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Michalska M, Zorena K, Marks R, Wąż P. The emergency discharge of sewage to the Bay of Gdańsk as a source of bacterial enrichment in coastal air. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20959. [PMID: 34697351 PMCID: PMC8546070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria in the seawater and air in five coastal towns (Hel, Puck, Gdynia, Sopot, Gdańsk-Brzeźno) as well as the enrichment of bacteria from the seawater into the coastal air after an emergency discharge of sewage into the Bay of Gdańsk. A total of 594 samples of air and seawater were collected in the coastal zone between spring and summer (between 2014 and 2018). Air samples were collected using the impact method with a SAS Super ISO 100. The multivariate analysis, conducted using contingency tables, showed a statistically significant variation between the concentration of coliforms, psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria in the seawater microlayer and air in 2018, after an emergency discharge of sewage into the Bay of Gdańsk, compared to 2014-2017. Moreover, we detected a marine aerosol enrichment in psychrophilic, mesophilic bacteria, coliforms and Escherichia coli. We also showed a statistically significant relationship between the total concentration of bacteria and humidity, air temperature, speed and wind direction. This increased concentration of bacteria in the seawater and coastal air, and the high factor of air enrichment with bacteria maybe associated with the emergency discharge of wastewater into the Bay of Gdańsk. Therefore, it is suggested that in the event of a malfunction of a sewage treatment plant, as well as after floods or sudden rainfall, the public should be informed about the sanitary and epidemiological status of the coastal waters and be recommended to limit their use of coastal leisure areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Michalska
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman Marks
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, ul. Mickiewicza 16, 70-383, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wąż
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
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Sunger N, Hamilton KA, Morgan PM, Haas CN. Comparison of pathogen-derived 'total risk' with indicator-based correlations for recreational (swimming) exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30614-30624. [PMID: 29644614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Typical recreational water risk to swimmers is assessed using epidemiologically derived correlations by means of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). It has been documented that concentrations of FIB do not necessarily correlate well with protozoa and viral pathogens, which pose an actual threat of illness and thus sometimes may not adequately assess the overall microbial risks from water resources. Many of the known pathogens have dose-response relationships; however, measuring water quality for all possible pathogens is impossible. In consideration of a typical freshwater receiving secondarily treated effluent, we investigated the level of consistency between the indicator-derived correlations and the sum of risks from six reference pathogens using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach. Enterococci and E. coli were selected as the benchmark FIBs, and norovirus, human adenovirus (HAdV), Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. were selected as the reference pathogens. Microbial decay rates in freshwater and uncertainties in exposure relationships were considered in developing our analysis. Based on our exploratory assessment, the total risk was found within the range of risk estimated by the indicator organisms, with viral pathogens as dominant risk agents, followed by protozoan and bacterial pathogens. The risk evaluated in this study captured the likelihood of gastrointestinal illnesses only, and did not address the overall health risk potential of recreational waters with respect to other disease endpoints. Since other highly infectious pathogens like hepatitis A and Legionella spp. were not included in our analysis, these estimates should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sunger
- Department of Health, West Chester University, 855 South New Street, West Chester, PA, 19383, USA.
