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Feng YX, Tian P, Li CZ, Hu XD, Lin YJ. Elucidating the intricacies of the H 2S signaling pathway in gasotransmitters: Highlighting the regulation of plant thiocyanate detoxification pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116307. [PMID: 38593497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been increasing interest in elucidating the role of sulfur-containing compounds in plant metabolism, particularly emphasizing their function as signaling molecules. Among these, thiocyanate (SCN-), a compound imbued with sulfur and nitrogen, has emerged as a significant environmental contaminant frequently detected in irrigation water. This compound is known for its potential to adversely impact plant growth and agricultural yield. Although adopting exogenous SCN- as a nitrogen source in plant cells has been the subject of thorough investigation, the fate of sulfur resulting from the assimilation of exogenous SCN- has not been fully explored. There is burgeoning curiosity in probing the fate of SCN- within plant systems, especially considering the possible generation of the gaseous signaling molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) during the metabolism of SCN-. Notably, the endogenous synthesis of H2S occurs predominantly within chloroplasts, the cytosol, and mitochondria. In contrast, the production of H2S following the assimilation of exogenous SCN- is explicitly confined to chloroplasts and mitochondria. This phenomenon indicates complex interplay and communication among various subcellular organelles, influencing signal transduction and other vital physiological processes. This review, augmented by a small-scale experimental study, endeavors to provide insights into the functional characteristics of H2S signaling in plants subjected to SCN--stress. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the occurrence and trajectory of endogenous H2S and H2S derived from SCN--assimilation within plant organisms was performed, providing a focused lens for a comprehensive examination of the multifaceted roles of H2S in rice plants. By delving into these dimensions, our objective is to enhance the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms employed by the gasotransmitter H2S in plant adaptations and responses to SCN--stress, yielding invaluable insights into strategies for plant resilience and adaptive capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Feng
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China; Jiangmen Laboratory of Carbon Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Jiangmen, Guangdong 529199, People's Republic of China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Tian
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hu
- Jiangmen Laboratory of Carbon Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Jiangmen, Guangdong 529199, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Juan Lin
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, People's Republic of China.
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Li CZ, Ullah A, Tian P, Yu XZ. Boron deficiency energizes cyanide uptake and assimilation through activating plasma membrane H +-ATPase in rice plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141290. [PMID: 38280649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The effect of boron (B) deficiency on mediating the contribution of H+-ATPase in the uptake and assimilation of exogenous cyanide (CN-) is investigated. Under CN- treatments, rice seedlings with B-deficient (-B) conditions exhibited significantly higher CN- uptake and assimilation rates than B-supplemented (+B) seedlings, whereas NH4+ uptake and assimilation rates were slightly higher in -B rice seedlings than in +B. In this connection, the expression pattern of genes encoding β-CAS, ST, and H+-ATPase was assessed to unravel their role in the current scenario. The abundances of three β-CAS isogenes (OsCYS-D1, OsCYS-D2, and OsCYS-C1) in rice tissues are upregulated from both "CN--B" and "CN-+B" treatments, however, only OsCYS-C1 in roots from the "CN--B" treatments was significantly upregulated than "CN-+B" treatments. Expression patterns of ST-related genes (OsStr9, OsStr22, and OsStr23) are tissue specific, in which significantly higher upregulation of ST-related genes was observed in shoots from "CN--B" treatments than "CN-+B" treatments. Expression pattern of 7 selected H+-ATPase isogenes, OsA1, OSA2, OsA3, OsA4, OsA7, OsA8, and OsA9 are quite tissue specific between "CN-+B" and "CN--B" treatments. Among these, OsA4 and OsA7 genes were highly activated in the uptake and assimilation of exogenous CN- in -B nutrient solution. These results indicated that B deficiency disturbs the pattern of N cycles in CN--treated rice seedlings, where activation of ST during CN- assimilation decreases the flux of the innate pool of NH4+ produced from CN- assimilation by the β-CAS pathway in plants. Collectively, the B deficiency increased the uptake and assimilation of exogenous CN- through activating H+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Zhi Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Abid Ullah
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Peng Tian
