is evidence of some regulatory overlap, each ArsR exhibits its own regulatory profile. Furthermore, evidence of a regulatory hierarchy was observed; i.e. ArsR1 represses arsR4, ArsR4 activates arsR2, and ArsR2 represses arsR3. Additionally and unexpectedly, aioB (arsenite oxidase small subunit) expression was shown to be under partial positive control by ArsR2 and ArsR4. Summarizing, this study demonstrates the regulatory portfolio of arsenite-activated ArsR proteins and includes essentially all major cellular functions. The broad bandwidth of arsenic effects on microbial metabolism assists in explaining and understanding the full impact of arsenic in natural ecosystems, including the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rawle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Tara C Saley
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Yoon-Suk Kang
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Seth Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Timothy R McDermott
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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14
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Herrera C, Moraga R, Bustamante B, Vilo C, Aguayo P, Valenzuela C, Smith CT, Yáñez J, Guzmán-Fierro V, Roeckel M, Campos VL. Characterization of Arsenite-Oxidizing Bacteria Isolated from Arsenic-Rich Sediments, Atacama Desert, Chile. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030483. [PMID: 33668956 PMCID: PMC7996500 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a semimetal toxic for humans, is commonly associated with serious health problems. The most common form of massive and chronic exposure to As is through consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study aimed to isolate an As resistant bacterial strain to characterize its ability to oxidize As (III) when immobilized in an activated carbon batch bioreactor and to evaluate its potential to be used in biological treatments to remediate As contaminated waters. The diversity of bacterial communities from sediments of the As-rich Camarones River, Atacama Desert, Chile, was evaluated by Illumina sequencing. Dominant taxonomic groups (>1%) isolated were affiliated with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. A high As-resistant bacterium was selected (Pseudomonas migulae VC-19 strain) and the presence of aio gene in it was investigated. Arsenite detoxification activity by this bacterial strain was determined by HPLC/HG/AAS. Particularly when immobilized on activated carbon, P. migulae VC-19 showed high rates of As(III) conversion (100% oxidized after 36 h of incubation). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a P. migulae arsenite oxidizing strain that is promising for biotechnological application in the treatment of arsenic contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Herrera
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (C.H.); (B.B.); (C.V.); (P.A.); (C.V.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Ruben Moraga
- Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Arturo Prat University, Iquique 1100000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Brian Bustamante
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (C.H.); (B.B.); (C.V.); (P.A.); (C.V.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Claudia Vilo
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (C.H.); (B.B.); (C.V.); (P.A.); (C.V.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Paulina Aguayo
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (C.H.); (B.B.); (C.V.); (P.A.); (C.V.); (C.T.S.)
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile
- Institute of Natural Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Concepcion, Campus El Boldal, Av. Alessandri N°1160, Concepcion 4090940, Chile
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (C.H.); (B.B.); (C.V.); (P.A.); (C.V.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Carlos T. Smith
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (C.H.); (B.B.); (C.V.); (P.A.); (C.V.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Jorge Yáñez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Victor Guzmán-Fierro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepción, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (V.G.-F.); (M.R.)
| | - Marlene Roeckel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepción, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (V.G.-F.); (M.R.)
| | - Víctor L. Campos
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile; (C.H.); (B.B.); (C.V.); (P.A.); (C.V.); (C.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (V.L.C.)
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15
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Ghosh S, Mohapatra B, Satyanarayana T, Sar P. Molecular and taxonomic characterization of arsenic (As) transforming Bacillus sp. strain IIIJ3-1 isolated from As-contaminated groundwater of Brahmaputra river basin, India. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:256. [PMID: 32807097 PMCID: PMC7430025 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbe-mediated redox transformation of arsenic (As) leading to its mobilization has become a serious environmental concern in various subsurface ecosystems especially within the alluvial aquifers. However, detailed taxonomic and eco-physiological attributes of indigenous bacteria from As impacted aquifer of Brahmaputra river basin has remained under-studied. Results A newly isolated As-resistant and -transforming facultative anaerobic bacterium IIIJ3–1 from As-contaminated groundwater of Jorhat, Assam was characterized. Near complete 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliated the strain IIIJ3–1 to the genus Bacillus and phylogenetically placed within members of B. cereus sensu lato group with B. cereus ATCC 14579(T) as its closest relative with a low DNA-DNA relatedness (49.9%). Presence of iC17:0, iC15:0 fatty acids and menaquinone 7 corroborated its affiliation with B. cereus group, but differential hydroxy-fatty acids, C18:2 and menaquinones 5 & 6 marked its distinctiveness. High As resistance [Maximum Tolerable Concentration = 10 mM As3+, 350 mM As5+], aerobic As3+ (5 mM) oxidation, and near complete dissimilatory reduction of As 5+ (1 mM) within 15 h of growth designated its physiological novelty. Besides O2, cells were found to reduce As5+, Fe3+, SO42−, NO3−, and Se6+ as alternate terminal electron acceptors (TEAs), sustaining its anaerobic growth. Lactate was the preferred carbon source for anaerobic growth of the bacterium with As5+ as TEA. Genes encoding As5+ respiratory reductase (arr A), As3+ oxidase (aioB), and As3+ efflux systems (ars B, acr3) were detected. All these As homeostasis genes showed their close phylogenetic lineages to Bacillus spp. Reduction in cell size following As exposure exhibited the strain’s morphological response to toxic As, while the formation of As-rich electron opaque dots as evident from SEM-EDX possibly indicated a sequestration based As resistance strategy of strain IIIJ3–1. Conclusion This is the first report on molecular, taxonomic, and ecophysiological characterization of a highly As resistant, As3+ oxidizing, and dissimilatory As5+ reducing Bacillus sp. IIIJ3–1 from As contaminated sites of Brahmaputra river basin. The strain’s ability to resist and transform As along with its capability to sequester As within the cells demonstrate its potential in designing bioremediation strategies for As contaminated groundwater and other ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Ghosh
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.,Present address: CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Kolkata Zonal Centre, Kolkata, 700107, India
| | - Balaram Mohapatra
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.,Present address: Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Tulasi Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus (UDSC), New Delhi, 110021, India.,Presently affiliated to Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Sector 3 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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16
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Ghosh S, Sar P. Microcosm based analysis of arsenic release potential of Bacillus sp. strain IIIJ3-1 under varying redox conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Mohapatra B, Kazy SK, Sar P. Comparative genome analysis of arsenic reducing, hydrocarbon metabolizing groundwater bacterium Achromobacter sp. KAs 3-5T explains its competitive edge for survival in aquifer environment. Genomics 2019; 111:1604-1619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Rahman Z, Thomas L, Singh VP. Study of As-resistant bacteria from Nadia, India and a survey of two As resistance-related proteins. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 60:47-57. [PMID: 31680284 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation deals with the characterisation of three As-resistant bacteria, Bacillus aryabhattai strain VPS1, Bacillus licheniformis strain VPS6 and Sporosarcina thermotolerans strain VPS7 isolated from the rhizosphere of a contaminated paddy field in Chakdaha, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Two strains, VPS6 and VPS7 showed ureolytic activity, which can be used for microbial-induced calcite precipitation of As as a bioremediation option. However, As reduction and oxidation capacities were not reported in any of these bacteria. A phylogenetic tree of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences was constructed for all three bacterial isolates, including different species of As-resistant Bacillus and Sporosarcina. Furthermore, literature survey and genome mining were employed to explore the diversity of As resistance-related proteins, arsenite S-adenosylmethyltransferase (ArsM) and arsenical pump membrane protein (ArsB) among different bacteria, and the phylogenetic relatedness was studied to understand the distribution and evolution of their amino acid sequences. ArsB was predominantly present in a wide variety of bacteria (347 taxa); however, ArsM was reported in comparatively fewer isolates (109 taxa). There were a total of 60 similar taxa that contained both ArsM and ArsB. Both proteins were most abundantly present in phylum Proteobacteria. Overall, this investigation enumerates As-resistant bacteria to understand the As metabolism in the environment, and the phylogenetic analysis of As resistance-related proteins helps in understanding the functional relationship in different bacteria for their role in As mobility in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshanur Rahman
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Lebin Thomas