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 251 Curtis Hall, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paula M Morgan
- Department of Health, West Chester University, 855 South New Street, West Chester, PA, 19383, USA
| | - Charles N Haas
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 251 Curtis Hall, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Kiaghadi A, Rifai HS. Natural attenuation of indicator bacteria in coastal streams and estuarine environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:230-240. [PMID: 31055102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant causes of poor water quality is the presence of pathogens. To reduce the cost of human exposure to microbial contamination, monitoring of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB), as a surrogate for the presence of pathogens in natural waters, has become the norm. A total maximum daily load (TMDL) framework is used to establish limits for microbial concentrations in impaired waterbodies. In order to meet microbial loads determined by the TMDLs, reductions in microbial sources varying from 50% to almost complete elimination are required. Such targets are fairly difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. A natural attenuation (NA) framework is proposed that takes into account the connectivity between freshwater streams and their receiving coastal estuaries. The framework accounts for destructive and non-destructive mechanisms and defines three regimes: NA 1 - reaction-dilution mixing at the freshwater-tidal interface, NA 2 - advection-reactions within the tidally influenced coastal stream, and NA 3 - dilution-discharge at the interface with the estuary. The framework was illustrated using the Houston Metropolitan area freshwater streams, their discharge into the Houston Ship Channel (HSC) and into Galveston Bay. FIB concentrations in Galveston Bay were much lower when compared to FIB concentrations in Houston streams. Lower enterococci concentrations in tributary tidal waters were found compared to their counterparts in fresh waters (NA1 regime). Additionally, 70% reduction in FIB loads within the HSC was demonstrated as well as a decreasing trend in enterococci geometric means, from upstream to downstream, on the order of 0.092 day-1 (NA2 regime). Lower enterococci concentrations in Galveston Bay at the confluence with the HSC were also demonstrated (NA3 regime). Statistical testing showed that dilution, tide-associated processes, and salinity are the most important NA mechanisms and indicated the significant effect of ambient temperature and rainfall patterns on FIB concentrations and the NA mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kiaghadi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Hanadi S Rifai
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
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Nienie AB, Sivalingam P, Laffite A, Ngelinkoto P, Otamonga JP, Matand A, Mulaji CK, Biey EM, Mpiana PT, Poté J. Microbiological quality of water in a city with persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases under tropical sub-rural conditions: The case of Kikwit City, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:820-828. [PMID: 28416464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The availability of safe drinking water in sub-Saharan countries remains a major challenge because poor sanitation has been the cause of various outbreaks of waterborne disease due to the poor microbiological quality of water used for domestic purposes. The faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) used in the present study included Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus (ENT). FIB and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) were quantified during July 2015 (dry season) and November 2015 (rainy season) in order to assess the quality of drinking water from wells (n=3; P1-P3), and two rivers, the River Lukemi (RLK, n=3) and River Luini (RLN, n=2) in the city of Kikwit, which is located in the province of Kwilu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kikwit is well known for its outbreaks of persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases including Entamoeba, Shigella, typhoid fever, cholera, and Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever. Consequently, E. coli, ENT, and AMB were quantified in water samples according to the standard international methods for water quality determination using the membrane filtration method. The FIB characterization was performed for human-specific Bacteroides by PCR using specific primers. The results obtained revealed high FIB concentrations in river samples collected during both seasons. For example, E. coli respectively reached 4.3×104 and 9.2×104 CFU 100mL-1 in the dry season and the wet season. ENT reached 5.3×103 CFU 100mL-1 during the dry season and 9.8×103 CFU 100mL-1 in the wet season. The pollution was significantly worse in the wet season compared to the dry season. Surprisingly, no faecal contamination was observed in well water samples collected in the dry season while E. coli and ENT were detected in all wells in the wet season with values of 6, 7, and 11CFUmL-1 for E. coli in wells P1-P3, respectively and 3, 5, 9 CFU mL-1for ENT in the same wells. Interestingly, the PCR assays for human-specific Bacteroides HF183/HF134 indicated that 97-100% captured in all analyses of isolated FIB were of human origin. The results indicate that contamination of E. coli, ENT, and AMB in the studied water resources increases during the wet season. This study improves understanding of the microbiological pollution of rivers and wells under tropical conditions and will guide future municipal/local government decisions on improving water quality in this region which is characterised by persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases. Although the epidemiology can be geographically localised, the effects of cross border transmission can be global. Therefore, the research results presented in this article form recommendations to municipalities/local authorities and the approach and procedures can be carried out in a similar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis B Nienie
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Laffite
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patience Ngelinkoto
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Jean-Paul Otamonga
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Alphonse Matand
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuel M Biey
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Poté
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo; University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Garbossa LHP, Souza RV, Campos CJA, Vanz A, Vianna LFN, Rupp GS. Thermotolerant coliform loadings to coastal areas of Santa Catarina (Brazil) evidence the effect of growing urbanisation and insufficient provision of sewerage infrastructure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:27. [PMID: 28000123 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerant coliform (TC) loadings were quantified for 49 catchments draining into the North and South Bays of Santa Catarina (SC, southeastern Brazil), an area known for its tourism and aquaculture. TC loadings were calculated based on flow measurements taken in 26 rivers. TC concentrations ere quantified based on surface water samples collected at 49 catchment outlets in 2012 and 2013. Median TC loads ranged from 3.7 × 103 to 6.8 × 108 MPN s-1. TC loadings in the catchments increased in proportion to increases in resident human population, population density and percentage of urbanised area. Catchments with more than 60% of area covered by wastewater collection and treatment systems had higher TC loads per person than catchments with less than 25%. Based on the study catchments, these results indicate that current sewerage infrastructure is ineffective in reducing contamination of faecal origin to surface waters. These findings have important implications for the management of microbiological health hazards in bathing, recreational and shellfish aquaculture waters in the North and South Bays of Santa Catarina Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H P Garbossa
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil.
