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Kolac J, Schneider MI, Rimoldi F. Short- and long-term effects of commercial formulations of imidacloprid, spirotetramat, and mixtures of these active ingredients on pupae of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its progeny. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38788160 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compatibility studies of insecticides and natural enemies usually focus on short-term lethal effects, without considering the long-term sublethal effects (including progeny). Even less-explored are the effects of commercial insecticides formulated with more than one active product. Short- and long-term lethal and sublethal effects were studied for the first time on the progeny of commercial formulations of spirotetramat, imidacloprid and a commercial mixture of these active ingredients on pupae of Diaeretiella rapae (M'ntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an endoparasitoid of aphids considered to be a potential biological control agent. Insecticides were exposed topically on aphid mummies in which the parasitoid was in the pupal stage. RESULTS Imidacloprid reduced adult emergence by more than 30% and prolonged intra-host development time with respect to control from half the maximum recommended field dose (MFRD). Spirotetramat and commercial mixture only showed significant effects on these endpoints at doses above the MFRD. The tested formulations did not affect adult longevity, sex ratio, and percentage of parasitism in the exposed generation. At low concentrations the active ingredients in the commercial mixture behave synergistically, whereas at medium and high concentrations they behave antagonistically. Considering the 10% lethal dose (LD10), imidacloprid showed the highest hazard coefficient, whereas the commercial mixture was more hazardous when considering the LD50 and LD90. The commercial mixture and imidacloprid induced higher adult emergence and altered the sex ratio in the progeny. CONCLUSIONS The following order of toxicity on D. rapae can be established: imidacloprid > commercial mixture > spirotetramat. Joint use of this species with imidacloprid and commercial mixture should be avoided in integrated pest management programs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Kolac
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM-CONICET, CIC PBA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcela Inés Schneider
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología: Plaguicidas y Control Biológico, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET, CIC PBA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Federico Rimoldi
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM-CONICET, CIC PBA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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Hou YY, Zang ZY, Lü WJ, Xu W, Desneux N, Zang LS. Transgenerational hormesis and sublethal effects of five key insecticides for controlling Spodoptera frugiperda on its endoparasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1681-1691. [PMID: 38010617 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoparasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) is a promising biological control agent of the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith). Because the application of insecticides is one of the prime choices in pest management, we evaluated the sublethal and transgenerational effects of the five key insecticides-chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus (MbNPV)-on the parasitoid. RESULTS Exposure to five insecticides at a concentration causing 10% mortality (LC10 ) caused hormetic effects in the parent generation (F0 ) by increasing the parasitism and reducing the immature duration. Interestingly, the hormetic response was also observed in the offspring generation indirectly exposed to the insecticides. Furthermore, insecticides increased the parasitism rate by 6.32-14.73% in the F1 generation, which was similar to that of the F0 generation (3.96-11.81%) compared with the control. No significant adverse effect was observed on the number of emerged parasitoids of the F1 and F2 generations. However, insecticides had a detrimental impact on body size and fecundity in the F1 and F2 generations, which showed a small body size with shorter hind tibiae and a significant reduction in the female ratio compared with the control; the exception was that chlorantraniliprole significantly improved the female ratio in the F2 generation. CONCLUSIONS Five insecticides at LC10 induced transgenerational hormetic and sublethal effects on C. marginiventris. Our results provide a scientific basis for a better understanding of the long-term impacts of insecticides at sublethal doses on parasitoids, facilitating the development of improved integrated pest management programs for FAW control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo-Yi Zang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Jie Lü