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ved P Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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19
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Sonthiphand P, Ruangroengkulrith S, Mhuantong W, Charoensawan V, Chotpantarat S, Boonkaewwan S. Metagenomic insights into microbial diversity in a groundwater basin impacted by a variety of anthropogenic activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:26765-26781. [PMID: 31300992 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities in groundwater are diverse and each may respond differently to environmental change. The goal of this study was to investigate the diversity, abundance, and dynamics of microbial communities in impacted groundwater and correlate them to the corresponding land use and groundwater geochemistry, using an Illumina MiSeq platform targeting the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The resulting MiSeq sequencing revealed the co-occurrence patterns of both abundant and rare microbial taxa within an impacted groundwater basin. Proteobacteria were the most common groundwater-associated bacterial phylum, mainly composed of the classes Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria. The phyla detected at less abundances were the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, OD1, and Nitrospirae. The members of detected groundwater microorganisms involved in natural biogeochemical processes such as nitrification, anammox, methane oxidation, sulfate reduction, and arsenic transformation. Some of the detected microorganisms were able to perform anaerobic degradation of organic pollutants. The resulting PCA indicates that major land usage within the sampling area seemed to be significantly linked to the groundwater microbial distributions. The distinct microbial pattern was observed in the groundwater collected from a landfill area. This study suggests that the combinations of anthropogenic and natural effects possibly led to a unique pattern of microbial diversity across different locations at the impacted groundwater basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinpida Sonthiphand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Siwat Ruangroengkulrith
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Srilert Chotpantarat
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Program on Controls of Hazardous Contaminants in Raw Water Resources for Water Scarcity Resilience, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit of Green Mining (GMM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Satika Boonkaewwan
- Research Program on Controls of Hazardous Contaminants in Raw Water Resources for Water Scarcity Resilience, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- International Postgraduate Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Chulalongkorn University, 9th Floor, CU Research Building, Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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20
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Enyedi NT, Anda D, Borsodi AK, Szabó A, Pál SE, Óvári M, Márialigeti K, Kovács-Bodor P, Mádl-Szőnyi J, Makk J. Radioactive environment adapted bacterial communities constituting the biofilms of hydrothermal spring caves (Budapest, Hungary). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 203:8-17. [PMID: 30844681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The thermal waters of Gellért Hill discharge area of the Buda Thermal Karst System (Hungary) are characterized by high (up to 1000 Bq/L) 222Rn-activity due to the radium-accumulating biogeochemical layers. Samples were taken from these ferruginous and calcareous layers developed on spring cave walls and water surface. Accumulation of potentially toxic metals (e.g. As, Hg, Pb, Sn, Sr, Zn) in the dense extracellular polymeric substance containing bacterial cells and remains was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The comparison of bacterial phylogenetic diversity of the biofilm samples was performed by high throughput next generation sequencing (NGS). The analysis showed similar sets of mainly unidentified taxa of phyla Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes; however, large differences were found in their abundance. Cultivation-based method complemented with irradiation assay was performed using 5, 10 and 15 kGy doses of gamma-rays from a 60Co-source to reveal the extreme radiation-resistant bacteria. The phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria (classes Alpha- Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria), Bacteriodetes and Deinococcus-Thermus were represented among the 452 bacterial strains. The applied irradiation treatments promoted the isolation of 100 different species, involving candidate novel species, as well. The vast majority of the isolates belonged to bacterial taxa previously unknown as radiation-resistant microorganisms. Members of the genera Paracoccus, Marmoricola, Dermacoccus and Kytococcus were identified from the 15 kGy dose irradiated samples. The close relatives of several known radiation-tolerant bacteria were also detected from the biofilm samples, alongside with bacteria capable of detoxification by metal accumulation, adsorption and precipitation in the form of calcium-carbonate which possibly maintain the viability of the habitat. The results suggest the establishment of a unique, extremophilic microbiota in the studied hydrothermal spring caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Tünde Enyedi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Anda
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, H-1113, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea K Borsodi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, H-1113, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Szabó
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sára Eszter Pál
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mihály Óvári
- Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, H-1113, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/A, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Károly Márialigeti
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Petra Kovács-Bodor
- Department of Physical and Applied Geology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Mádl-Szőnyi
- Department of Physical and Applied Geology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Makk
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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The role of arsenate reducing bacteria for their prospective application in arsenic contaminated groundwater aquifer system. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Sher S, Rehman A. Use of heavy metals resistant bacteria-a strategy for arsenic bioremediation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6007-6021. [PMID: 31209527 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A large number of industries release their untreated wastes in the environment causing an increase in the concentration of toxic pollutants including heavy metal ions in ground and drinking water which is above the WHO limit. The presence of toxic pollutants in the industrial wastes pollutes our environment. Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous toxic metalloid. Its amount varies in different parts on the earth, and its concentration is increasing in our environment day by day both by natural and anthropogenic activities. It is found in two forms; one is arsenate (As5+) and other is arsenite (As3+) and the latter is more toxic due to high mobility across the cell membrane. The long-term use of arsenic-containing water causes arsenicosis. High arsenic consumption, revealed by skin harms, color change, and spots on hands and feet, may cause skin cancer and affect lungs and kidneys. Hypertension, a state of high blood pressure, and lack of insulin which causes diabetes and many other disorders which relate to reproduction are the consequences of arsenic contamination. Several methods have been employed to decontaminate arsenic pollution, but the bioremediation by using biomass of bacteria, algae, fungi, and yeasts is the most compromising approach and has gained much attention from researchers in the last few decades. The microbial detoxification of arsenic can be achieved by reduction, oxidation, and methylation. High bioremediation potential and feasibility of the process make bacteria an impending foundation for green chemistry to exterminate arsenic in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Sher
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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23
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Roy Chowdhury N, Ghosh S, Joardar M, Kar D, Roychowdhury T. Impact of arsenic contaminated groundwater used during domestic scale post harvesting of paddy crop in West Bengal: Arsenic partitioning in raw and parboiled whole grain. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:173-184. [PMID: 30071430 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of post harvesting procedures for producing parboiled rice grain using arsenic (As) contaminated groundwater in rural Bengal was investigated. Considerable high concentrations of As (mean: 186 μg/kg) were found in about 82% of parboiled rice grain samples compared to raw or non-parboiled rice grain samples (66 μg/kg in 75% samples) obtained from Deganga, a highly As affected zone located in West Bengal, India. This observation instigated to study the additional entry of As at various stages of parboiling. A maximum increase of 205% of As content in parboiled rice grain was observed. Significant increase in parboiled whole grain As concentration was dependent upon the large difference between As concentrations of the water and the raw whole grain used for parboiling. Arsenic concentrations of water samples collected at raw, half boiled and full boiled stages of parboiling increased, irrespective of their initial concentration due to reduction in final volume during parboiling process. Principle component analysis shows a positive correlation of As concentration of rice grain to that in the groundwater being used in post harvesting procedure. Moreover, partitioning studies of As in whole grain indicated higher accumulation of As content in individual rice grain than that in their respective husks implying higher risk of exposure on ingestion of these contaminated rice grains. It is therefore, suggested to employ novel methods such as rain water harvesting or surface water channelling to make As free water available for parboiling process to curtail the entry of additional As in parboiled rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soma Ghosh
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kokata, 700032, India.