| | - Robson V Souza
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos J A Campos
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Lowestoft, UK
| | - Argeu Vanz
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz F N Vianna
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Rupp
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
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Gascón Díez E, Loizeau JL, Cosio C, Bouchet S, Adatte T, Amouroux D, Bravo AG. Role of Settling Particles on Mercury Methylation in the Oxic Water Column of Freshwater Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11672-11679. [PMID: 27670225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As the methylation of inorganic mercury to neurotoxic methylmercury has been attributed to the activity of anaerobic bacteria, the formation of methylmercury in the oxic water column of marine ecosystems has puzzled scientists over the past years. Here we show for the first time that methylmercury can be produced in particles sinking through oxygenated water column of lakes. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations were measured in the settling particles and in surface sediments of the largest freshwater lake in Western Europe (Lake Geneva). While total mercury concentration differences between sediments and settling particles were not significant, methylmercury concentrations were about ten-fold greater in settling particles. Methylmercury demethylation rate constants (kd) were of similar magnitude in both compartments. In contrast, mercury methylation rate constants (km) were one order of magnitude greater in settling particles. The net potential for methylmercury formation, assessed by the ratio between the two rate constants (km kd-1), was therefore up to ten fold greater in settling particles, denoting that in situ transformations likely contributed to the high methylmercury concentration found in settling particles. Mercury methylation was inhibited (∼80%) in settling particles amended with molybdate, demonstrating the prominent role of biological sulfate-reduction in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gascón Díez
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Water Sciences, University of Geneva , Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Loizeau
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Water Sciences, University of Geneva , Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Cosio
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Water Sciences, University of Geneva , Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Bouchet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc , 64053 Pau, France
| | - Thierry Adatte
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ISTE), University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Amouroux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc , 64053 Pau, France
| | - Andrea G Bravo
- Limnology Department, Evolutionary Biology Centre, EBC, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kilunga PI, Kayembe JM, Laffite A, Thevenon F, Devarajan N, Mulaji CK, Mubedi JI, Yav ZG, Otamonga JP, Mpiana PT, Poté J. The impact of hospital and urban wastewaters on the bacteriological contamination of the water resources in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:1034-1042. [PMID: 27389829 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1198619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the United Nations General Assembly recognized in 2010 the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights, the contamination of water supplies with faecal pathogens is still a major and unsolved problem in many parts of the world. In this study, faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus (ENT), were quantified over the period of June/July 2014 and June/July 2015 to assess the quality of hospital effluents (n = 3: H1, H2 and H3) and of rivers receiving wastewaters from the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The water and sediment samples from the river-receiving systems were collected in, upstream and downstream of the hospital outlet pipe (HOP) discharge. The analysis of E. coli and ENT in water and sediment suspension was performed using the cultural membrane filter method. The FIB characterization was performed for general E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis(E. faecalis) and human-specific Bacteroides by PCR using specific primers. The results revealed very high FIB concentration in the hospital effluent waters, with E. coli reaching the values of 4.2 × 10(5), 16.1 × 10(5) and 5.9 × 10(5) CFU 100 mL(-1), for the hospital effluents from H1, H2, and H3, respectively; and Enterococcus reaching the values of 2.3 × 10(4), 10.9 × 10(4) and 4.1 × 10(4) CFU 100 mL(-1), respectively. Interestingly, the FIB levels in the water and sediment samples from river-receiving systems are spatially and temporally highly variable and present in some samples with higher values than the hospital effluents. The PCR assays for human-specific Bacteroides HF183/HF134 further indicate that more than 98% of bacteria were from human origin. The results of this research therefore confirm the hypothesis of our previous studies, indicating that in developing countries (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo and South India), the hospital effluent waters can be a significant source of the deterioration of the bacteriological quality for urban rivers. The approach used in this investigation can be further used to decipher the pollution of water resources by human faecal contamination. The results of this research will help to better understand the microbiological pollution problems in river-receiving systems and will guide municipality decisions on improving the urban water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchouna I Kilunga