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Abbas A, Zhao CR, Arshad M, Han X, Iftikhar A, Hafeez F, Aslam A, Ullah F. Sublethal effects of spinetoram and emamectin benzoate on key demographic parameters of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28183-8. [PMID: 37338689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, is a serious invasive pest of many crops that causes huge economic losses to agricultural commodities. Insecticides are employed for the management of S. frugiperda. In this study, we investigated the impact of sublethal concentration (LC10) and low lethal concentration (LC30) of spinetoram and emamectin benzoate on S. frugiperda using two-sex life table method. Bioassay results revealed that emamectin benzoate exhibited more toxicity on the 3rd instar of S. frugiperda (LC50 8.35 × 10-4 mgL-1) than spinetoram (LC50 2.6 × 10-2 mgL-1) after 48 h exposure. The total longevity, adult pre-ovipositional period (APOP) and total pre-ovipositional period (TPOP) were prolonged, while pre-adult survival rate and fecundity were reduced at both concentrations of spinetoram and emamectin benzoate. Moreover, the key demographic parameters, including the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R0), were significantly lower in insecticide treated groups as compared to untreated insects. Our findings revealed that the sublethal and low lethal concentrations of both insecticides reduce the survival and reproductive capability of S. frugiperda. These results would be useful to assess the overall effect of both insecticides on S. frugiperda and can provide important implications for the rational utilization of insecticides against S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzlan Abbas
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Ri Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayesha Iftikhar
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Hafeez
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asad Aslam
- Department of Forest Protection, Northeast Forest University Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Gao X, Zhao L, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Li D, Ji J, Niu L, Luo J, Cui J. Exposure to flupyradifurone affect health of biocontrol parasitoid Binodoxys communis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) via disrupting detoxification metabolism and lipid synthesis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114785. [PMID: 36934546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the potential effects of insecticides on beneficial biological control agents is key to facilitating the success of integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. Flupyradifurone (FPF) is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide that is replacing traditional neonicotinoids over a large geographical range to control pests. Binodoxys communis, is the dominant parasitic natural enemy of aphids. To date, no reports have addressed sublethal effects of FPF on B. communis. In this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of FPF on B. communis were investigated by indirect exposure to larvae and direct exposure to adults. Results showed that the sublethal LC10 and LC25 of FPF had negative effects on the biological parameters of B. communis, including significantly reducing survival rate, adult longevity, parasitism rate, and emergence rate, and significantly prolonging the developmental stages from egg to cocoons. In addition, we observed a transgenerational effect of FPF on the next generation (F1). RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis identified a total of 1429 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were significantly changed between FPF-treated and control groups. These DEGs are mainly enriched in metabolic pathways such as peroxisomes, glutamate metabolism, carbon metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. This report is the first comprehensive evaluation of how FPF effects B. communis, which adds to the methods of assessing pesticide exposure in parasitic natural enemies. We speculate that the significant changes in pathways, especially those related to lipid synthesis, may be the reason for weakened parasitoid biocontrol ability. The present study provides new evidence for the toxic effects and environmental residue risk of FPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 831100, Changji, China
| | - Likang Zhao
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lin Niu
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 831100, Changji, China.
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 455001, Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 831100, Changji, China.
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Bai H, Wang B, Talifu D, Abulizi A, Maihemuti M. Treatment on thiodicarb in pesticide wastewater with walnut shells-derived carbon and its improved modification: adsorption behavior. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:2682-2692. [PMID: 35576261 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The health problems caused by water pollution cannot be ignored, and the contribution of pesticides to water pollution has also become increasingly unignorable. The modified semi-coke as an adsorbent for reducing pesticide pollution to water was obtained from activated semi-coke which was modified by nitric acid (HNO3). The semi-coke was obtained by carbonization using 60 mesh walnut shell powder. After acid-base deashing, the semi-coke is dipped into zinc chloride (ZnCl2) solution to obtain activated semi-coke. Through BET analysis, the specific surface areas of semi-coke, activated semi-coke and modified semi-coke were 26.8 m2/g, 243.9 m2/g, and 339.6 m2/g respectively. An extremely high adsorption capacity of the adsorbents which is used to treat wastewater was achieved. The optimum adsorption conditions for modified semi-coke on thiodicarb solution were 30 mg/L of thiodicarb solution, adsorbent dosage of 0.01 g, adsorption temperature of 25 °C and adsorption time of 90 min. The optimum adsorption amount of 29.54 mg/gsor was achieved (sor is the abbreviation for sorbent). Moreover, through kinetics study, the result manifests that the modified semi-coke adsorption process is more fitted to the second-order kinetic model. This study provided a research implication theoretically for the treatment of pesticides in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China E-mail:
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China E-mail:
| | - Dilinuer Talifu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China E-mail:
| | - Abulikemu Abulizi