| | - Madhurima Joardar
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kokata, 700032, India.
| | - Duhita Kar
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kokata, 700032, India.
| | - Tarit Roychowdhury
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kokata, 700032, India.
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Das S, Barooah M. Characterization of siderophore producing arsenic-resistant Staphylococcus sp. strain TA6 isolated from contaminated groundwater of Jorhat, Assam and its possible role in arsenic geocycle. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:104. [PMID: 30180796 PMCID: PMC6122220 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microorganisms specifically bacteria play a crucial role in arsenic mobilization and its distribution in aquatic systems. Although bacteria are well known for their active participation in the different biogeochemical cycles, the role of these bacteria in regulating the concentration of arsenic in Brahmaputra valley has not been investigated in detail. Results In this paper, we report the isolation of an arsenic resistant bacterium TA6 which can efficiently reduce arsenate. The isolate identified as Staphylococcus sp. TA6 based on the molecular and chemotaxonomic identification (FAME) showed resistance to the high concentration of both arsenate and arsenite (As(III) = 30 mM; As(V) = 250 mM), along with cross-tolerance to other heavy metals viz., Hg2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cr2+. The bacterium also had a high siderophore activity (78.7 ± 0.004 μmol) that positively correlated with its ability to resist arsenic. The isolate, Staphylococcus sp. TA6 displayed high bio-transformation ability and reduced 2 mM As(V) initially added into As(III) in a period of 72 h with 88.2% efficiency. The characterization of arsenate reductase enzyme with NADPH coupled assay showed the highest activity at pH 5.5 and temperature of 50 °C. Conclusions This study demonstrates the role of an isolate, Staphylococcus sp. TA6, in the biotransformation of arsenate to arsenite. The presence of ars operon along with the high activity of the arsenate reductase and siderophore production in this isolate may have played an important role in mobilizing arsenate to arsenite and thus increasing the toxicity of arsenic in the aquatic systems of the Brahmaputra valley. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1240-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Das
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India.,Present Address: Panhandle Research and Extension Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, 69361, USA
| | - Madhumita Barooah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India.
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Mohapatra B, Satyanarayana T, Sar P. Molecular and eco-physiological characterization of arsenic (As)-transforming Achromobacter sp. KAs 3-5 T from As-contaminated groundwater of West Bengal, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:915-924. [PMID: 29719162 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1462897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and eco-physiological characterization of arsenic (As)-transforming and hydrocarbon-utilizing Achromobacter type strain KAs 3-5T has been investigated in order to gain an insight into As-geomicrobiology in the contaminated groundwater. The bacterium is isolated from As-rich groundwater of West Bengal, India. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the strain KAs 3-5T is closely related to Achromobacter mucicolens LMG 26685T (99.17%) and Achromobacter animicus LMG 26690T (99.17%), thus affiliated to the genus Achromobacter. Strain KAs 3-5T is nonflagellated, mesophilic, facultative anaerobe, having a broad metabolic repertoire of using various sugars, sugar-/fatty acids, hydrocarbons as principal carbon substrates, and O2, NO3-, NO2-, and Fe3+ as terminal electron acceptors. Growth with hydrocarbons led to cellular aggregation and adherence of the cells to the hydrocarbon particles confirmed through electron microscopic observations. The strain KAs 3-5T showed high As resistance (MIC of 5 mM for As3+, 25 mM for As5+) and reductive transformation of As5+ under aerobic conditions while utilizing both sugars and hydrocarbons. Molecular taxonomy specified a high genomic GC content (65.5 mol %), ubiquinone 8 (UQ-8) as respiratory quinone, spermidine as predominant polyamine in the bacterium. The differential presence of C12:0, C14:0 2-OH, C18:1 ω7c, and C 14:0 iso 3-OH/ C16:1 iso fatty acids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), two unknown phospholipid (PL1, PL2) as polar lipids, low DNA-DNA relatedness (33.0-41.0%) with the Achromobacter members, and unique metabolic capacities clearly indicated the distinct genomic and physiological properties of strain KAs 3-5T among known species of the genus Achromobacter. These findings lead to improve our understanding on metabolic flexibility of bacteria residing in As-contaminated groundwater and As-bacteria interactions within oligotrophic aquifer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram Mohapatra
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal , India
| | - Tulasi Satyanarayana
- b Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi South Campus (UDSC) , New Delhi , India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal , India
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da Costa WLO, Araújo CLDA, Dias LM, Pereira LCDS, Alves JTC, Araújo FA, Folador EL, Henriques I, Silva A, Folador ARC. Functional annotation of hypothetical proteins from the Exiguobacterium antarcticum strain B7 reveals proteins involved in adaptation to extreme environments, including high arsenic resistance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198965. [PMID: 29940001 PMCID: PMC6016940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exiguobacterium antarcticum strain B7 is a psychrophilic Gram-positive bacterium that possesses enzymes that can be used for several biotechnological applications. However, many proteins from its genome are considered hypothetical proteins (HPs). These functionally unknown proteins may indicate important functions regarding the biological role of this bacterium, and the use of bioinformatics tools can assist in the biological understanding of this organism through functional annotation analysis. Thus, our study aimed to assign functions to proteins previously described as HPs, present in the genome of E. antarcticum B7. We used an extensive in silico workflow combining several bioinformatics tools for function annotation, sub-cellular localization and physicochemical characterization, three-dimensional structure determination, and protein-protein interactions. This genome contains 2772 genes, of which 765 CDS were annotated as HPs. The amino acid sequences of all HPs were submitted to our workflow and we successfully attributed function to 132 HPs. We identified 11 proteins that play important roles in the mechanisms of adaptation to adverse environments, such as flagellar biosynthesis, biofilm formation, carotenoids biosynthesis, and others. In addition, three predicted HPs are possibly related to arsenic tolerance. Through an in vitro assay, we verified that E. antarcticum B7 can grow at high concentrations of this metal. The approach used was important to precisely assign function to proteins from diverse classes and to infer relationships with proteins with functions already described in the literature. This approach aims to produce a better understanding of the mechanism by which this bacterium adapts to extreme environments and to the finding of targets with biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wana Lailan Oliveira da Costa
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carlos Leonardo de Aragão Araújo
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maranhão Dias
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Lino César de Sousa Pereira
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jorianne Thyeska Castro Alves
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Almeida Araújo
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Folador
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Silva
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ribeiro Carneiro Folador
