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Sharma A, Srivastava S, Mitra D, Singh RP. Spatiotemporal distribution of air pollutants during a heat wave-induced forest fire event in Uttarakhand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:110133-110160. [PMID: 37779123 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Prevailing dry conditions and rainfall deficit during the spring season in North India led to heat wave conditions which resulted in widespread and intense forest fire events in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand during April 16-30, 2022. A total of 7589 active fires were detected by VIIRS during the second half of April 2022 compared to 1558 during the first half. The TROPOMI observed total column values of CO and NO2 increased by 4.4% and 11.7%, respectively during April 16-30, 2022 with respect to April 1-15, 2022. A noticeable increase in surface level concentration of trace gases was also observed at Dehradun. In situ measurements of CO, NOx, and O3 during April 16-30, 2022 show an increase of 133, 35, and 6% compared to previous year observations during the same period. Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) is utilized to quantitatively estimate the contribution of this event on the distribution of air pollutants over this state. The model results were evaluated against ERA5 reanalysis, upper air soundings, and TROPOMI-retrieved total column density (TCD) of CO, NO2, and O3. Two simulations with (Fire) and without (NoFire) biomass burning emissions input were performed to quantify the contribution of forest fires to the concentration of trace gases and particulates. The CO, NO2, and O3 emitted/produced from forest fire over Uttarakhand during April 2022 contributed approximately 39.95, 35.73, and 9.97% to the surface concentration of respective gas. In the case of aerosols, it was around 71.20, 71.44, and 33.62% for PM2.5, PM10, and BC respectively. The vertical profile analysis of pollutants revealed that extreme forest fire events can perturb the distribution of air pollutants from the surface up to 450 hPa.
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The Impact of Long-Range Transport of Biomass Burning Emissions in Southeast Asia on Southern China. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The long-range transport of biomass burning pollutants from Southeast Asia has a significant impact on air quality in China. In this study, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire data and aerosol optical depth (AOD) products and the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) carbon monoxide (CO) data were used to analyze the impact of air pollution caused by biomass burning in Southeast Asia on southern China. Results showed that Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi were deeply affected by biomass burning emissions from March to April during 2016–2020. Comparing the data for fires on the Indochinese Peninsula and southern provinces of China, it is obvious that the contribution of pollutants emitted by local biomass burning in China to air pollution is only a small possibility. The distribution of CO showed that the overall emissions increased greatly from March to April, and there was an obvious transmission process. In addition, the MODIS AOD in areas close to the national boundary of China is at a high level (>0.6), and the AOD in the southwest of Guangxi province and the southeast of Yunnan Province is above 0.8. Combined with a typical air pollution event in southern China, the UVAI combined with wind direction and other meteorological data showed that the pollutants were transferred from the Indochinese Peninsula to southern China under the southwest monsoon. The PM2.5 data from ground-based measurements and backward tracking were used to verify the pollutant source of the pollution event, and it was concluded that the degree of pollution in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces was related to the distance from the Indochinese Peninsula. Results indicate that it is necessary to carry out in-depth research on the impact of cross-border air pollution transport on domestic air quality as soon as possible and to actively cooperate with foreign countries to carry out pollution source research and control.
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Eskicioglu C, Monlau F, Barakat A, Ferrer I, Kaparaju P, Trably E, Carrère H. Assessment of hydrothermal pretreatment of various lignocellulosic biomass with CO 2 catalyst for enhanced methane and hydrogen production. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 120:32-42. [PMID: 28478293 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal pretreatment of five lignocellulosic substrates (i.e. wheat straw, rice straw, biomass sorghum, corn stover and Douglas fir bark) were conducted in the presence of CO2 as a catalyst. To maximize disintegration and conversion into bioenergy (methane and hydrogen), pretreatment temperatures and subsequent pressures varied with a range of 26-175 °C, and 25-102 bars, respectively. Among lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, hydrothermal pretreatment caused the highest reduction (23-42%) in hemicelluloses while delignification was limited to only 0-12%. These reductions in structural integrity resulted in 20-30% faster hydrolysis rates during anaerobic digestion for the pretreated substrates of straws, sorghum, and corn stover while Douglas fir bark yielded 172% faster hydrolysis/digestion due to its highly refractory nature in the control. Furans and phenolic compounds formed in the pretreated hydrolyzates were below the inhibitory levels for methane and hydrogen production which had a range of 98-340 ml CH4/g volatile solids (VS) and 5-26 ml H2/g VS, respectively. Results indicated that hydrothermal pretreatment is able to accelerate the rate of biodegradation without generating high levels of inhibitory compounds while showing no discernible effect on ultimate biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; LBE, INRA, 11100, Narbonne, France.
