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Girones L, Oliva AL, Negrin VL, Marcovecchio JE, Arias AH. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal wetlands: A review of their occurrences, toxic effects, and biogeochemical cycling. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112864. [PMID: 34482253 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal wetlands, such as mangroves, seagrass beds, and salt marshes, are highly threatened by increasing anthropic pressures, including chemical pollution. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have attracted attention in these particularly vulnerable ecosystems, due to their bioaccumulative, pervasive, and ecotoxic behavior. This article reviews and summarizes available information regarding current levels, biogeochemical cycling, and effects of POPs on coastal wetlands. Sediment POP levels were compared with international quality guidelines, revealing many areas where compounds could cause damage to biota. Despite this, toxicological studies on some coastal wetland plants and microorganisms showed a high tolerance to those levels. These taxonomic groups are likely to play a key role in the cycling of the POPs, with an active role in their accumulation, immobilization, and degradation. Toxicity and biogeochemical processes varied markedly along three main axes; namely species, environmental conditions, and type of pollutant. While more focused research on newly and unintentionally produced POPs is needed, mainly in salt marshes and seagrass beds, with the information available so far, the environmental behavior, spatial distribution, and toxicity level of the studied POPs showed similar patterns across the three studied ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro Girones
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Ana L Oliva
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Vanesa L Negrin
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN)-FRBB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad FASTA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés H Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Zou H, Cui W, Wang ZL, Wang Z. The hitchhiker's guide to core samples: Key issues and lessons learned. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:867-885. [PMID: 31247435 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Core samples may be used as valuable geochronometers for storing historical pollution footprints of organic pollutants. A number of studies have used core samples to evaluate temporal depositions, loading inventories, and effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures. However, in order to get a reliable estimation, certain prerequisites must be satisfied to rule out various confounding factors such as biomixing and melting. This review aims to understand when core samples can or cannot be used as natural archives for organic pollutants. First, we systematically review existing studies of organic pollutants in soil, sediment and ice cores and possible factors that may influence post-depositional fate of chemicals. Then, building on field evidence, model simulation and laboratory leaching tests findings, we discuss issues of post-depositional downward movement in detail. To assist future core sample studies, we summarize lessons learned on study design in the context of sampling design, data analysis, and data reporting. In particular, the combination of a careful study design and appropriate numerical model(s) will help to elevate core samples as a more reliable tool for retrospective understanding of chemical pollution. This review is an initial step toward a better and more accurate use of core samples, and further interdisciplinary cooperation is needed to develop standardized protocols, guidelines and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wanqi Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhong-Liang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zurich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Giuliani S, Bellucci LG, Çağatay MN, Polonia A, Piazza R, Vecchiato M, Pizzini S, Gasperini L. The impact of the 1999 Mw 7.4 event in the İzmit Bay (Turkey) on anthropogenic contaminant (PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs) concentrations recorded in a deep sediment core. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:799-808. [PMID: 28291610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The 1999 Mw 7.4 earthquake triggered a tremendous human tragedy and had a great social impact over the population of the İzmit Bay, one of the most industrialized area of Turkey. Although the successive environmental disasters were well documented, information on its sedimentary record is lacking. The present research aims at filling this gap, through the analysis of organic contaminants (PCBs, PAHs, and PBDEs) in a dated sediment core collected in the depocenter of the Karamürsel Basin in 2005. Profiles of total PCBs and total PAHs overlap the timing of industrialization in the area (starting in the 1960s) with values increasing as the population and the number of industrial plants grew larger. Profiles for PBDEs are in accordance with increasing urban inputs but are probably affected by processes of natural formation and post-depositional mixing. The continuous sedimentary record is interrupted at a level dating back to 1980 due to the erosion caused by the 1999 earthquake, having removed a 5-7cm thick sediment layer. Contaminant concentrations in the deepest 10-15cm of a 30cm thick seismo-turbidite unit, triggered by the 1999 event, increase with the progressive fining up and evidence massive transport of sediments from coastal, more polluted sites of the north-eastern Karamürsel shelves and shores. Additional inputs of PAHs are also evident, originating from a fire at the oil refinery that followed the shaking. The effects of the earthquake generated tsunami, its backwash fluxes and the following seiches are not uniquely displayed by each class of contaminants, and they could probably reflect successive inputs deriving from different parts of the basin that are subject to anthropogenic impacts of different nature. Concentrations measured at the top of the core are consistent with an unvaried input of pollutants in the period 1980-2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giuliani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy.
