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Li Z, Zheng Y, Ma H, Cui F. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) inhibits green algae growth by regulating antioxidant and photosynthetic systems. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 134:102623. [PMID: 38705613 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Microcystins release from bloom-forming cyanobacteria is considered a way to gain competitive advantage in Microcystis populations, which threaten water resources security and aquatic ecological balance. However, the effects of microcystins on microalgae are still largely unclear. Through simulated culture experiments and the use of UHPLC-MS-based metabolomics, the effects of two microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentrations (400 and 1,600 μg/L) on the growth and antioxidant properties of three algae species, the toxic Microcystis aeruginosa, a non-toxic Microcystis sp., and Chlorella vulgaris, were studied. The MC-LR caused damage to the photosynthetic system and activated the protective mechanism of the photosynthetic system by decreasing the chlorophyll-a and carotenoid concentrations. Microcystins triggered oxidative stress in C. vulgaris, which was the most sensitive algae species studied, and secreted more glycolipids into the extracellular compartment, thereby destroying its cell structure. However, C. vulgaris eliminated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by secreting terpenoids, thereby resisting oxidative stress. In addition, two metabolic pathways, the vitamin B6 and the sphingolipid pathways, of C. vulgaris were significantly disturbed by microcystins, contributing to cell membrane and mitochondrial damage. Thus, both the low (400 μg/L) and the high (1,600 μg/L) MC-LR concentration inhibited algae growth within 3 to 7 days, and the inhibition rates increased with the increase in the MC-LR concentration. The above results indicate that the toxin-producing Microcystis species have a stronger toxin tolerance under longer-term toxin exposure in natural water environments. Thus, microcystins participates in interspecific interaction and phytoplankton population regulation and creates suitable conditions for the toxin-producing M. aeruginosa to become the dominant species in algae blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; CSCEC SCIMEE Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610045, China
| | - Hua Ma
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
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Muñoz-Martín MÁ, Berrendero Gómez E, Perona E, Mateo P. Analysis of molecular diversity within single cyanobacterial colonies from environmental samples. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18453. [PMID: 33116154 PMCID: PMC7595047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Attached or floating macroscopic cyanobacteria can be found in shallow waters and can be easily hand-collected, but their identification is often challenging due to their high morphological variability. In addition, many members of environmental samples lose their morphological adaptations under controlled conditions, making the integration of analyses of field populations and derived isolated cultures necessary in order to evaluate phenotypic plasticity for identification purposes. Therefore, in this study, twenty-nine macroscopic field samples were analyzed by Illumina sequencing and parallel optical microscopy. Some colonies showed the typical morphological characteristics of Rivularia biasolettiana, and others showed those of Rivularia haematites. However, other Rivularia-like colonies showed ambiguous morphologies, and some of them showed the phenotypic features of the new genus Cyanomargarita, which is virtually indistinguishable from Rivularia in the field. In all of the colonies, phylotype composition was highly heterogeneous, with abundances varying depending on the analyzed sample. Some colonies were dominated (97-99%) by a single phylotype, while in others, the percentage of the dominant phylotype decreased to approximately 50-60%. Surprisingly, the same dominant phylotype was found in R. biasolettiana and R. haematites colonies. The relationships between environmental and/or biological factors and morphological variability in these colonies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ángeles Muñoz-Martín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Berrendero Gómez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Miguel Hernandez, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Elvira Perona
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Mateo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Berlinck RGS, Bernardi DI, Fill T, Fernandes AAG, Jurberg ID. The chemistry and biology of guanidine secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:586-667. [PMID: 33021301 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2017-2019Guanidine natural products isolated from microorganisms, marine invertebrates and terrestrial plants, amphibians and spiders, represented by non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing polyketides, alkaloids, terpenoids and shikimic acid derived, are the subject of this review. The topics include the discovery of new metabolites, total synthesis of natural guanidine compounds, biological activity and mechanism-of-action, biosynthesis and ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Pereira AL, Santos C, Azevedo J, Martins TP, Castelo-Branco R, Ramos V, Vasconcelos V, Campos A. Effects of two toxic cyanobacterial crude extracts containing microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of the microalga Parachlorella kessleri. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jia J, Chen Q, Wang M, Zhang J, Yi Q, Hu L. The production and release of microcystin related to phytoplankton biodiversity and water salinity in two cyanobacteria blooming lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2312-2322. [PMID: 29923630 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To find the connections between microcystins and the phytoplankton community, coupled with environmental factors, we investigated 2 cyanobacteria blooming lakes, Lake Taihu (at the center of the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China) and Lake Yanghe (near Qinhuangdao City, northern China). Two years of data, including water quality and the amounts of phytoplankton, microcystins, and the congeners in both algal cells and water, were collected from the 2 lakes during 2013 and 2014. The results showed that both the microcystin quota and release percentage were positively correlated with biodiversity of phytoplankton and the Chlorophyta to phytoplankton ratio, but were negatively correlated with cyanobacteria abundance and the cyanobacteria to phytoplankton ratio; both the microcystin quota and release percentage were closely related to the intensity of competition between cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton; meanwhile, microcystins played a role in the competition between cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton. Salinity had a significantly negative relationship with both cellular and total microcystins, but a significantly positive relationship with the microcystin releasing percentage, indicating that an increase in salinity inhibited the production of microcystins but promoted their release into the aquatic environment. In addition, the average number of microcystins in Lake Yanghe was several times higher than the provisional guideline value adopted by the World Health Organization, indicating a possible health risk to local people. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2312-2322. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qiuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing, China
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing, China
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing, China
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Qitao Yi
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Liuming Hu
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
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Cantoral Uriza EA, Asencio AD, Aboal M. Are We Underestimating Benthic Cyanotoxins? Extensive Sampling Results from Spain. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120385. [PMID: 29182536 PMCID: PMC5744105 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins, and their presence in water bodies poses a threat to wildlife and human populations. Most of the available information refers to plankton, and much less is known about microcystins in other habitats. To broaden our understanding of the presence and environmental distribution of this group of toxins, we conducted extensive sampling throughout Spain, under a range of conditions and in distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats. More than half of the tested strains were toxic; concentrations of the hepatotoxin were low compared with planktic communities, and the number of toxic variants identified in each sample of the Spanish strains ranged from 1–3. The presence of microcystins LF and LY (MC-LF and MC-LY) in the tested samples was significant, and ranged from 21.4% to 100% of the total microcystins per strain. These strains were only detected in cyanobacteria Oscillatoriales and Nostocales. We can report, for the first time, seven new species of microcystin producers in high mountain rivers and chasmoendolithic communities. This is the first report of these species in Geitlerinema and the confirmation of Anatoxin-a in Phormidium uncinatum. Our findings show that microcystins are widespread in all habitat types, including both aerophytic and endolithic peat bogs and that it is necessary to identify all the variants of microcystins in aquatic bodies as the commonest toxins sometimes represent a very low proportion of the total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Cantoral Uriza
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, C.P. Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - Antonia D Asencio
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, E-03202 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Marina Aboal
- Laboratorio de Algología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Amorim CA, Ulisses C, Moura AN. Biometric and physiological responses of Egeria densa Planch. cultivated with toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 191:201-208. [PMID: 28846860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are becoming increasingly common in aquatic environments around the world, mainly due to eutrophication and climate change. Cyanotoxin-producing strains (e.g., microcystins (MC) producers) may be present in these blooms, affecting the growth of other aquatic organisms, such as aquatic macrophytes. In this study, we evaluated the morphometric and physiological responses of the aquatic macrophyte Egeria densa to the exposure to a toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa (MCs producer) and a non-toxic Microcystis panniformis (non-MC producer). The effects of Microcystis strains on E. densa growth and biomass were verified for five weeks (Experiment 1) and physiological responses were evaluated for 14days (Experiment 2). Prolonged exposure of E. densa to the MC producing strain reduced growth, accompanied by the inhibition of shoot and root emission. Both Microcystis strains caused a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments, like total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a and b, accompanied by an increase of carotenoids. At the beginning of the MC-producing strain exposure, E. densa showed an increase in the activity of the anti-oxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), accompanied by an increase in the levels of malondialdehyde, indicating lipid peroxidation. During the 14th day of exposure, the activity of antioxidant enzymes remained similar to the control, suggesting that E. densa has an efficient anti-oxidative system to control the reactive oxygen species produced in response to the stress caused by microcystins. However, when prolonged exposure occurred, possible damage to proteins may have affected the growth and development of E. densa. No changes were observed in the enzymatic activity of the plants exposed to the non-MC producing strain, suggesting that this cyanobacterial strain do not cause significant damage to the development of E. densa. These results are important for understanding the anti-oxidative defense mechanisms of aquatic macrophytes when coexisting with an MC producing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihelio A Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ulisses
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Nascimento Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, Brazil.
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