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Feng YX, Lin YJ, Tian P, Yu XZ. Proline interacts with Ca 2+-dependent signaling to enhance chromium tolerance in rice by manipulating nitrate reductase and sucrose phosphate synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126655. [PMID: 37660866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The entrance of chromium (Cr) into the agricultural system would exert a negative influence on the carbon/nitrogen metabolism (CNM) of plants. In this study, we investigated the role of exogenous proline-mediated Ca2+-dependent signaling in the regulation of CNM in rice subjected to Cr(VI) stress, with emphasis on the involvement of nitrate reductase (NR) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS). Results demonstrated that proline effectively mitigated the growth inhibition of rice imposed by Cr(VI) stress, which is achieved by a reduction in cytoplasmic Ca and Cr content and the activation of the downstream Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway. Additionally, proline displayed a positive effect in modulating the expression and activities of NR and SPS under Cr(VI) stress, which are attributed to the cross-regulation between calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and 14-3-3 proteins (14-3-3s). Consequently, nitrogen use efficiency and sucrose content in rice under Cr(VI) + proline treatments were higher than Cr(VI) treatments. Gene expression variation factors underscored that the regulation of proline on NR is crucial to the Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway, initiated by the interaction between CDPKs and 14-3-3s in rice plants during Cr(VI) stress. These results reveal that proline interacts with Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways to enhance Cr tolerance in rice by regulating NR and SPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Feng
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Juan Lin
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tian
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
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Ullah A, Tian P, Zhang H, Yu XZ. Exogenous thiocyanate inhibits sulfurtransferase pathway and induces β-cyanoalanine synthase pathway to enhance exogenous cyanide assimilation in rice plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139683. [PMID: 37532205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide (CN-) assimilation in plants takes place by β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) and sulfurtransferase (ST), in which the ST pathway converts CN- into thiocyanate (SCN-). Both chemicals (CN- and SCN-) are frequently detected in the effluent of gold mining operations. In this connection, exogenous SCN- was applied to rice plants with CN- and compared with CN- alone to investigate its effects on CN- assimilation and degradation pathways. Interestingly, the CN- and SCN- content in both roots and shoots were increased with the increase in "CN-" treatments, but surprisingly their content under "SCN-+CN-" treatments did not show the similar trend. The increasing trend remained the same for CN- but the SCN- content was constant with increasing CN- concentrations in comparison with the control (SCN- alone). Additionally, the assimilation rates of CN- in rice plants under "SCN-+CN-" treatments were significantly higher than "CN-" treatments. The application of SCN- with CN- mostly alters the expression of both β-CAS and ST-associated genes. On one side, the application of SCN- significantly repressed the expression of genes encoded with ST in rice plants, but on the other side, it significantly up-regulated the expression of the β-CAS gene located in mitochondria. These results reveal that the application of exogenous SCN- increases CN- assimilation rates by inhibiting the ST pathway and stimulating the β-CAS pathway. This study would provide new insight into the positive effects of exogenous SCN- in increasing CN- assimilation by altering the degradation pathways in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ullah
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Peng Tian
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
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Li C, Feng Y, Tian P, Yu X. Mathematical Estimation of Endogenous Proline as a Bioindicator to Regulate the Stress of Trivalent Chromium on Rice Plants Grown in Different Nitrogenous Conditions. TOXICS 2023; 11:803. [PMID: 37888654 PMCID: PMC10611392 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of proline impacts the defense mechanisms of plants against the harmful effects of adverse environmental conditions; however, its concentration in plants is associated with the metabolism of N. Therefore, the effects of exogenous organic [glutamate (Glu)/arginine (Arg)] and inorganic [nitrate (NO3-)/ammonium (NH4+)] N on the accumulation of proline (Pro) in rice plants under trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] stress were studied through using the mass balance matrix model (MBMM). Application of 'NH4+' showed the largest contribution to the Pro content in rice shoots under different concentrations of Cr(III), followed by 'NO3-', 'Arg', and 'Glu' applications. On the other hand, 'Arg' application displayed the largest contribution to the Pro content in roots under Cr(III) stress, followed by 'NH4+', 'Glu', and 'NO3-' applications. The combined application of 'NH4++Arg' showed the greatest contribution to the Pro content in both roots and shoots of Cr(III)-treated rice seedlings, while the application of 'NO3-+Glu' showed the least contribution to the Pro content in rice seedlings. The current study indicated that the endogenous level of Pro in rice seedlings is quite sensitive to Cr(III) stress under different N sources, and the mathematical modeling showed a reliable result while estimating the relationship between Pro content and N source application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaozhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China (Y.F.)