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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Dahan D, Jude BA, Lamendella R, Keesing F, Perron GG. Exposure to Arsenic Alters the Microbiome of Larval Zebrafish. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1323. [PMID: 29977230 PMCID: PMC6021535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxins such as heavy metals can perturb the development and stability of microbial communities associated with human or animal hosts. Widespread arsenic contamination in rivers and riparian habitats therefore presents environmental and health concerns for populations living near sources of contamination. To investigate how arsenic affects host microbiomes, we sequenced and characterized the microbiomes of twenty larval zebrafish exposed to three concentrations of arsenic that are found in contaminated water—low (10 ppb), medium (50 ppb), and high (100 ppb) for 20 days. We found that even a small concentration of arsenic changed the overall microbial composition, structure and diversity of microbial communities, causing dysbiosis in developing larval zebrafish microbiota. In addition, we found that a high concentration of arsenic also increased the abundance of a class 1 integron, an integrase-dependent system facilitating the horizontal transfer of genes conferring resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Dahan
- Department of Biology, Reem-Kayden Center for Science and Computation, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, United States
| | - Brooke A Jude
- Department of Biology, Reem-Kayden Center for Science and Computation, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, United States
| | - Regina Lamendella
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, United States
| | - Felicia Keesing
- Department of Biology, Reem-Kayden Center for Science and Computation, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, United States
| | - Gabriel G Perron
- Department of Biology, Reem-Kayden Center for Science and Computation, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, United States
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Biswas R, Sarkar A. Characterization of arsenite-oxidizing bacteria to decipher their role in arsenic bioremediation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 49:30-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1476883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rimi Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha
| | - Angana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha
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Sathe SS, Mahanta C, Mishra P. Simultaneous influence of indigenous microorganism along with abiotic factors controlling arsenic mobilization in Brahmaputra floodplain, India. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2018; 213:1-14. [PMID: 29598853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the dynamic cycling of oxic and anoxic aqueous alluvial aquifer environments, varying Arsenic (As) concentrations are controlled by both abiotic and biotic factors. Studies have shown a significant form of toxic As (III) being released through the reductive dissolution of iron-oxy/hydroxide minerals and microbial reduction mechanisms, which leads to a serious health concern. The present study was performed in order to assess the abiotic and biotic factors influencing As release into the alluvial aquifer groundwater in Brahmaputra floodplain, India. The groundwater chemistry, characterization of the sediments, isolation, identification and characterization of prominent As releasing indigenous bacterium were conducted. The measured solid and liquid phases of total As concentration were ranged between 0.02 and 17.2 mg kg-1 and 8 to 353 μg L-1, respectively. The morphology and mineralogy showed the presence of detrital and authigenic mineral assemblages whereas primary and secondary As bearing Realgar and Claudetite minerals were identified, respectively. Furthermore, significant non-labile As fraction was found associated with the amorphous oxides of Fe, Mn and Al. The observed groundwater chemistry and sediment color, deduced a sub-oxic reducing aquifer conditions in As-contaminated regions. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing results of the isolated bacterium showed the prominent Pseudomonas aeruginosa responsible for the mobilization of As, reducing condition, biomineralization and causing grey color to the sediments at the shallower and deeper aquifers in the study area. These findings suggest that microbial metabolic activities are equally responsible in iron-oxy/hydroxide reductive dissolution, controlling As mobilization in dynamic fluvial flood plains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip S Sathe
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Chandan Mahanta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pushpanjali Mishra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Ramswaroop Memorial College of Engineering and Management, Lucknow 227105, Uttar Pradesh, India
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30
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Mohapatra B, Sar P, Kazy SK, Maiti MK, Satyanarayana T. Taxonomy and physiology of Pseudoxanthomonas arseniciresistens sp. nov., an arsenate and nitrate-reducing novel gammaproteobacterium from arsenic contaminated groundwater, India. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193718. [PMID: 29558470 PMCID: PMC5860741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductive transformation of toxic arsenic (As) species by As reducing bacteria (AsRB) is a key process in As-biogeochemical-cycling within the subsurface aquifer environment. In this study, we have characterized a Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped As reducing bacterium designated KAs 5-3T, isolated from highly As-contaminated groundwater of India. Strain KAs 5-3T displayed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the members of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, with P. mexicana AMX 26BT (99.25% similarity), P. japonensis 12-3T (98.9 0%), P. putridarboris WD-12T (98.02%), and P. indica P15T (97.27%) as closest phylogenetic neighbours. DNA-DNA hybridization study unambiguously indicated that strain KAs 5-3T represented a novel species that was separate from reference strains of P. mexicana AMX 26BT (35.7%), P. japonensis 12-3T (35.5%), P. suwonensis 4M1T (35.5%), P. wuyuanensis XC21-2T (35.0%), P. indica P15T (32.5%), P. daejeonensis TR6-08T (32.0%), and P. putridarboris WD12T (22.1%). The DNA G+C content of strain KAs 5-3T was 64.9 mol %. The predominant fatty acids were C15:0 (37.4%), C16:0 iso (12.6%), C17:1 iso ω9c (10.5%), C15:0 anteiso (9.5%), C11:0 iso 3-OH (8.5%), and C16:1 ω7c/ C16:1 ω6c (7.5%). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and two unknown phospholipids (PL1, PL2). Ubiquinone 8 (Q8) was the predominant respiratory quinone and spermidine was the major polyamine of the strain KAs 5-3T. Cells of strain KAs 5-3T showed the ability to use O2, As5+, NO3-, NO2-, and Fe3+ as terminal electron acceptors as well as to reduce As5+ through the cytosolic process under aerobic incubations. Genes encoding arsenate reductase (arsC) for As-detoxification, nitrate- and nitrite reductase (narG and nirS) for denitrification were detected in the strain KAs 5-3T. Based on taxonomic and physiological data, strain KAs 5-3T is described as a new representative member of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas arseniciresistens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KAs 5-3T (= LMG 29169T = MTCC 12116T = MCC 3121T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Sufia Khannam Kazy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrinal Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Tulasi Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus (UDSC), New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Dunivin TK, Miller J, Shade A. Taxonomically-linked growth phenotypes during arsenic stress among arsenic resistant bacteria isolated from soils overlying the Centralia coal seam fire. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191893. [PMID: 29370270 PMCID: PMC5785013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a toxic element, has impacted life since early Earth. Thus, microorganisms have evolved many As resistance and tolerance mechanisms to improve their survival outcomes given As exposure. We isolated As resistant bacteria from Centralia, PA, the site of an underground coal seam fire that has been burning since 1962. From a 57.4°C soil collected from a vent above the fire, we isolated 25 unique aerobic As resistant bacterial strains spanning seven genera. We examined their diversity, resistance gene content, transformation abilities, inhibitory concentrations, and growth phenotypes. Although As concentrations were low at the time of soil collection (2.58 ppm), isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of arsenate and arsenite (>300 mM and 20 mM respectively), and most isolates were capable of arsenate reduction. We screened isolates (PCR and sequencing) using 12 published primer sets for six As resistance genes (AsRGs). Genes encoding arsenate reductase (arsC) and arsenite efflux pumps (arsB, ACR3(2)) were present, and phylogenetic incongruence between 16S rRNA genes and AsRGs provided evidence for horizontal gene transfer. A detailed investigation of differences in isolate growth phenotypes across As concentrations (lag time to exponential growth, maximum growth rate, and maximum OD590) showed a relationship with taxonomy, providing information that could help to predict an isolate's performance given As exposure in situ. Our results suggest that microbiological management and remediation of environmental As could be informed by taxonomically-linked As tolerance, potential for resistance gene transferability, and the rare biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor K. Dunivin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Environmental and Integrative Toxicological Sciences Doctoral Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Justine Miller
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ashley Shade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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32
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Ghosh D, Bhadury P. Microbial Cycling of Arsenic in the Aquifers of Bengal Delta Plains (BDP). ADVANCES IN SOIL MICROBIOLOGY: RECENT TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6178-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Crognale S, Zecchin S, Amalfitano S, Fazi S, Casentini B, Corsini A, Cavalca L, Rossetti S. Phylogenetic Structure and Metabolic Properties of Microbial Communities in Arsenic-Rich Waters of Geothermal Origin. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2468. [PMID: 29312179 PMCID: PMC5732945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic element released in aquatic environments by geogenic processes or anthropic activities. To counteract its toxicity, several microorganisms have developed mechanisms to tolerate and utilize it for respiratory metabolism. However, still little is known about identity and physiological properties of microorganisms exposed to natural high levels of As and the role they play in As transformation and mobilization processes. This work aims to explore the phylogenetic composition and functional properties of aquatic microbial communities in As-rich freshwater environments of geothermal origin and to elucidate the key microbial functional groups that directly or indirectly may influence As-transformations across a natural range of geogenic arsenic contamination. Distinct bacterial communities in terms of composition and metabolisms were found. Members of Proteobacteria, affiliated to Alpha- and Betaproteobacteria were mainly retrieved in groundwaters and surface waters, whereas Gammaproteobacteria were the main component in thermal waters. Most of the OTUs from thermal waters were only distantly related to 16S rRNA gene sequences of known taxa, indicating the occurrence of bacterial biodiversity so far unexplored. Nitrate and sulfate reduction and heterotrophic As(III)-oxidization were found as main metabolic traits of the microbial cultivable fraction in such environments. No growth of autotrophic As(III)-oxidizers, autotrophic and heterotrophic As(V)-reducers, Fe-reducers and oxidizers, Mn-reducers and sulfide oxidizers was observed. The ars genes, involved in As(V) detoxifying reduction, were found in all samples whereas aioA [As(III) oxidase] and arrA genes [As(V) respiratory reductase] were not found. Overall, we found that As detoxification processes prevailed over As metabolic processes, concomitantly with the intriguing occurrence of novel thermophiles able to tolerate high levels of As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Crognale
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA - CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah Zecchin
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Amalfitano
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA - CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fazi
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA - CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Casentini
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA - CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Cavalca
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Rossetti
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA - CNR), Rome, Italy
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Paul S, Ali MN, Chakraborty S, Mukherjee S. Diversity of bacterial communities inhabiting soil and groundwater of arsenic contaminated areas in West Bengal, India. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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35
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Hsu KC, Hsieh JR, Chen YC, Hsu PF, Hung CC, Huang YL. A microdialysis-based analytical system for dynamic monitoring of arsenic transformation under microbial activity. Analyst 2017; 142:4737-4743. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a microdialysis (MD) technique was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) for continuous monitoring of the dynamic variations of arsenic species in a microbe-inoculated culture broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Chang Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology
- College of Health Sciences
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ru Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology
- College of Health Sciences
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Taiwan
| | - Pi-Fu Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology
- College of Health Sciences
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Hung
- Research Center of Environmental Medicine
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Lih Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology
- College of Health Sciences
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
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An arsenate-reducing and alkane-metabolizing novel bacterium, Rhizobium arsenicireducens sp. nov., isolated from arsenic-rich groundwater. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:191-201. [PMID: 27663709 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel arsenic (As)-resistant, arsenate-respiring, alkane-metabolizing bacterium KAs 5-22T, isolated from As-rich groundwater of West Bengal was characterized by physiological and genomic properties. Cells of strain KAs 5-22T were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile, and facultative anaerobic. Growth occurred at optimum of pH 6.0-7.0, temperature 30 °C. 16S rRNA gene affiliated the strain KAs 5-22T to the genus Rhizobium showing maximum similarity (98.4 %) with the type strain of Rhizobium naphthalenivorans TSY03bT followed by (98.0 % similarity) Rhizobium selenitireducens B1T. The genomic G + C content was 59.4 mol%, and DNA-DNA relatedness with its closest phylogenetic neighbors was 50.2 %. Chemotaxonomy indicated UQ-10 as the major quinone; phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids; C16:0, C17:0, 2-OH C10:0, 3-OH C16:0, and unresolved C18:1 ɷ7C/ɷ9C as predominant fatty acids. The cells were found to reduce O2, As5+, NO3-, SO42- and Fe3+ as alternate electron acceptors. The strain's ability to metabolize dodecane or other alkanes as sole carbon source using As5+ as terminal electron acceptor was supported by the presence of genes encoding benzyl succinate synthase (bssA like) and molybdopterin-binding site (mopB) of As5+ respiratory reductase (arrA). Differential phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic as well as physiological properties revealed that the strain KAs 5-22T is separated from its nearest recognized Rhizobium species. On the basis of the data presented, strain KAs 5-22T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium arsenicireducens sp. nov. is proposed as type strain (=LMG 28795T=MTCC 12115T).