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - John M Kayembe
- b Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Quartier Binza/UPN , Kinshasa , République Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Amandine Laffite
- c Faculty of Science, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | | | - Naresh Devarajan
- c Faculty of Science, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Josué I Mubedi
- b Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Quartier Binza/UPN , Kinshasa , République Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Zéphirin G Yav
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean-Paul Otamonga
- b Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Quartier Binza/UPN , Kinshasa , République Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - John Poté
- a University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
- b Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Quartier Binza/UPN , Kinshasa , République Democratic Republic of Congo
- c Faculty of Science, F.-A. Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva , Switzerland
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Bravo AG, Bouchet S, Guédron S, Amouroux D, Dominik J, Zopfi J. High methylmercury production under ferruginous conditions in sediments impacted by sewage treatment plant discharges. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 80:245-55. [PMID: 26005785 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are important point sources of mercury (Hg) to the environment. STPs are also significant sources of iron when hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) is used as a dephosphatation agent during water purification. In this study, we combined geochemical and microbiological characterization with Hg speciation and sediment amendments to evaluate the impact of STP's effluents on monomethylmercury (MMHg) production. The highest in-situ Hg methylation was found close to the discharge pipe in subsurface sediments enriched with Hg, organic matter, and iron. There, ferruginous conditions were prevailing with high concentrations of dissolved Fe(2+) and virtually no free sulfide in the porewater. Sediment incubations demonstrated that the high MMHg production close to the discharge was controlled by low demethylation yields. Inhibition of dissimilatory sulfate reduction with molybdate led to increased iron reduction rates and Hg-methylation, suggesting that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) may not have been the main Hg methylators under these conditions. However, Hg methylation in sediments amended with amorphous Fe(III)-oxides was only slightly higher than control conditions. Thus, in addition to iron-reducing bacteria, other non-SRB most likely contributed to Hg methylation. Overall, this study highlights that sediments impacted by STP discharges can become local hot-spots for Hg methylation due to the combined inputs of i) Hg, ii) organic matter, which fuels bacterial activities and iii) iron, which keeps porewater sulfide concentration low and hence Hg bioavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Bravo
- Institut F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Route de Suisse 10, CH-1290 Versoix, Genève, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Bouchet
- LCABIE-IPREM, UMR 5254 CNRS - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Stéphane Guédron
- Institut F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Route de Suisse 10, CH-1290 Versoix, Genève, Switzerland; ISTerre, University Grenoble 1, IRD - UMR 5559 (IRD/UJF/CNRS) - BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - David Amouroux
- LCABIE-IPREM, UMR 5254 CNRS - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Janusz Dominik
- Institut F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Route de Suisse 10, CH-1290 Versoix, Genève, Switzerland; Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricercha, Castello 2737/F, I-30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Jakob Zopfi
- Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Certad G, Dupouy-Camet J, Gantois N, Hammouma-Ghelboun O, Pottier M, Guyot K, Benamrouz S, Osman M, Delaire B, Creusy C, Viscogliosi E, Dei-Cas E, Aliouat-Denis CM, Follet J. Identification of Cryptosporidium Species in Fish from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) in France. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26213992 PMCID: PMC4516323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that can cause severe diarrhea in a wide range of vertebrates including humans, is increasingly recognized as a parasite of a diverse range of wildlife species. However, little data are available regarding the identification of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in wild aquatic environments, and more particularly in edible freshwater fish. To evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidiumspp. in fish from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) in France, 41 entire fish and 100 fillets (cuts of fish flesh) were collected from fishery suppliers around the lake. Nested PCR using degenerate primers followed by sequence analysis was used. Five fish species were identified as potential hosts of Cryptosporidium: Salvelinus alpinus, Esox lucius, Coregonus lavaretus, Perca fluviatilis, and Rutilus rutilus. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. was found in 15 out of 41 fish (37%), distributed as follows: 13 (87%) C. parvum, 1 (7%) C. molnari, and 1 (7%) mixed infection (C. parvum and C. molnari). C. molnari was identified in the stomach, while C. parvum was found in the stomach and intestine. C. molnari was also detected in 1 out of 100 analyzed fillets. In order to identify Cryptosporidium subtypes, sequencing of the highly polymorphic 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) was performed. Among the C. parvum positive samples, three gp60 subtypes were identified: IIaA15G2R1, IIaA16G2R1, and IIaA17G2R1. Histological examination confirmed the presence of potential developmental stages of C. parvum within digestive epithelial cells. These observations suggest that C. parvum is infecting fish, rather than being passively carried. Since C. parvum is a zoonotic species, fish potentially contaminated by the same subtypes found in terrestrial mammals would be an additional source of infection for humans and animals, and may also contribute to the contamination of the environment with this parasite. Moreover, the risk of human transmission is strengthened by the observation of edible fillet contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Certad
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dupouy-Camet
- Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nausicaa Gantois
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ourida Hammouma-Ghelboun
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Gestion des Agents Pathogènes en Agriculture, Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Pottier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karine Guyot
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Ecologie et Biodiversité, Faculté Libre des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marwan Osman
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Baptiste Delaire
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Colette Creusy
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eduardo Dei-Cas
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Cecile Marie Aliouat-Denis
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Follet
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Gestion des Agents Pathogènes en Agriculture, Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire BioMEMS, Univ.Lille, CNRS, ISEN, Univ.Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F 59 000, Lille, France
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Johnston KK, Dorsey JH, Saez JA. Stratification and loading of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in a tidally muted urban salt marsh. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:58. [PMID: 25647802 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stratification and loading of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were assessed in the main tidal channel of the Ballona Wetlands, an urban salt marsh receiving muted tidal flows, to (1) determine FIB concentration versus loading within the water column at differing tidal flows, (2) identify associations of FIB with other water quality parameters, and (3) compare wetland FIB concentrations to the adjacent estuary. Sampling was conducted four times during spring-tide events; samples were analyzed for FIB and turbidity (NTU) four times over a tidal cycle at pre-allocated depths, depending on the water level. Additional water quality parameters measured included temperature, salinity, oxygen, and pH. Loadings were calculated by integrating the stratified FIB concentrations with water column cross-sectional volumes corresponding to each depth. Enterococci and Escherichia coli were stratified both by concentration and loading, although these variables portrayed different patterns over a tidal cycle. Greatest concentrations occurred in surface to mid-strata levels, during flood tides when contaminated water flowed in from the estuary, and during ebb flows when sediments were suspended. Loading was greatest during flood flows and diminished during low tide periods. FIB concentrations within the estuary often were significantly greater than those within the wetland tide channel, supporting previous studies that the wetlands act as a sink for FIB. For public health water quality monitoring, these results indicate that more accurate estimates of FIB concentrations would be obtained by sampling a number of points within a water column rather than relying only on single surface samples.
