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Zhang Z, Chen Q, Bai C, Zhu Y, She J, Ge X, Li M, Li L, Yu Y. Identification and seasonal variation of specific particulate bound (halogenated) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air from different metal industrial parks in Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33883-w. [PMID: 38853229 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
During the process of industrial heating, a large amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated compounds (Cl/Br-PAHs) can be formed. However, there is still limited understanding of the chemicals from different metal smelting industrial parks. This study evaluated the seasonal variations, composition profiles, and source allocations of the atmospheric particulate-bound PAHs and Cl/Br-PAHs in different metal industrial parks in a typical industrial city in northwest China. The results showed that the main PAHs produced by metal smelting were low molecular weight isomers, and the concentrations of Cl-PAHs were lower compared to Br-PAHs. The main Br-PAHs were 1-Br-Pyr and 4-Br-Pyr, while 9-Cl-Fle, 1-Cl-Pyr, and 6-Cl-BaP were the dominated Cl-PAH isomers. No significant difference was found in the concentrations among the sites, whereas the levels of the target chemicals were higher during cold months compared to warm months. The main source of PAHs was coal combustion and gasoline vehicle emission during metal smelting, and that of Cl/Br-PAHs was also industrial coal burning. In addition to the primary source, the secondary chlorination of parent PAHs was also a significant source of Cl-PAHs in the production of high purity aluminum. This study suggests that Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs may behave differently in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Chifei Bai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yuhuan Zhu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing She
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Meibao Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
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Zhang X, Li Z. Investigating industrial PAH air pollution in relation to population exposure in major countries: A scoring approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117801. [PMID: 36996564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common air pollutants worldwide, associated with industrial processes. In the general population, both modeling and field studies revealed a positive correlation between air PAH concentrations and urinary PAH metabolite levels. Many countries lack population urinary data that correspond to local PAH air concentrations. Thus, we proposed a scoring-based approximate approach to investigating that correlation in selected countries, hypothesizing that PAH air concentrations in selected regions could represent the national air quality influenced by industrial emission and further correlate to PAH internal exposure in the general population. This research compiled 85 peer-reviewed journal articles and 9 official monitoring datasets/reports covering 34 countries, 16 of which with both atmospheric PAH data and human biomonitoring data. For the air pollution score (AirS), Egypt had the highest AirS at 0.94 and Pakistan was at the bottom of the score ranking at -1.95, as well as the median in the UK (AirS: 0.50). For the population exposure score (ExpS), China gained the top ExpS at 0.44 and Spain was with the lowest ExpS of -1.52, with the median value in Italy (ExpS: 0.43). Through the correlation analysis, atmospheric PAHs and their corresponding urinary metabolites provided a positive relationship to a diverse extent, indicating that the related urinary metabolites could reflect the population's exposure to specific atmospheric PAHs. The findings also revealed that in the 16 selected countries, AirS indexes were positively correlated with ExpS indexes, implying that higher PAH levels in the air may lead to elevated metabolite urinary levels in general populations. Furthermore, lowering PAH air concentrations could reduce population internal PAH exposure, implying that strict PAH air regulation or emission would reduce health risks for general populations. Notably, this study was an ideal theoretical research based on proposed assumptions to some extent. Further research should focus on understanding exposure pathways, protecting vulnerable populations, and improving the PAH database to optimize PAH pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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Li Y, Zhu Y, Liu W, Yu S, Tao S, Liu W. Modeling multimedia fate and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal regions of the Bohai and Yellow Seas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151789. [PMID: 34808152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using an improved multimedia fate model, this study simulated the spatial distributions, partitioning behaviors, and mass exchanges of PAH16 (16 species with priority by the USEPA) in multiple environmental compartments in the coastal regions of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, Northern China. The model predictions generally matched well with the measured results, as the deviations of most points were within one order of magnitude in the air, freshwater, and 3 soil compartments. The estimated concentrations of ΣPAH16 in the northern part were higher than those in the southern part, which was consistent with the emissions of each part. Approximately 97.6% of the ΣPAH16 mass was distributed in soils; therefore, soils served