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An overview of siderophores for iron acquisition in microorganisms living in the extreme. Biometals 2016; 29:551-71. [PMID: 27457587 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Siderophores are iron-chelating molecules produced by microbes when intracellular iron concentrations are low. Low iron triggers a cascade of gene activation, allowing the cell to survive due to the synthesis of important proteins involved in siderophore synthesis and transport. Generally, siderophores are classified by their functional groups as catecholates, hydroxamates and hydroxycarboxylates. Although other chemical structural modifications and functional groups can be found. The functional groups participate in the iron-chelating process when the ferri-siderophore complex is formed. Classified as acidophiles, alkaliphiles, halophiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles, piezophiles, extremophiles have particular iron requirements depending on the environmental conditions in where they grow. Most of the work done in siderophore production by extremophiles is based in siderophore concentration and/or genomic studies determining the presence of siderophore synthesis and transport genes. Siderophores produced by extremophiles are not well known and more work needs to be done to elucidate chemical structures and their role in microorganism survival and metal cycling in extreme environments.
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Keren R, Lavy A, Ilan M. Increasing the Richness of Culturable Arsenic-Tolerant Bacteria from Theonella swinhoei by Addition of Sponge Skeleton to the Growth Medium. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:873-886. [PMID: 26809776 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Theonella swinhoei is an arsenic hyper-accumulator sponge, harboring a multitude of associated bacteria. These bacteria reside in the mesohyl, the dense extracellular matrix of the sponge. Previous elemental analysis of separated cell fractions from the sponge had determined that arsenic is localized to the associated bacteria. Subsequently, sponge-associated arsenic-tolerant bacteria were isolated here and grouped into 15 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 97% similarity). Both culture-dependent and culture-independent work had revealed that T. swinhoei harbors a highly diverse bacterial community. It was thus hypothesized the acclimation of bacteria in the presence of a sponge skeleton, better mimicking its natural environment, would increase the yield of isolation of sponge-associated bacteria. Using seven modularly designed media, 380 bacteria isolates were grown and grouped into 22 OTUs. Inclusion of sponge skeleton in the growth medium promoted bacterial growth in all seven media, accounting for 20 of the 22 identified OTUs (the other two in a medium without skeleton). Diversity and richness indices were calculated for each treatment or combination of treatments with shared growth parameters. Integrating data inherent in the modularly designed media with the ecological indices led to the formation of new hypotheses regarding the aeration conditions and expected arsenic form in situ. Both aerobic and anoxic conditions are expected to occur in the sponge (temporally and/or spatially). Arsenate is expected to be the dominant (or even the only) arsenic form in the sponge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Keren
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Adi Lavy
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Micha Ilan
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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Sarkar A, Paul D, Kazy SK, Sar P. Molecular analysis of microbial community in arsenic-rich groundwater of Kolsor, West Bengal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 51:229-239. [PMID: 26634393 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1094339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial community composition within the highly arsenic (As) contaminated groundwater from Kolsur, West Bengal was analyzed over a period of 3 years using 16S rRNA gene clone library and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Molecular phylogenetic study revealed abundance of α-Proteobacteria (56%) and Firmicutes (29%) along with members of β-Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Sphingobacteria as relatively minor groups. Along with consistent physicochemical environment, a stable microbial community structure comprising of bacterial genera Agrobacterium-Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Anoxybacillus and Penibacillus was recorded over the three years study period. Presence of cytosolic arsenate reductase (arsC) gene was observed within the microbial community. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all the arsC sequences were closely related to the same gene from γ-proteobacterial members while the community was consisted of mainly α-proteobacterial groups. Such phylogenetic incongruence between 16S rRNA and arsC genes possibly indicated horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of the ars genes within the groundwater community. Overall, the study reported a nearly stable geomicrobial environment and genetic determinant related to As homeostasis gene, and provided a better insight on biogeochemistry of As contaminated aquifer of West Bengal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Sarkar
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , India
| | - Dhiraj Paul
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , India
| | - Sufia K Kazy
- b Department of Biotechnology , National Institute of Technology Durgapur , India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , India
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Kwon MJ, Yang JS, Lee S, Lee G, Ham B, Boyanov MI, Kemner KM, O'Loughlin EJ. Geochemical characteristics and microbial community composition in toxic metal-rich sediments contaminated with Au-Ag mine tailings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 296:147-157. [PMID: 25917692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of extreme geochemical conditions on microbial community composition were investigated for two distinct sets of sediment samples collected near weathered mine tailings. One set (SCH) showed extraordinary geochemical characteristics: As (6.7-11.5%), Pb (1.5-2.1%), Zn (0.1-0.2%), and pH (3.1-3.5). The other set (SCL) had As (0.3-1.2%), Pb (0.02-0.22%), and Zn (0.01-0.02%) at pH 2.5-3.1. The bacterial communities in SCL were clearly different from those in SCH, suggesting that extreme geochemical conditions affected microbial community distribution even on a small spatial scale. The clones identified in SCL were closely related to acidophilic bacteria in the taxa Acidobacterium (18%), Acidomicrobineae (14%), and Leptospirillum (10%). Most clones in SCH were closely related to Methylobacterium (79%) and Ralstonia (19%), both well-known metal-resistant bacteria. Although total As was extremely high, over 95% was in the form of scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O). Acid-extractable As was only ∼118 and ∼14 mg kg(-1) in SCH and SCL, respectively, below the level known to be toxic to bacteria. Meanwhile, acid-extractable Pb and Zn in SCH were above toxic concentrations. Because As was present in an oxidized, stable form, release of Pb and/or Zn (or a combination of toxic metals in the sediment) from the sediment likely accounts for the differences in microbial community structure. The results also suggest that care should be taken when investigating mine tailings, because large differences in chemical/biological properties can occur over small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jae Kwon
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, South Korea.
| | - Jung-Seok Yang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, South Korea.