| | - L G Bellucci
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - M N Çağatay
- ITÜ, EMCOL, Maden Fakültesi, Ayazağa, 8062, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Polonia
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - M Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - S Pizzini
- CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - L Gasperini
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
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Combi T, Miserocchi S, Langone L, Guerra R. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from the western Adriatic Sea: Sources, historical trends and inventories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:580-587. [PMID: 27110972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sources, historical trends and inventories of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in sediments collected in five transects along the north-south axis of the western Adriatic Sea. The concentration of total PCBs (∑28 PCBs) ranged from <LOD (limit of detection) to 9.0ngg(-1) in the sediment cores and between 0.1 and 2.2ngg(-1) in recent sediments. Chronological records of PCB concentrations displayed a common pattern with historical PCB production and use, with the maximum peak values detected between the 1960s and the 1980s. Sediments deposited within the last two decades presented a ~40% to ~80% PCB reduction in comparison to the peak levels, reflecting the ban on PCB production and use since the late 1970s. PCB levels along with the presence of high-chlorinated congeners decreased southwards, indicating the Po River as the major source of PCBs in the western Adriatic Sea. This is further corroborated by the estimated inventories of PCBs, which were ~4-7 times higher in the Po River prodelta (256ngcm(-2)) in comparison to the middle and southern Adriatic, respectively, and about 100 times higher than the in the deep Adriatic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Combi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (C.I.R.S.A.), University of Bologna, Campus di Ravenna, Ravenna 48123, Italy.
| | - Stefano Miserocchi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Langone
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Guerra
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (C.I.R.S.A.), University of Bologna, Campus di Ravenna, Ravenna 48123, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Piazza R, Bellucci LG, Giuliani S, Romano S, Frignani M, Pizzini S, Polo FP, Vecchiato M, Zambon S, El Moumni B. Can PBDE natural formation and degradation processes interfere with the identification of anthropogenic trends and sources? Evidences from sediments of the Nador Lagoon (Morocco). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 108:15-23. [PMID: 27216046 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the first results related to PBDE concentrations in sediments of the Nador Lagoon (N-E Morocco), an area endangered by different pollutant sources. Analyses were performed by HRGC-LRMS and confirmed by HRGC-HRMS on selected samples. Total surficial concentrations were 0.059-8.2ngg(-1). The maxima were found close to Nador City. Along the sedimentary records, the highest total concentrations (11 and 2.2ngg(-1)) were found at depths corresponding to times (1930s-1950s) when these chemicals were not yet produced. Dehydroxylation or demethoxylation of naturally occurring structural analogues of PBDEs under reducing conditions was suggested. BDE-47 dominated the congener compositions, while BDE-209, when present, could be detected only by HRGC-HRMS, proving that analytical degradation modified the original assemblage. Microbial anaerobic degradation could have changed congener compositions in sediments deposited from the 1970s to the 2000s. Current values are not harmful, but increasing trends call for constant monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | | | - Silvia Giuliani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Romano
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Frignani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sarah Pizzini
- CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Fabio Paolo Polo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Stefano Zambon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Bouchta El Moumni
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Tangier, BP 416, Ancienne Route de l'Aéroport, Km 10, Ziaten, Tangier, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, BP 745, Route de Rabat, Larache, Tangier Region, Morocco
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Giuliani S, Piazza R, El Moumni B, Polo FP, Vecchiato M, Romano S, Zambon S, Frignani M, Bellucci LG. Recognizing different impacts of human and natural sources on the spatial distribution and temporal trends of PAHs and PCBs (including PCB-11) in sediments of the Nador Lagoon (Morocco). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 526:346-357. [PMID: 25967480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Nador Lagoon holds a major interest in present-day Moroccan socioeconomic development. This environment is exposed to a number of potential polluting sources, such as mine tailings, urban and industrial dumping, and untreated wastewater inputs from surrounding cities. The aim of this study was to assess concentrations and trends of persistent contaminants such as PCBs and PAHs and to identify their origin. The non-Aroclor PCB-11 was determined for the first time in the lagoon sediments. Chronology and source assessment helped identifying the timing and nature of inputs and post-depositional processes controlling the two classes of contaminants: PAHs present a typical mixed petrogenic signature, with the exception of sediments deposited in the period 1930-1960 near the city of Nador, when pyrogenic inputs prevailed; PCBs show signs of microbial anaerobic degradation from 1950 to 1990, probably linked to changing hydrodynamic conditions in the South-Western part of the lagoon where agricultural inputs are dominant. The presence of PCB-11 is linked to specific productions and might be affected by degradation processes. Presently, different land uses (e.g., urban and agricultural areas) appear to be the key factors in controlling the level and composition of PAHs and PCBs in lagoon sediments. Total PAH and PCB levels are low (from 21.6 to 108 ng g(-1) and from 2.50 to 20.7 ng g(-1), respectively) but recent increasing values and the potential threat to humans and biota require continuous and constant monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giuliani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Bouchta El Moumni
- Dept. of Earth Sciences and Oceanography, Univ. of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, BP 745 Route de Rabat, Larache, Morocco
| | - Fabio Paolo Polo
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; Dept of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Univ. of Siena, Via Laterina 8, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Romano
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zambon
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Frignani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
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Xu W, Wang X, Cai Z. Analytical chemistry of the persistent organic pollutants identified in the Stockholm Convention: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 790:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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