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Mwanamoki PM, Devarajan N, Thevenon F, Atibu EK, Tshibanda JB, Ngelinkoto P, Mpiana PT, Prabakar K, Mubedi JI, Kabele CG, Wildi W, Poté J. Assessment of pathogenic bacteria in water and sediment from a water reservoir under tropical conditions (Lake Ma Vallée), Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6821-6830. [PMID: 24981879 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess potential human health risks presented by pathogenic bacteria in a protected multi-use lake-reservoir (Lake Ma Vallée) located in west of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Water and surface sediments from several points of the Lake were collected during summer. Microbial analysis was performed for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus (ENT), Pseudomonas species and heterotrophic plate counts. PCR amplification was performed for the confirmation of E. coli, ENT, Pseudomonas spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from samples. The results reveal low concentration of bacteria in water column of the lake, the bacterial quantification results observed in this study for the water column were below the recommended limits, according to WHO and the European Directive 2006/7/CE, for bathing water. However, high concentration of bacteria was observed in the sediment samples; the values of 2.65 × 10(3), 6.35 × 10(3), 3.27 × 10(3) and 3.60 × 10(8) CFU g(-1) of dry sediment for E. coli, ENT, Pseudomonas spp. and heterotrophic plate counts, respectively. The results of this study indicate that sediments of the Lake Ma Vallée can constitute a reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms which can persist in the lake. Possible resuspension of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogens would affect water quality and may increase health risks to the population during recreational activities. Our results indicate that the microbial sediment analysis provides complementary and important information for assessing sanitary quality of surface water under tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Mwanamoki
- Section Nutrition diététique, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales/Kinshasa, B.P. 774, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Tshibanda JB, Devarajan N, Birane N, Mwanamoki PM, Atibu EK, Mpiana PT, Prabakar K, Mubedi Ilunga J, Wildi W, Poté J. Microbiological and physicochemical characterization of water and sediment of an urban river: N’Djili River, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.swaqe.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Czekalski N, Berthold T, Caucci S, Egli A, Bürgmann H. Increased levels of multiresistant bacteria and resistance genes after wastewater treatment and their dissemination into lake geneva, Switzerland. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:106. [PMID: 22461783 PMCID: PMC3310248 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, very little is known about the fate and persistence of multiresistant bacteria (MRB) and their resistance genes in natural aquatic environments. Treated, but partly also untreated sewage of the city of Lausanne, Switzerland is discharged into Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva) resulting in high levels of contamination in this part of the lake. In the present work we have studied the prevalence of MRB and resistance genes in the wastewater stream of Lausanne. Samples from hospital and municipal raw sewage, treated effluent from Lausanne’s wastewater treatment plant (WTP) as well as lake water and sediment samples obtained close to the WTP outlet pipe and a remote site close to a drinking water pump were evaluated for the prevalence of MRB. Selected isolates were identified (16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing) and characterized with regards to further resistances, resistance genes, and plasmids. Mostly, studies investigating this issue have relied on cultivation-based approaches. However, the limitations of these tools are well known, in particular for environmental microbial communities, and cultivation-independent molecular tools should be applied in parallel in order to take non-culturable organisms into account. Here we directly quantified the sulfonamide resistance genes sul1 and sul2 from environmental DNA extracts using TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR. Hospital sewage contained the highest load of MRB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Wastewater treatment reduced the total bacterial load up to 78% but evidence for selection of extremely multiresistant strains and accumulation of resistance genes was observed. Our data clearly indicated pollution of sediments with ARGs in the vicinity of the WTP outlet. The potential of lakes as reservoirs of MRB and potential risks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Czekalski
- Department of Surface Waters - Research and Management, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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Morasch B, Bonvin F, Reiser H, Grandjean D, de Alencastro LF, Perazzolo C, Chèvre N, Kohn T. Occurrence and fate of micropollutants in the Vidy Bay of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Part II: micropollutant removal between wastewater and raw drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:1658-1668. [PMID: 20821617 DOI: 10.1002/etc.