| | - Florian Monlau
- IATE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, Université de Montpelier, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdellatif Barakat
- IATE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, Université de Montpelier, 34060, Montpellier, France; Materials Science and Nano-engineering Department, Mohamed 6 Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Prasad Kaparaju
- LBE, INRA, 11100, Narbonne, France; Griffith School of Engineering, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, QLD 4111, Australia
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Evaluation of the U.S. Geological Survey Landsat Burned Area Essential Climate Variable across the Conterminous U.S. Using Commercial High-Resolution Imagery. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Geological Survey has produced the Landsat Burned Area Essential Climate Variable (BAECV) product for the conterminous United States (CONUS), which provides wall-to-wall annual maps of burned area at 30 m resolution (1984–2015). Validation is a critical component in the generation of such remotely sensed products. Previous efforts to validate the BAECV relied on a reference dataset derived from Landsat, which was effective in evaluating the product across its timespan but did not allow for consideration of inaccuracies imposed by the Landsat sensor itself. In this effort, the BAECV was validated using 286 high-resolution images, collected from GeoEye-1, QuickBird-2, Worldview-2 and RapidEye satellites. A disproportionate sampling strategy was utilized to ensure enough burned area pixels were collected. Errors of omission and commission for burned area averaged 22 ± 4% and 48 ± 3%, respectively, across CONUS. Errors were lowest across the western U.S. The elevated error of commission relative to omission was largely driven by patterns in the Great Plains which saw low errors of omission (13 ± 13%) but high errors of commission (70 ± 5%) and potentially a region-growing function included in the BAECV algorithm. While the BAECV reliably detected agricultural fires in the Great Plains, it frequently mapped tilled areas or areas with low vegetation as burned. Landscape metrics were calculated for individual fire events to assess the influence of image resolution (2 m, 30 m and 500 m) on mapping fire heterogeneity. As the spatial detail of imagery increased, fire events were mapped in a patchier manner with greater patch and edge densities, and shape complexity, which can influence estimates of total greenhouse gas emissions and rates of vegetation recovery. The increasing number of satellites collecting high-resolution imagery and rapid improvements in the frequency with which imagery is being collected means greater opportunities to utilize these sources of imagery for Landsat product validation.
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van der Sleen P, Vlam M, Groenendijk P, Anten NPR, Bongers F, Bunyavejchewin S, Hietz P, Pons TL, Zuidema PA. (15)N in tree rings as a bio-indicator of changing nitrogen cycling in tropical forests: an evaluation at three sites using two sampling methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:229. [PMID: 25914707 PMCID: PMC4390989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition is currently causing a more than twofold increase of reactive nitrogen input over large areas in the tropics. Elevated (15)N abundance (δ(15)N) in the growth rings of some tropical trees has been hypothesized to reflect an increased leaching of (15)N-depleted nitrate from the soil, following anthropogenic nitrogen deposition over the last decades. To find further evidence for altered nitrogen cycling in tropical forests, we measured long-term δ(15)N values in trees from Bolivia, Cameroon, and Thailand. We used two different sampling methods. In the first, wood samples were taken in a conventional way: from the pith to the bark across the stem of 28 large trees (the "radial" method). In the second, δ(15)N values were compared across a fixed diameter (the "fixed-diameter" method). We sampled 400 trees that differed widely in size, but measured δ(15)N in the stem around the same diameter (20 cm dbh) in all trees. As a result, the growth rings formed around this diameter differed in age and allowed a comparison of δ(15)N values over time with an explicit control for potential size-effects on δ(15)N values. We found a significant increase of tree-ring δ(15)N across the stem radius of large trees from Bolivia and Cameroon, but no change in tree-ring δ(15)N values over time was found in any of the study sites when controlling for tree size. This suggests that radial trends of δ(15)N values within trees reflect tree ontogeny (size development). However, for the trees from Cameroon and Thailand, a low statistical power in the fixed-diameter method prevents to conclude this with high certainty. For the trees from Bolivia, statistical power in the fixed-diameter method was high, showing that the temporal trend in tree-ring δ(15)N values in the radial method is primarily caused by tree ontogeny and unlikely by a change in nitrogen cycling. We therefore stress to account for tree size before tree-ring δ(15)N values can be properly interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van der Sleen
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, University of WageningenWageningen, Netherlands
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación ForestalSanta Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, University of WageningenWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Groenendijk
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, University of WageningenWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels P. R. Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, University of WageningenWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, University of WageningenWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Hietz
- Institut für Botanik, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Thijs L. Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, University of WageningenWageningen, Netherlands