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Baknoon Ham
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Maxim I Boyanov
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kenneth M Kemner
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
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Pandey N, Bhatt R. Arsenic resistance and accumulation by two bacteria isolated from a natural arsenic contaminated site. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1275-86. [PMID: 26095615 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Forty-three indigenous arsenic resistant bacteria were isolated from arsenic rich soil of Rajnandgaon district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India by enrichment culture technique. Among the isolates, two of the bacteria (As-9 and As-14) exhibited high resistance to As(V) [MIC ≥ 700 mM] and As(III) [MIC ≥ 10 mM] and were selected for further studies. Both these bacteria grew well in the presence of arsenic [20 mM As(V) and 5 mM As(III)], but the isolate As-14 strictly required arsenic for its survival and growth and was characterized as a novel arsenic dependent bacterium. The isolates contributed to 99% removal of arsenic from the growth medium which was efficiently accumulated in the cell. Quantitative estimation of arsenic through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer revealed that there was >60% accumulation of both As(V) and As(III) by the two isolates. Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis showed a fourfold increase in bacterial cell volume when grown in the presence of arsenic and the results of Transmission Electron Microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy proved that such an alteration was due to arsenic accumulation. Such arsenic resistant bacteria with efficient accumulating property could be effectively applied in the treatment of arsenic contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Renu Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Draft Genome Sequence of Brevibacterium linens AE038-8, an Extremely Arsenic-Resistant Bacterium. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e00316-15. [PMID: 25883298 PMCID: PMC4400441 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00316-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand the arsenic biogeocycles in the groundwaters at Tucumán, Argentina, we isolated Brevibacterium linens sp. strain AE38-8, obtained from arsenic-contaminated well water. This strain is extremely resistant to arsenicals and has arsenic resistance (ars) genes in its genome. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of B. linens AE38-8.
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Paul D, Kazy SK, Gupta AK, Pal T, Sar P. Diversity, metabolic properties and arsenic mobilization potential of indigenous bacteria in arsenic contaminated groundwater of West Bengal, India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118735. [PMID: 25799109 PMCID: PMC4370401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As) mobilization in alluvial aquifers is caused by a complex interplay of hydro-geo-microbiological activities. Nevertheless, diversity and biogeochemical significance of indigenous bacteria in Bengal Delta Plain are not well documented. We have deciphered bacterial community compositions and metabolic properties in As contaminated groundwater of West Bengal to define their role in As mobilization. Groundwater samples showed characteristic high As, low organic carbon and reducing property. Culture-independent and -dependent analyses revealed presence of diverse, yet near consistent community composition mostly represented by genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Brevundimonas, Polaromonas, Rhodococcus, Methyloversatilis and Methylotenera. Along with As-resistance and -reductase activities, abilities to metabolize a wide range carbon substrates including long chain and polyaromatic hydrocarbons and HCO3, As3+ as electron donor and As5+/Fe3+ as terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic growth were frequently observed within the cultivable bacteria. Genes encoding cytosolic As5+ reductase (arsC) and As3+ efflux/transporter [arsB and acr3(2)] were found to be more abundant than the dissimilatory As5+ reductase gene arrA. The observed metabolic characteristics showed a good agreement with the same derived from phylogenetic lineages of constituent populations. Selected bacterial strains incubated anaerobically over 300 days using natural orange sand of Pleistocene aquifer showed release of soluble As mostly as As3+ along with several other elements (Al, Fe, Mn, K, etc.). Together with the production of oxalic acid within the biotic microcosms, change in sediment composition and mineralogy indicated dissolution of orange sand coupled with As/Fe reduction. Presence of arsC gene, As5+ reductase activity and oxalic acid production by the bacteria were found to be closely related to their ability to mobilize sediment bound As. Overall observations suggest that indigenous bacteria in oligotrophic groundwater possess adequate catabolic ability to mobilize As by a cascade of reactions, mostly linked to bacterial necessity for essential nutrients and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Sufia K. Kazy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209 India
| | - Ashok K. Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Taraknath Pal
- Central Headquarters, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- * E-mail:
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Tian H, Shi Q, Jing C. Arsenic biotransformation in solid waste residue: comparison of contributions from bacteria with arsenate and iron reducing pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2140-2146. [PMID: 25635348 DOI: 10.1021/es504618x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic- and iron-reducing bacteria play an important role in regulating As redox transformation and mobility. The motivation of this study was to compare the contributions of different As- and Fe-reducing bacteria to As biotransformation. In this work, three bacteria strains with different functional genes were employed including Pantoea sp. IMH with the arsC gene, Alkaliphilus oremlandii OhILAs possessing the arrA gene, and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, an iron reducer. The incubation results showed that Pantoea sp. IMH aerobically reduced 100% of As(V) released from waste residues, though total As release was not enhanced. Similarly, strain OhILAs anaerobically reduced dissolved As(V) but could not enhance As release. In contrast, strain MR-1 substantially enhanced As mobilization because of iron reduction, but without changing the As speciation. The formation of the secondary iron mineral pyrite in the MR-1 incubation experiments, as evidenced by the X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) analysis, contributed little to the uptake of the freed As. Our results suggest that the arsC gene carriers mainly control the As speciation in the aqueous phase in aerobic environments, whereas in anaerobic conditions, the As speciation should be regulated by arrA gene carriers, and As mobility is greatly enhanced by iron reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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Paul D, Kazy SK, Banerjee TD, Gupta AK, Pal T, Sar P. Arsenic biotransformation and release by bacteria indigenous to arsenic contaminated groundwater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 188:14-23. [PMID: 25782634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) biotransformation and release by indigenous bacteria from As rich groundwater was investigated. Metabolic landscape of 173 bacterial isolates indicated broad catabolic repertoire including abundance of As(5+) reductase activity and abilities in utilizing wide ranges of organic and inorganic respiratory substrates. Abundance of As homeostasis genes and utilization of hydrocarbon as carbon/electron donor and As(5+) as electron acceptor were noted within the isolates. Sediment microcosm study (for 300 days) showed a pivotal role of metal reducing facultative anaerobic bacteria in toxic As(3+) release in aqueous phase. Inhabitant bacteria catalyze As transformation and facilitate its release through a cascade of reactions including mineral bioweathering and As(5+) and/or Fe(3+) reduction activities. Compared to anaerobic incubation with As(5+) reducing strains, oxic state and/or incubation with As(3+) oxidizing bacteria resulted in reduced As release, thus indicating a strong role of such condition or biocatalytic mechanism in controlling in situ As contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Sufia K Kazy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Tirtha Das Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Ashok K Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Taraknath Pal