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and removal of 58 pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, and pesticides, were assessed in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the city of Lausanne, Switzerland, as well as in the effluent-receiving water body, the Vidy Bay of Lake Geneva. An analytical screening method to simultaneously measure all of the 58 micropollutants was developed based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). The selection of pharmaceuticals was primarily based on a prioritization study, which designated them as environmentally relevant for the Lake Geneva region. Except for the endocrine disruptor 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, all substances were detected in 24-h composite samples of wastewater entering the WWTP or in the treated effluent. Of these compounds, 40% were also detected in raw drinking water, pumped from the lake 3 km downstream of the WWTP. The contributions of dilution and degradation to micropollutant elimination between the WWTP outlet and the raw drinking water intake were established in different model scenarios using hypothetical residence times of the wastewater in Vidy Bay of 1, 4, or 90 d. Concentration decrease due to processes other than dilution was observed for diclofenac, beta-blockers, several antibiotics, corrosion inhibitors, and pesticides. Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of pharmaceuticals were compared to the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) determined in the prioritization study and agreed within one order of magnitude, but MECs were typically greater than the corresponding PECs. Predicted no-effect concentrations of the analgesic paracetamol, and the two antibiotics ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole, were exceeded in raw drinking water samples and therefore present a potential risk to the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Morasch
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-ENAC-LCE, Bâtiment GR, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Perazzolo C, Morasch B, Kohn T, Magnet A, Thonney D, Chèvre N. Occurrence and fate of micropollutants in the Vidy Bay of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Part I: priority list for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:1649-1657. [PMID: 20821616 DOI: 10.1002/etc.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are substances designed to have a biological effect in humans. Their presence in the environment, especially in surface waters, is of increasing concern because of their potential risk to non-target species. A large number of pharmaceuticals are on the market; for example, approximately 2,000 active ingredients are approved in Europe, and many of them have already been detected in surface water. It is therefore crucial to select the substances that may do the most harm to the environment prior to performing measurements and extensive risk assessment. In the present study, a method to determine a list of pharmaceuticals to survey in surface water is proposed. Inclusion of substances on the list was based on a screening procedure, the analytical feasibility, and previous knowledge of pharmaceuticals detected in water. The screening procedure proposed here is an improvement on the standard procedure of the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA). It is designed to decrease the number of pharmaceuticals to be evaluated in a stepwise manner, thus decreasing the number of data necessary for the evaluation. We applied our approach to determine a list of 37 pharmaceuticals and four hormones to survey in a specific region of Switzerland, the Lake Geneva area, and discussed the advantages and weak points of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Perazzolo
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry-Anthropole, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Scheifhacken N, Horn H, Paul L. Comparing in situ particle monitoring to microscopic counts of plankton in a drinking water reservoir. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:3496-3510. [PMID: 20416919 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In a one-year study, the multispecies assemblages of phytoplankton (picoplankton to microplankton) within a drinking water reservoir were counted, determined and evaluated in their size fractions using microscope enumeration (MC). The manual counts were compared with the size evaluation obtained by a light obscuring particle counter (PC) in order to evaluate its use for the monitoring practice of a drinking water reservoir. With this multispecies comparison we present a novel approach for the evaluation of automated counting systems. The picoplankton clearly remained uncounted by the PC even though its lower size limits imply an adequate match. The highest and most consistent count numbers of plankton (nano- and microplankton) and particles were obtained during the spring mass development. However, from the middle of the year onwards, the measured particle concentration surpassed the counted plankton abundances by two- to threefold indicating the rise of seston within the water column. This fraction would be missed if counted solely by MC. Further, the PC consistently undersized the biological counts, but not the minerogenic fraction represented by the manganese oxidising bacteria. Consequently, the rise and decline of Metallogenium bacteria was reliably monitored with the PC. The PC provides additional size information compared to other bulk optical sensors (turbidity, chlorophyll-a). The correlation of particles with probe measurement always exceeded the plankton coefficient, but all combinations of plankton, particle and probe measurement revealed significant linear regressions. However, the redundancy of the chlorophyll-a probes was also shown in order to explain plankton abundances. Our results indicate that background knowledge of the monitored system and cautious interpretation of data is required to allocate and understand automated particle counts. Therefore, only in combination with MC, the PC enables phytoplankton or minerogenic particle counts under frequent real-time monitoring conditions. As such it may serve as a helpful tool for example in critical situations in the management of drinking water reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scheifhacken
- Technische Universität Dresden, Neunzehnhain Ecological Station, Neunzehnhainer Str. 14, D-09514 Lengefeld, Germany.
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