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Salih ZR, Othman BA, Aweez SJ. Assessment of heavy metals in rainfall as an indicator of air pollution from Erbil Steel Factory in Iraq. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:319. [PMID: 38418638 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The goal of the current study is to evaluate the heavy metal rainfall contamination in the vicinity brought on by the Erbil Steel Factory in Iraq during the study period. The study's findings revealed the concentration of all studied heavy metals in the precipitation near and around the factory is significantly higher than that of the rural area of Barzan village which is used as a control site. The average concentration of the metals is in descending order manganese (Mn) > lead (Pb) > iron (Fe) > arsenic (As) > cobalt (Co) > selenium (Se) > mercury (Hg) > and cadmium (Cd) for the polluted site. The geo-accumulation index (I-geo) of the heavy metal Mn in the rainfall around the steel factory site is 6.28 > 5 which indicates extreme contamination. While the Igeo values of Cd, As, and Fe are 4.87, 4.54, and 4.04 > 4 that indicate heavy to extreme contamination, for Pb, 3.80 > 3 indicates moderate to heavy contamination, Cd 1.68 > 1 indicates moderate contamination, Hg 0.46 > 0 indicates uncontaminated to moderate contamination, and Se - 0.36 < 0 indicates uncontaminated. The pollution load index (PLI) of the rainwater around the steel factory site is 13.46 > 1, demonstrating that the area is highly metal-contaminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Rashid Salih
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.
| | | | - Shakar Jamal Aweez
- Department of Environmental Science and Health, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
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Ghani J, Nawab J, Faiq ME, Ullah S, Alam A, Ahmad I, Ali SW, Khan S, Ahmad I, Muhammad A, Ur Rahman SA, Abbas M, Rashid A, Hasan SZ, Hamza A. Multi-geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in urban children's park soils in Pakistan: A risk assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119961. [PMID: 35977638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, contamination of urban children's parks (UCPs) with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has been attracting more and more interest; however, assessment of eco-environmental and child exposure risks particularly in developing countries remains limited. The current study investigated PTE (Cr, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) concentrations, potential sources, and their health risk assessment in UCP soils of 12 major cities in Pakistan. The results showed that the mean concentration of Ni exceeded the SEPA-permissible limit in all UCP sites, while other PTEs were found to be within acceptable limits. The soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and soil particles size were determined in UCPs soils. The contamination factor and pollution load index results indicated low to moderate pollution levels (CF < 3) and (PLI<1) for all PTEs except Ni in some of the selected cities. Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plotting determined the normal distribution line for all PTEs in the UCPs. Principal component analysis showed the mixed sources of contamination from industrial emissions, fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emissions, wastewater irrigation, as well as solid waste disposal and natural sources of soil parent materials in all park sites. ANOVA results showed that all the PTEs except Cd had moderate to higher contamination values than the reference site. The risk assessment study revealed that children had high exposure to the selected PTEs via all exposure pathways. The hazard index (HI) mean value (1.82E+00) of Ni for all exposure pathways was greater than 1, while total risk value of Cr (1.00E-03) had exceeded USEPA limit, indicating cancer risk. Consequently, the study of UCPs soils revealed PTEs contamination that could pose a potential health risk to the local population in the studied UCPs regions of Pakistan. Thus, the present study recommends that the influx of PTEs originating from natural and anthropogenic sources should be mitigated and government should implement strict enforcement of environmental regulations and proper management, as well as air quality monitoring guidelines for public health should be strictly adopted to reduce traffic- and industrial emission-related to PTEs in metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad Eshaq Faiq
- College of Marine and Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Sajid Ullah
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, 2600, Afghanistan
| | - Arshad Alam
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asim Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aziz Ur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rashid
- School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shah Zaib Hasan
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Wang X, Birch GF, Liu E. Traffic emission dominates the spatial variations of metal contamination and ecological-health risks in urban park soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134155. [PMID: 35240153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metals in urban park soil are closely related to traffic emissions, which adversely affect soil quality and human health. However, little is known about the quantitative impacts of traffic on the spatial variations of metals in park soil after the banning of leaded gasoline. Herein, concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in surface soil of four recreational parks of Sydney (Ashfield, Robson, Lamberts and Leichhardt) were measured to evaluate their spatial characteristics in contamination, ecological and health risks and relationships with traffic emissions. Contamination of metals are assessed by contamination factor (CF). Normalized metal concentrations (<63 μm) in the park soil were 24-614, 23-3520 and 99-3060 mg kg-1 for Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively, and CFs ranged from 1.4 to 207, whose variations inter- and intra-parks were related to traffic volumes. Traffic emission accounted for 72-84% of metals contamination in soil of Ashfield, Robson and Lamberts by sites, whereas the values were 25-70% for Leichhardt due to the absence of a surrounding arterial road. In Ashfield and Robson Parks, metal concentrations from traffic decreased exponentially with distance from arterial roads. Metals in Lamberts Park and in areas near arterial roads in Ashfield and Robson Parks may raise ecological risk, and traffic sources contributed to 61-81% of the risk. The ranges of ecological risk zones away from arterial roads and average daily traffic volumes showed an exponential relationship. Copper and Zn in soil of the four parks have no non-carcinogenic health risk for children and adults, and Pb has negligible health risk for adults. Lead in Lamberts Park and in sites near arterial roads of Ashfield and Robson Parks may raise non-carcinogenic risk for children (HI > 1) due to traffic emissions. These results emphasize the remarkable influence of traffic emissions on urban soil metal, which can be predicated quantitatively by traffic volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250358, PR China
| | - Gavin F Birch
- Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Enfeng Liu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250358, PR China; Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Health Risks and Contamination Levels of Heavy Metals in Dusts from Parks and Squares of an Industrial City in Semi-Arid Area of China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14080886. [PMID: 28783109 PMCID: PMC5580590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The contamination characteristics and health risk of barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) in samples of dust gathered from squares and parks of Baotou city, an industrial city situated in a semi-arid location of the northwest China were investigated. The contents of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, Pb, and Zn in the collected dust samples were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, while the contents of As and Hg in the dust were investigated by use of the ICP-MS. Further, cadmium was quantified through the atomic absorption spectrometry. Levels of contamination of heavy metals analyzed in the dust samples were evaluated using the Geo-Accumulation index (Igeo) as well as through a Pollution Load Index (PLI). Their health risks to children and adults were evaluated based on the US EPA model of health risk. The findings portrayed that the mean concentrations of Ba, Co Cr, Cu, Pb, V, Cd, and Hg were elevated as compared with their local soil background values. Mean values of Igeo illustrate the order of Co > Cr> Cd > Hg > Pb > Cu > Ba > V > Ni > Mn > Zn > As. It was evident that dusts from the parks and squares were “unpolluted” to “moderately polluted”. Assessment of health risk depicts that ingestion is the foremost route of exposure in regard to the heavy metals, then the dermal adsorption follows. Hg exposure from dust might also set impending health threats to children. Besides, the cancer risks of Co, Cr, Ni, Cd, and As are considered to be within the presently tolerable range.
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Radiological and elemental analysis of soils from Hunza in Central Karakoram using gamma-ray spectrometry and k 0-instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pradhan JK, Kumar S. Informal e-waste recycling: environmental risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in Mandoli industrial area, Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7913-7928. [PMID: 24652574 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, e-waste is a major source of environmental problems and opportunities due to presence of hazardous elements and precious metals. This study was aimed to evaluate the pollution risk of heavy metal contamination by informal recycling of e-waste. Environmental risk assessment was determined using multivariate statistical analysis, index of geoaccumulation, enrichment factor, contamination factor, degree of contamination and pollution load index by analysing heavy metals in surface soils, plants and groundwater samples collected from and around informal recycling workshops in Mandoli industrial area, Delhi, India. Concentrations of heavy metals like As (17.08 mg/kg), Cd (1.29 mg/kg), Cu (115.50 mg/kg), Pb (2,645.31 mg/kg), Se (12.67 mg/kg) and Zn (776.84 mg/kg) were higher in surface soils of e-waste recycling areas compared to those in reference site. Level exceeded the values suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). High accumulations of heavy metals were also observed in the native plant samples (Cynodon dactylon) of e-waste recycling areas. The groundwater samples collected form recycling area had high heavy metal concentrations as compared to permissible limit of Indian Standards and maximum allowable limit of WHO guidelines for drinking water. Multivariate analysis and risk assessment studies based on total metal content explains the clear-cut differences among sampling sites and a strong evidence of heavy metal pollution because of informal recycling of e-waste. This study put forward that prolonged informal recycling of e-waste may accumulate high concentration of heavy metals in surface soils, plants and groundwater, which will be a matter of concern for both environmental and occupational hazards. This warrants an immediate need of remedial measures to reduce the heavy metal contamination of e-waste recycling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatindra Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India,
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