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Spatial-temporal variations of proline and related amino acids reveal distinct nitrogenous utilization strategies in rice during detoxification of exogenous cyanide. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110267. [PMID: 36403783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide (CN-) pollution in agricultural systems impairs amino acid metabolism in rice plants, hence decreasing their quality and yield. Meanwhile, little is known about the effects of CN- assimilation on the innate pool of proline (Pro) and its synthesis-related amino acids (Pro-AAs) in rice plants. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of exogenous KCN on indigenous levels of Pro-AAs, i.e., Pro, glutamate (Glu), arginine (Arg), and ornithine (Orn) in rice seedlings fertilized with either nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+) through the biochemical and RT-qPCR analysis. At the same KCN treatment concentration, the relative growth rate of NH4+-fed rice seedlings was considerably higher than that of NO3--fed rice seedlings, but the residual concentration of CN- in NH4+-fed rice tissues was lower than that of NO3--fed rice tissues. Based on the UPLC and stoichiometry molar ratio calculations, it is evident that the Glu pathway contributed significantly to Pro synthesis in rice under KCN + NO3- treatments; whereas the Orn pathway governed the synthesis of Pro in rice under KCN + NH4+ treatments. Moreover, transcriptional and bioinformatics analysis revealed that NH4+ fertilization resulted in spatial-temporal differences in the genetic response in rice tissue during detoxification of CN- compared with KCN + NO3- treatments. These findings suggested that the innate level of Pro serves as "a fishing float" to balance the flux between Pro and Pro-AAs in exogenous KCN-treated rice plants under different nitrogenous nutritional conditions.
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Li CZ, Feng YX, Yu XZ. Evaluating the significance of amino acids (AAs) in cyanide-treated rice plants under different nitrogen fertilization using the relative importance index of AA. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137213. [PMID: 36370756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of amino acids (AAs) in plants is affected by different nitrogen (N) sources. The effects of exogenous cyanide (KCN) on the concentrations and profiles of AAs in rice seedlings were carried out in the presence of nitrate (+NO3-)/ammonium (+NH4+) or N deficiency (-N). Targeted metabolomics analysis indicated that the highest accumulation of AAs in CN--treated rice seedlings was detected in the "CN-+NH4+" treatments than in other treatments, wherein the doses of exogenous KCN did not significantly affect the total amount of AAs in rice seedlings at the same N fertilized condition. The total content of AAs in rice shoots under "CN-+NH4+" treatments was higher than other treatments, while the total content of AAs in rice roots under "CN-+NO3-" treatments was higher than other treatments. Also, the profiles of 21 AAs in CN--treated rice seedlings showed tissue-specific under different N fertilization. The relative importance index (RII) of AA was used to evaluate the importance of AAs in CN--treated rice seedlings under different N fertilization. The common AAs with higher RII values were compared between three different treatments of KCN (e.g., 0, 1, and 2 mg CN/L). Under "CN-+(-N)" treatments, Ala, Asp, Glu, Val, and Gly (Ala, Gly, Val, and Lys) were the common AAs in rice roots (shoots). Under "CN-+NO3-" treatments, Ala, Glu, Asp, Ser, and Thr (Asp, Ala, Thr, Ser, and Asn) were the common AAs with higher RII values in rice roots (shoots) between all CN- treatments. Under "CN-+NH4+" treatments, Asp, Gln, Asn, and Ala (Asp, Glu, and Thr) were the common AAs with higher RII values in rice roots (shoots) between all CN- treatments. These results suggested that using the RII to describe the change and fluctuation of AAs in rice plants may reflect the different N utilization strategies in response to exogenous CN- exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Zhi Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yu-Xi Feng
