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Liu X, Li P, Wang H, Han LL, Yang K, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Cui L, Kao SJ. Nitrogen fixation and diazotroph diversity in groundwater systems. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:2023-2034. [PMID: 37715043 PMCID: PMC10579273 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), the conversion of N2 into bioavailable nitrogen (N), is the main process for replenishing N loss in the biosphere. However, BNF in groundwater systems remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the activity, abundance, and community composition of diazotrophs in groundwater in the Hetao Plain of Inner Mongolia using 15N tracing methods, reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR), and metagenomic/metatranscriptomic analyses. 15N2 tracing incubation of near in situ groundwater (9.5-585.4 nmol N L-1 h-1) and N2-fixer enrichment and isolates (13.2-1728.4 nmol N g-1 h-1, as directly verified by single-cell resonance Raman spectroscopy), suggested that BNF is a non-negligible source of N in groundwater in this region. The expression of nifH genes ranged from 3.4 × 103 to 1.2 × 106 copies L-1 and was tightly correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO), Fe(II), and NH4+. Diazotrophs in groundwater were chiefly aerobes or facultative anaerobes, dominated by Stutzerimonas, Pseudomonas, Paraburkholderia, Klebsiella, Rhodopseudomonas, Azoarcus, and additional uncultured populations. Active diazotrophs, which prefer reducing conditions, were more metabolically diverse and potentially associated with nitrification, sulfur/arsenic mobilization, Fe(II) transport, and CH4 oxidation. Our results highlight the importance of diazotrophs in subsurface geochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Helin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Li-Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Kai Yang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Shuh-Ji Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang W, Li X. The distribution characteristics and geological control factors of shallow high-arsenic groundwater in the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, from the perspective of Late Pleistocene-Holocene depositional environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63305-63321. [PMID: 36964461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The alluvial-lacustrine strata that were formed by the evolution of rivers and lakes in the Hetao Plain during the Late Quaternary have an important influence on the formation and distribution of shallow high-arsenic groundwater. This study analyzed the distribution characteristics and depositional environments of shallow high-arsenic groundwater in study area using 1179 groundwater samples and more than 1100 pieces of drilling data. The indicator kriging statistics and the study results of the Quaternary lithofacies paleogeography show that the study area can be divided into three high-arsenic probabilistic distribution areas, namely, the Houtao Plain (HTP), the Yellow River Channel Belt (YRCB), and the Eastern Hubao Plain (EHBP). The depositional environment of the HTP was shaped by the alluviation of the Yellow River during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. The YRCB is still affected by the alluviation of the Yellow River presently, and the EHBP was almost unaffected by the Yellow River. The high-arsenic groundwater in the EHBP is mostly distributed in the relatively continuous alluvial-lacustrine strata and has a typical hydrochemical type of HCO3, with the highest Meq(HCO3-/SO42-) and the highest reduction degree of SO42-. By contrast, the high-arsenic groundwater in the alluvial-lacustrine environments of the HTP and the YRCB accounts for only 14.77% and 20.13%, respectively, and has only less than 40% of HCO3 dominant type water. The high-arsenic groundwater in these two areas is generally located in the alluvial or alternating fluvial-lacustrine strata. However, the two areas exist more than three alluvial-lacustrine layers with a thickness of over 2 m each, which play a critical role in the formation of high-arsenic groundwater. Moreover, affected by alluvial aquifers in the same system, the high-arsenic groundwater in both the HTP and the YRCB is not intensively distributed and does not represent a typical HCO3 dominant type. The S2- produced by the massive reduction of SO42- might co-precipitate with Fe and As, which may explain why the EHBP has lower arsenic concentration than the HTP and the YRCB, both of which have a lower reduction degree of SO42-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxing Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
| | - Lijie Wu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Wenzhong Wang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
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Battaglia-Brunet F, Naveau A, Cary L, Bueno M, Briais J, Charron M, Joulian C, Thouin H. Biogeochemical behaviour of geogenic As in a confined aquifer of the Sologne region, France. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135252. [PMID: 35691389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is one of the main toxic elements of geogenic origin that impact groundwater quality and human health worldwide. In some groundwater wells of the Sologne region (Val de Loire, France), drilled in a confined aquifer, As concentrations exceed the European drinking water standard (10 μg L-1). The monitoring of one of these drinking water wells showed As concentrations in the range 20-25 μg L-1. The presence of dissolved iron (Fe), low oxygen concentration and traces of ammonium indicated reducing conditions. The δ34SSO4 was anticorrelated with sulphate concentration. Drilling allowed to collect detrital material corresponding to a Miocene floodplain and crevasse splay with preserved plant debris. The level that contained the highest total As concentration was a silty-sandy clay containing 26.9 mg kg-1 As. The influence of alternating redox conditions on the behaviour of As was studied by incubating this material with site groundwater, in biotic or inhibited bacterial activities conditions, without synthetic organic nutrient supply, in presence of H2 during the reducing periods. The development of both AsV-reducing and AsIII-oxidising microorganisms in biotic conditions was evidenced. At the end of the reducing periods, total As concentration strongly increased in biotic conditions. The microflora influenced As speciation, released Fe and consumed nitrate and sulphate in the water phase. Microbial communities observed in groundwater samples strongly differed from those obtained at the end of the incubation experiment, this result being potentially related to influence of the sediment compartment and to different physico-chemical conditions. However, both included major Operating Taxonomic Units (OTU) potentially involved in Fe and S biogeocycles. Methanogens emerged in the incubated sediment presenting the highest solubilised As and Fe. Results support the hypothesis of in-situ As mobilisation and speciation mediated by active biogeochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Battaglia-Brunet
- BRGM, F-45060, Orléans, France; ISTO, UMR7327, Université D'Orléans, CNRS, BRGM, F-45071, Orléans, France.