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Improving the Estimation of Above Ground Biomass Using Dual Polarimetric PALSAR and ETM+ Data in the Hyrcanian Mountain Forest (Iran). REMOTE SENSING 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/rs6053693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Modeling Fire Danger in Galicia and Asturias (Spain) from MODIS Images. REMOTE SENSING 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/rs6010540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bhatia L, Johri S, Ahmad R. An economic and ecological perspective of ethanol production from renewable agro waste: a review. AMB Express 2012; 2:65. [PMID: 23217124 PMCID: PMC3547755 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-2-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastes are generated during the industrial processing of agricultural products. These wastes are generated in large amounts throughout the year, and are the most abundant renewable resources on earth. Due to the large availability and composition rich in compounds that could be used in other processes, there is a great interest on the reuse of these wastes, both from economical and environmental view points. The economic aspect is based on the fact that such wastes may be used as low-cost raw materials for the production of other value-added compounds, with the expectancy of reducing the production costs. The environmental concern is because most of the agro-industrial wastes contain phenolic compounds and/or other compounds of toxic potential; which may cause deterioration of the environment when the waste is discharged to the nature. Although the production of bioethanol offers many benefits, more research is needed in the aspects like feedstock preparation, fermentation technology modification, etc., to make bioethanol more economically viable.
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Zhou XW, Cong WR, Su KQ, Zhang YM. Ligninolytic enzymes fromGanodermaspp: Current status and potential applications. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:416-26. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.722606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Schroeder W, Csiszar I, Giglio L, Schmidt CC. On the use of fire radiative power, area, and temperature estimates to characterize biomass burning via moderate to coarse spatial resolution remote sensing data in the Brazilian Amazon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dashtban M, Schraft H, Qin W. Fungal bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues; opportunities & perspectives. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:578-95. [PMID: 19774110 PMCID: PMC2748470 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of alternative energy technology is critically important because of the rising prices of crude oil, security issues regarding the oil supply, and environmental issues such as global warming and air pollution. Bioconversion of biomass has significant advantages over other alternative energy strategies because biomass is the most abundant and also the most renewable biomaterial on our planet. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues is initiated primarily by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria which are capable of degrading lignocellulolytic materials. Fungi such as Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger produce large amounts of extracellular cellulolytic enzymes, whereas bacterial and a few anaerobic fungal strains mostly produce cellulolytic enzymes in a complex called cellulosome, which is associated with the cell wall. In filamentous fungi, cellulolytic enzymes including endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases (exoglucanases) and beta-glucosidases work efficiently on cellulolytic residues in a synergistic manner. In addition to cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic activities, higher fungi such as basidiomycetes (e.g. Phanerochaete chrysosporium) have unique oxidative systems which together with ligninolytic enzymes are responsible for lignocellulose degradation. This review gives an overview of different fungal lignocellulolytic enzymatic systems including extracellular and cellulosome-associated in aerobic and anaerobic fungi, respectively. In addition, oxidative lignocellulose-degradation mechanisms of higher fungi are discussed. Moreover, this paper reviews the current status of the technology for bioconversion of biomass by fungi, with focus on mutagenesis, co-culturing and heterologous gene expression attempts to improve fungal lignocellulolytic activities to create robust fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Dashtban
- 1. Biorefining Research Initiative, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
- 2. Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
| | - Heidi Schraft
- 2. Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
| | - Wensheng Qin
- 1. Biorefining Research Initiative, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
- 2. Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
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Chédin A, Scott NA, Armante R, Pierangelo C, Crevoisier C, Fossé O, Ciais P. A quantitative link between CO2emissions from tropical vegetation fires and the daily tropospheric excess (DTE) of CO2seen by NOAA-10 (1987-1991). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Chédin
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique; Palaiseau France
| | - N. A. Scott
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique; Palaiseau France
| | - R. Armante
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique; Palaiseau France
| | | | - C. Crevoisier
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique; Palaiseau France
| | - O. Fossé
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique; Palaiseau France
| | - P. Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement; IPSL, CEA-Orme des Merisiers; Gif sur Yvette France
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Bell T, Adams M. Chapter 14 Smoke from Wildfires and Prescribed Burning in Australia: Effects on Human Health and Ecosystems. WILDLAND FIRES AND AIR POLLUTION 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(08)00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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