- Central Headquarters, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata 700016, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Chou CT, Lin HT, Hwang PA, Wang ST, Hsieh CH, Hwang DF. Taurine resumed neuronal differentiation in arsenite-treated N2a cells through reducing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Amino Acids 2014; 47:735-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang D, Liu C. A preliminary study on sulfate reduction bacteria behaviors in groundwater by sulfur and carbon isotopes: a case study in Jiaozuo City, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:2014-2024. [PMID: 25150982 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic pollutants in groundwater, such as sulfate and nitrate, have been a serious problem in China for decades. These pollutants are difficult to be removed because of their high solubility and ease of transport in subsurface environment. It had been found that microorganism could be one of the most feasible methods for inorganic pollutant elimination. During the process of degradation, some microorganisms can utilize sulfur and nitrogen in sulfate and nitrate forms, respectively, as energy sources. Meanwhile, significant variations of sulfur stable isotope ratios happened. Therefore sulfur isotope can be used as a good indicator for pollutant degradation and microbial activities. Shallow groundwater (SGW), deep groundwater (DGW), and surface water (SFW) were investigated in alluvial plain in Jiaozuo City, China. The results of hydrochemical analysis indicated that K(+), Na(+), and HCO3(-) were dominant ions in DGW, Mg(2+) and HCO3(-) were dominant ions in SGW, and Ca(2+) and HCO3 (-) were dominant in SFW except for LR sample. A wide variation of δ (34)SSO4 values ranging from + 7.3 to +23.6‰ had been observed for all water samples, with a mean value of +20.7, +12.6 and +10.0‰ for DGW, SGW, and SFW respectively. At the same time, δ(13)C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) ranged from -12.4 to -5.7‰, with a mean value of -7.5, -9.0, and -9.6‰ for DGW, SGW, and SFW, respectively. The microbial degradation processes resulted in significant sulfur isotope fractionations in DGW. Organic carbon was utilized by bacteria and transferred into inorganic carbon, leading to negative fractionation of carbon isotopes. Thus the variations in stable isotope ratios of sulfur and carbon in groundwater can be used as good indicators for understanding of the relationship between bacteria behaviors and sulfate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550002, China,
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Sarkar A, Kazy SK, Sar P. Studies on arsenic transforming groundwater bacteria and their role in arsenic release from subsurface sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8645-8662. [PMID: 24764001 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ten different Gram-negative arsenic (As)-resistant and As-transforming bacteria isolated from As-rich groundwater of West Bengal were characterized to assess their role in As mobilization. 16S rRNA gene analysis confirmed the affiliation of these bacteria to genera Achromobacter, Brevundimonas, Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, and Pseudoxanthomonas. Along with superior As-resistance and As-transformation abilities, the isolates showed broad metabolic capacity in terms of utilizing a variety of electron donors and acceptors (including As) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Arsenic transformation studies performed under various conditions indicated highly efficient As(3+) oxidation or As(5+) reduction kinetics. Genes encoding As(3+) oxidase (aioA), cytosolic As(5+) reductase (arsC), and As(3+) efflux pump (arsB and acr3) were detected within the test isolates. Sequence analyses suggested that As homeostasis genes (particularly arsC, arsB, and acr3) were acquired by most of the bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. A strong correlation between As resistance phenotype and the presence of As(3+) transporter genes was observed. Microcosm study showed that bacterial strain having cytosolic As(5+) reductase property could play important role in mobilizing As (as As(3+)) from subsurface sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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Costa PS, Scholte LLS, Reis MP, Chaves AV, Oliveira PL, Itabayana LB, Suhadolnik MLS, Barbosa FAR, Chartone-Souza E, Nascimento AMA. Bacteria and genes involved in arsenic speciation in sediment impacted by long-term gold mining. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95655. [PMID: 24755825 PMCID: PMC3995719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial community and genes involved in geobiocycling of arsenic (As) from sediment impacted by long-term gold mining were characterized through culture-based analysis of As-transforming bacteria and metagenomic studies of the arsC, arrA, and aioA genes. Sediment was collected from the historically gold mining impacted Mina stream, located in one of the world’s largest mining regions known as the “Iron Quadrangle”. A total of 123 As-resistant bacteria were recovered from the enrichment cultures, which were phenotypically and genotypically characterized for As-transformation. A diverse As-resistant bacteria community was found through phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial isolates were affiliated with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria and were represented by 20 genera. Most were AsV-reducing (72%), whereas AsIII-oxidizing accounted for 20%. Bacteria harboring the arsC gene predominated (85%), followed by aioA (20%) and arrA (7%). Additionally, we identified two novel As-transforming genera, Thermomonas and Pannonibacter. Metagenomic analysis of arsC, aioA, and arrA sequences confirmed the presence of these genes, with arrA sequences being more closely related to uncultured organisms. Evolutionary analyses revealed high genetic similarity between some arsC and aioA sequences obtained from isolates and clone libraries, suggesting that those isolates may represent environmentally important bacteria acting in As speciation. In addition, our findings show that the diversity of arrA genes is wider than earlier described, once none arrA-OTUs were affiliated with known reference strains. Therefore, the molecular diversity of arrA genes is far from being fully explored deserving further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S. Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa L. S. Scholte
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana P. Reis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson V. Chaves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna L. Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiza B. Itabayana
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza S. Suhadolnik
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francisco A. R. Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edmar Chartone-Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andréa M. A. Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Corsini A, Zaccheo P, Muyzer G, Andreoni V, Cavalca L. Arsenic transforming abilities of groundwater bacteria and the combined use of Aliihoeflea sp. strain 2WW and goethite in metalloid removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 269:89-97. [PMID: 24411461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several technologies have been developed for lowering arsenic in drinking waters below the World Health Organization limit of 10 μg/L. When in the presence of the reduced form of inorganic arsenic, i.e. arsenite, one options is pre-oxidation of arsenite to arsenate and adsorption on iron-based materials. Microbial oxidation of arsenite is considered a sustainable alternative to the chemical oxidants. In this contest, the present study investigates arsenic redox transformation abilities of bacterial strains in reductive groundwater from Lombardia (Italy), where arsenite was the main arsenic species. Twenty isolates were able to reduce 75 mg/L arsenate to arsenite, and they were affiliated to the genera Pseudomonas, Achromobacter and Rhodococcus and genes of the ars operon were detected. Three arsenite oxidizing strains were isolated: they belonged to Rhodococcus sp., Achromobacter sp. and Aliihoeflea sp., and aioA genes for arsenite oxidase were detected in Aliihoeflea sp. strain 2WW and in Achromobacter sp. strain 1L. Uninduced resting cells of strain 2WW were used in combination with goethite for arsenic removal in a model system, in order to test the feasibility of an arsenic removal process. In the presence of 200 μg/L arsenite, the combined 2WW-goethite system removed 95% of arsenic, thus lowering it to 8 μg/L. These results indicate that arsenite oxidation by strain 2WW combined to goethite adsorption is a promising approach for arsenic removal from contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Zaccheo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Gerard Muyzer
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincenza Andreoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Lucia Cavalca
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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