as the dominant sink of PAH16. The estimated net flux of ΣPAH16 from air to soil ranged from 0.4 to 10.7 mg/m2/year (an average of 3.2 mg/m2/year), and the estimated flux of deposition from air to soil fell in the range of 0.4-10.8 mg/m2/year (an average of 3.2 mg/m2/year), which served as the dominant process at the air-soil interface. The estimated net flux of ΣPAH16 from air to freshwater ranged from -15.3 to 9.4 mg/m2/year (an average of -0.3 mg/m2/year), and the reversed volatilization flux from freshwater to air ranged from 0.01 to 21.1 mg/m2/year (an average of 3.7 mg/m2/year). This situation indicated notable spatial variations and volatilization as the main process affecting the direction of net flux at the air-freshwater interface. Deterministic risk assessment and probabilistic risk assessment were conducted. The overall health risks of the studied regions were acceptable, while the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) by air inhalation was greater than that by soil ingestion. CAPSULE: Multimedia fate model-predicted distributions and compositions of PAH16 in different compartments, compartmental exchange fluxes and directions, and deterministic and probabilistic ELCR via different exposure pathways were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Weijian Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuangyu Yu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Yu Z, Wang H, Zhang X, Gong S, Liu Z, Zhao N, Zhang C, Xie X, Wang K, Liu Z, Wang JS, Zhao X, Zhou J. Long-term environmental surveillance of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, China (2014-2020): Health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127766. [PMID: 34916105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We established long-term surveillance sites in Jinan city to monitor PM2.5 particles (PM2.5) and PM2.5-bound PAHs (2014-2020). The range of PM2.5 was 15-230 µg/m3. The average annual ƩPAH16 were 433 ± 271 ng/m3 (industrial area) and 299 ± 171.8 ng/m3 (downtown). PAHs captured in winter accounted for 61.5% (industrial area) and 59.1% (downtown) of total PAHs. A hazardous seasonal benzo[a]pyrene level was detected in 2015-2016 winter as 14.03 ng/m3 (14 folds of EU standard). The dominant PM2.5-bound PAHs were benzo[b]fluoranthene (24-26%), chrysene (19-20%), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (15%), Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (12%) and Benzo[a]pyrene (10%). Toxic equivalent quotients of PAHs were 4.93 ng/m3 (industrial area) and 3.13 ng/m3 (downtown). Excess cancer risks (ECRs) were 4.3 × 10-4 ng/m3 and 2.7 × 10-4 ng/m3, respectively. The ECRs exceeded EPA regulatory limit of 1 × 10-6 ng/m3 largely. Non-negligible excess lifetime cancer risks were found as 36 and 26 related cancer incidences per 1,000,000 people. Consistently, local prevalence of lung cancer raise from 56.97/100,000 to 72.38/100,000; the prevalence of thyroid cancer raise from 10.12/100,000 to 45.26/100,000 from 2014 to 2020. Our findings suggest an urgent need to investigate the adverse health effects of PAHs on local population and we call for more strictly restriction on coal consumption and traffic tail gas emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yu
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Hospital, 250013, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Shuping Gong
- Institute of Chronic and Non-communicable Disease, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Zhen Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Cuiqin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Xiaorui Xie
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Kaige Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250021, China.
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China; School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China; School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, China.
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Falakdin P, Terzaghi E, Di Guardo A. Spatially resolved environmental fate models: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133394. [PMID: 34953876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved environmental models are important tools to introduce and highlight the spatial variability of the real world into modeling. Although various spatial models have been developed so far, yet the development and evaluation of these models remain a challenging task due to several difficulties related to model setup, computational cost, and obtaining high-resolution input data (e.g., monitoring and emission data). For example, atmospheric transport models can be used when high resolution predicted concentrations in atmospheric compartments are required, while spatial multimedia fate models may be preferred for regulatory risk assessment, life cycle impact assessment of chemicals, or when the partitioning of chemical substances in a multimedia environment is considered. The goal of this paper is to review and compare different spatially resolved environmental models, according to their spatial, temporal and chemical domains, with a closer insight into spatial multimedia fate models, to achieve a better understanding of their strengths and limitations. This review also points out several requirements for further improvement of existing models as well as for their integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Falakdin
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, CO, Italy.
| | - Elisa Terzaghi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, CO, Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, CO, Italy.