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China E-mail:
| | - Mailikezhati Maihemuti
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China E-mail:
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Gao X, Shi F, Peng F, Shi X, Cheng C, Hou W, Xie H, Lin X, Wang X. Formulation of nanopesticide with graphene oxide as the nanocarrier of pyrethroid pesticide and its application in spider mite control. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36089-36097. [PMID: 35492771 PMCID: PMC9043262 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopesticides with controlled release can achieve more effective utilization of pesticides. Here, to enhance the adsorption of pesticides onto the target organisms, the formulation of pesticides with temperature-responsive release was proposed by combing graphene oxide (GO) and existing pyrethroid pesticides (cyhalothrin, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin). Pesticides were loaded onto GO nanosheets as a carrier via a simple physisorption process, and the GO–pesticide nanocomposites exhibited temperature-responsive release and excellent storage stability, which are of vital importance to the practical application. Furthermore, we assessed the bioactivity of the GO–pesticide nanocomposites against spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) indoors and in the field. As a result, GO–pesticide nanocomposites had many folds higher bioactivity than individual pesticides, and could be adsorbed on the cuticle of T. urticae and surface of bean leaves with highly uniform dispersibility. The easy preparation and higher bioactivity of GO–pesticide nanocomposites indicate their promising application potential in pest control and green agriculture. Nanopesticides with controlled release can achieve more effective utilization of pesticides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoduo Gao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China
| | - Fengyu Shi
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China
| | - Fei Peng
- Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products (under planning), Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066004 PR China
| | - Xuejuan Shi
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China
| | - Caihong Cheng
- Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products (under planning), Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066004 PR China
| | - Wenlong Hou
- Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products (under planning), Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066004 PR China
| | - Haicui Xie
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China
| | - Xiaohu Lin
- Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China .,Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinhuangdao 066000 PR China
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Rizwan M, Atta B, Arshad M, Khan RR, Dageri A, Rizwan M, Ullah MI. Nondetrimental impact of two concomitant entomopathogenic fungi on life history parameters of a generalist predator, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:20699. [PMID: 34667179 PMCID: PMC8526579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-persistent impact of biocontrol agents can be revealed for pest control when associated entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) negatively affect the natural enemies. In this assay, impacts of Beauvaria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin were studied for their compatibility or side effects on life table parameters of an important generalist predator, Coccinella septempunctata L. The results indicated non-significant impacts of both EPFs on life table parameters of C. septempunctata. The development time (egg-adult) was not significantly different in control (69.79 days) and EPFs treated C. septempunctata (69.35-80.07 days). Both fungi did not induce any significant changes in the fecundity, adult pre-oviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), and mean generation time (T) as compared to control treatment. Similarly, no difference in fecundity rate of C. septempunctata was observed after EPFs treatment (287.7-288.5) compared to control (290.0). The highest net reproductive rate (R0) occurred in control (87.05 offspring individual-1) and M. anisopliae (86.31 offspring individual-1) as compared to B. bassiana treated beetles (76.97 offspring individual-1). The age-specific fecundity curves indicated that the C. septempunctata had a similar fecundity rate in both EPFs treatments and control. This study demonstrates no significant side effects of B. bassiana and M. anispoliae on the performance and biology of C. septempunctata. Considering the compatibility of both EPFs with C. septempunctata, their combinations can be recommended in various integrated pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Atta
- Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- grid.412782.a0000 0004 0609 4693Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100 Pakistan ,grid.412782.a0000 0004 0609 4693China-Pakistan Joint Research Centre for Citrus Disease and Insect Pest Management, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100 Pakistan
| | - Rashad Rasool Khan
- grid.413016.10000 0004 0607 1563Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asli Dageri
- grid.411124.30000 0004 1769 6008Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Meram, Konya Turkey
| | - Misbah Rizwan
- Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Ullah
- grid.412782.a0000 0004 0609 4693Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100 Pakistan ,grid.412782.a0000 0004 0609 4693China-Pakistan Joint Research Centre for Citrus Disease and Insect Pest Management, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100 Pakistan
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