| | - Aude Naveau
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers/CNRS, UMR 7285, Rue Michel Brunet, F-86022, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | | | - Maïté Bueno
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour L'Environnement et Les Matériaux-IPREM, UMR5254, 64000, Pau, France
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Zhao H, Wang J, Peng Y, Cai X, Liu Y, Huang W, Huang H, Nie Y. Genomic insights from Paraclostridium bifermentans HD0315_2: General features and pathogenic potential. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:928153. [PMID: 36090102 PMCID: PMC9449513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.928153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraclostridium bifermentans is the most diverse distributed species of Paraclostridium and can cause fatal human infections under rare conditions. However, its pathogenic mechanisms and adaptation ability behind infections remain unclear. Herein, we reported the complete genome sequence of P. bifermentans HD0315_2 isolated from the feces of a patient with Crohn's disease. Then, we performed genomic analyses to understand its pathogenic mechanisms and adaptation ability. Results The de novo assembly revealed that the HD0315_2 strain carried a circular chromosome of 3.27 Mb and six circular plasmids (19.41 to 139.50 kb). The phylogenomic analysis assigned the HD0315_2 strain as P. bifermentans and reclassified some previously non-P. bifermentans strains into this clade. The general genomic features showed that this species harbored a flexible genomic pool characterized by variable genome length and multiple plasmids. Then, the HD0315_2 strain was predicted as a human pathogen with high probability, and Listeria LIPI-1 virulence proteins were identified on its genome. Besides, abundant antibiotics/metal/stress resistant genes, such as asrABCH, cat, mccF, macB, entS, albA, bcrA, and tetB, were carried by either the genome or the plasmids. Furthermore, we proposed that transposase-directed horizontal gene transfer was responsible for the distribution of multiple copies of the hin gene in the plasmids. Conclusion The flexible genomic pool of P. bifermentans encodes abundant functions for antimicrobial or oxidative stress resistance, helping it successfully inhabit and adapt to diverse environments. Moreover, P. bifermentans HD0315_2 might infect hosts via a Listeria LIPI-1-like cycle, with the help of a plasmid expressing the Hin DNA invertase to evade host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunchao Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yandi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Hongli Huang
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Yuqiang Nie
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Jiang Z, Shen X, Shi B, Cui M, Wang Y, Li P. Arsenic Mobilization and Transformation by Ammonium-Generating Bacteria Isolated from High Arsenic Groundwater in Hetao Plain, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159606. [PMID: 35954962 PMCID: PMC9368665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) mobilization in groundwater involves biogeochemical cycles of carbon, iron, and sulfur. However, few studies have focused on the role of nitrogen-metabolizing bacteria in As mobilization, as well as in the transformation between inorganic and organic As in groundwater. In this study, the nitrogen and As metabolisms of Citrobacter sp. G-C1 and Paraclostridium sp. G-11, isolated from high As groundwater in Hetao Plain, China, were characterized by culture experiments and genome sequencing. The results showed Citrobacter sp. G-C1 was a dissimilatory nitrate-reducing bacterium. The dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and As-detoxifying pathways identified in the genome enabled Citrobacter sp. G-C1 to simultaneously reduce As(V) during DNRA. Paraclostridium sp. G-11 was a nitrogen-fixing bacterium and its nitrogen-fixing activity was constrained by As. Nitrogen fixation and the As-detoxifying pathways identified in its genome conferred the capability of As(V) reduction during nitrogen fixation. Under anaerobic conditions, Citrobacter sp. G-C1 was able to demethylate organic As and Paraclostridium sp. G-11 performed As(III) methylation with the arsM gene. Collectively, these results not only evidenced that ammonium-generating bacteria with the ars operon were able to transform As(V) to more mobile As(III) during nitrogen-metabolizing processes, but also involved the transformation between inorganic and organic As in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Shen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bo Shi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengjie Cui
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence:
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Li Y, Lin H, Gao P, Yang N, Xu R, Sun X, Li B, Xu F, Wang X, Song B, Sun W. Synergistic Impacts of Arsenic and Antimony Co-contamination on Diazotrophic Communities. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:44-58. [PMID: 34398256 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) shortage poses a great challenge to the implementation of in situ bioremediation practices in mining-contaminated sites. Diazotrophs can fix atmospheric N2 into a bioavailable form to plants and microorganisms inhabiting adverse habitats. Increasing numbers of studies mainly focused on the diazotrophic communities in the agroecosystems, while those communities in mining areas are still not well understood. This study compared the variations of diazotrophic communities in composition and interactions in the mining areas with different extents of arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) contamination. As and Sb co-contamination increased alpha diversities and the abundance of nifH encoding the dinitrogenase reductase, while inhibited the diazotrophic interactions and substantially changed the composition of communities. Based on the multiple lines of evidence (e.g., the enrichment analysis of diazotrophs, microbe-microbe network, and random forest regression), six diazotrophs (e.g., Sinorhizobium, Dechloromonas, Trichormus, Herbaspirillum, Desmonostoc, and Klebsiella) were identified as keystone taxa. Environment-microbe network and random forest prediction demonstrated that these keystone taxa were highly correlated with the As and Sb contamination fractions. All these results imply that the above-mentioned diazotrophs may be resistant to metal(loid)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanzhi Lin
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Pin Gao
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Nie Yang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Xu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxu Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoqin Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuqing Xu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Benru Song
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 808 Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China.
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, China.
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