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Wang XN, Wang HJ, Ma Y, Liu JR, Hao Y, Ma CQ, Liu N, Cui YX, Shi XM, Gong FL, Wu XL. Concentrations, seasonal trends, sources, health risk and subchronic toxicity to the respiratory and immune system of PAHs in PM 2.5 in Xi'an. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 58:276-283. [PMID: 35137675 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2033582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proved to be hazardous to health. Previous studies have focused on the distribution and sources of PAHs, whereas there is little knowledge of the damage to organs. Here we sought to investigate the pollution level and seasonal variation characteristics of PAHs in PM2.5 in Xi'an and assess the health risk, to establish a PAHs exposure model, and investigate the toxicological effects of PAHs on the respiratory and immune functions. A sub-chronic exposure model of PAHs was established by inhalation. The pathological changes of lung tissues were observed with a light microscope. Inflammatory reactions in alveolar lavage fluid were determined using the corresponding kit. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit; the proliferation of lymphocytes in spleen was detected with methyl tetrazolium (MTT); DNA immune damage was determined with DNA gel electrophoresis. The results showed that (1) the total concentration of 16 PAHs ranged from 41.1 to 387 ng/m3, with a mean value of 170 ng/m3, and the concentration of PAHs in PM2.5 was higher in winter than in other seasons. (2) The sources of PAHs in the atmosphere of Xi'an urban area were mainly coal combustion, and the equivalent carcinogenic concentration of PAHs in PM2.5 was 3.9 ng/m3. (3) Foreign body granuloma formation and inflammatory cell damage were observed in the lungs of rats infected with toxin; the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mobile device assistant (MDA) increased while nitric oxide synthase (NOS) decreased with the increase of dose; the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 elevated with the increase of toxin dose, showing an obvious dose-effect relationship; the level of PAHs damage to cells showed a dose-effect relationship. Sub-chronic exposure to PAHs could cause sustained inflammatory injury to the organism. Measures should be taken to counter the problems of PAHs in PM2.5 in Xi'an and relevant health promotion strategies should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ni Wang
- School of Public Health, Medical Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Public Health, Medical Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Ren Liu
- School of Public Health, Medical Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Hao
- School of Public Health, Medical Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cai-Qin Ma
- School of Public Health, Medical Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Public Health, Medical Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Xin Cui
- School of Public Health, Medical Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing-Min Shi
- School of Public Health, Medical Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fu-Liang Gong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xi-Li Wu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Chen Z, Tian Z, Liu X, Sun W. The potential risks and exposure of Qinling giant pandas to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118294. [PMID: 34626712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization and urbanization have created a substantial urban-rural gradient for various pollutants. The Qinling Mountains are highly important in terms of biodiversity, providing habitat for giant pandas, which are endemic to China and are a widely recognized symbol for conservation. Whether polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure risks regarding in situ animal conservation zones are affected by environmental pollution or even enhanced by the mountain-trapping effect requires further research. Our group carried out a large-scale investigation on the area ranging from Xi'an to Hanzhong across the giant panda habitat in the Qinling Mountains by collecting atmosphere, soil, bamboo, and fecal samples from different sites over a two-year period. The total toxicity of atmospheric PAHs and the frequencies of soil PAHs above effect range low (ERL) values showed a decreasing trend from urban areas to the central mountains, suggesting a distance effect from the city. The proportions of total 5- and 6-ring PAHs in the atmosphere were higher in the central mountainous areas than in the urban areas, while this difference was reversed in the soil. Health risk assessments showed that the incremental lifetime carcinogenic risks (ILCR) of PAH exposure by bamboo ingestion ranged from 2.16 × 10-4 to 3.11 × 10-4, above the critical level of 10-4. Bamboo ingestion was the main driver of the PAH exposure risks. The concentration difference between bamboo and fecal samples provided a reference for the level of PAHs absorbed by the panda digestive system. Since the Qinling Mountains possess the highest density of giant pandas and provide habitats to many other endangered animal and plant species, we should not ignore the probability of health risks posed by PAHs. Monitoring the pollution level and reducing the atmospheric emissions of toxic pollutants are recommended actions. Further detailed research should also be implemented on pandas' health effects of contaminant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhaoxue Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Wanlong Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Chen D, Chen H, Zhao J, Xu Z, Li W, Xu M. Improving spatial prediction of health risk assessment for Hg, As, Cu, and Pb in soil based on land-use regression. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1415-1428. [PMID: 31776887 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy-metal pollution is a significant health and environmental concern in areas of rapid industrialization in China. The accuracy of spatial mapping of pollutant is the main constraint on spatial prediction of health risks. Our study addressed the possibility of improving spatial prediction accuracy of risk assessment. We developed land-use regression (LUR) models for Hg, As, Cu, and Pb based on surface soil sampling, land-use data, and soil properties. The regression results suggested that LUR was more accurate than ordinary kriging method. Spatial prediction accuracy of Hg, As, Cu, and Pb were improved by 15%, 59%, 36%, and 20%, respectively. Then, spatial distribution of health risk was assessed by using distributions of heavy metal and exposure parameters. Chronic risk of children was controlled by distribution of Pb and carcinogenic controlled by As. The result indicated that Pb and As were the main sources of health risk for children in Kunshan. Chronic and carcinogenic risk maps could clearly show where we should pay attention to and control the risk. This study provided a simple approach to draw spatially explicit maps of health risk which were useful for pollution control and public health risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiang Chen
- Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics Dongfang College, Haining, 314408, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Shenzhen, 510034, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Shenzhen, 510034, China
| | - Zhenci Xu
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wuyan Li
- Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Mingxing Xu
- Zhejiang Institute of Geological Survey, Hangzhou, 311203, China.
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