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Lin YJ, Feng YX, Zhang Q, Yu XZ. Proline-mediated modulation on DNA repair pathway in rice seedlings under chromium stress by integrating gene chip and co-expression network analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1266-1275. [PMID: 36121537 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) stress can cause oxidative burst to plants. Application of exogenous proline (Pro) is one of the most effective approaches to improve the tolerance of plants to Cr stress. In this study, we integrated the data of gene chip with co-expression network analysis to identify the key pathways involved in the DNA repair processes in rice seedlings under Cr(VI) stress. Based on KEGG pathway analysis, 158 genes identified are activated in five different types of DNA repair pathways, namely base excision repair (BER, 20 genes), mismatch repair (MMR, 30 genes), nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ, 8 genes), nucleotide excision repair (NER, 56 genes) and homologous recombination (HR, 44 genes). Co-expression network analysis showed that genes activated in DNA repair pathways were categorized into six different modules, wherein Module 1 (45.36%), Module 2 (27.84%) and Module 3 (19.59%) carried more weight than others. Integrating the data of gene chip and co-expression network analysis indicated that coordinated actions of HR and NER pathways are mainly associated with DNA repair processes in Cr(VI)-treated rice seedlings supplied with exogenous Pro. OsCSB, OsXPG, OsBRIP1, OsRAD51C, OsRAD51A2, OsRPA, OsTOPBP1C, OsTOP3, and OsXRCC3 activated in the HR pathway had a stronger impact on repairing DNA damage induced by Cr(VI) stress in rice seedlings supplied with exogenous Pro, while OsXPB1, OsTTDA2, OsTFIIH1, OsXPC, OsRAD23, OsDSS1, and OsRPA located at the NER pathway showed more contribution to repairing DNA damage than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Lin
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xi Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
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Feng YX, Li CZ, Lin YJ, Yu XZ. Involvement of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) and sulfurtransferase (ST) in cyanide (CN -) assimilation in rice seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133789. [PMID: 35101430 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In spite of available information demonstrating the assimilation of cyanide (CN-) by β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) in plants, involvement of sulfurtransferase (ST) in CN- assimilation in rice plants is still undefined. In this study, a microcosmic hydroponic system was used to investigate the involvement of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) and sulfurtransferase (ST) in the CN- assimilation in rice seedlings under the exposure of potassium cyanide (KCN) in presence or absence of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Our results indicated that the measurable thiocyanate (SCN-) was detected in both rice roots and shoots under KCN exposure, and the abundances of ST-related transcripts were up-regulated significantly (p < 0.05), suggesting that the ST pathway is involved in CN- assimilation in the rice plants. The application of exogenous ACC significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the accumulation of CN- and SCN- in rice tissues after KCN exposures, and also up-regulated the expression of β-CAS and ST genes and their enzymatic activities, suggesting a positive interaction between aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), β-CAS and ST in rice plants during the CN- assimilation. This is the first attempt to experimentally clarify the involvement of ST in CN- assimilation in rice seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Feng
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yu-Juan Lin
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Zhang Q, Feng YX, Lin YJ, Yu XZ. Indigenous Proline is a Two-Dimensional Safety-Relief Valve in Balancing Specific Amino Acids in Rice under Hexavalent Chromium Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11185-11195. [PMID: 34521195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the roles of different N sources (N starvation [-N], nitrate [+NO3-], and ammonium [+NH4+]) in specific amino acids involved in rice proline (Pro) metabolism under hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] stress. In treatment with Cr(VI) - N, the content of glutamate (Glu) in shoots was comparable to that of Pro, while the content of Glu in the roots was significantly higher than that of Pro. In case of treatment with Cr(VI) + NO3-/NH4+, the content of Glu in both tissues was significantly higher than that of Pro, suggesting that the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutathione was most likely involved. Pro synthesis in rice is mainly derived from the Glu pathway rather than the ornithine (Orn) pathway, which is strongly affected by different N sources. The genetic regulation network of Pro metabolism demonstrated a good signal for describing amino acid balance in rice under Cr(VI) stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xi Feng
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Juan Lin
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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