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Timpe AW, Seibel BA. Correcting systematic error in PO 2 measurement to improve measures of oxygen supply capacity (α). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 298:111737. [PMID: 39244081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
An organism's oxygen supply capacity, measured as a ratio of a metabolic rate to its critical oxygen partial pressure, describes the efficacy of oxygen uptake and transport. This metric is sensitive to errors in oxygen measurement, especially near anoxia where the magnitude of instrument error as a proportion of total signal is magnified. Here, we present a conceptual and mathematical method that uses this sensitivity to identify, quantify, and therefore correct oxygen measurements collected using inaccurately calibrated sensors. When appropriate, adding a small correction value to each oxygen measurement counteracts the effects of this error and provides results that are comparable to data from accurately calibrated oxygen probes. We demonstrate, using simulated, laboratory, and literature datasets, how this method can be used post hoc to diagnose error in, correct the magnitude of, and reduce the variability in repeat measures of traits relevant to oxygen tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Timpe
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 830 1(st) St. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Brad A Seibel
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 830 1(st) St. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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2
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Lisowski MD, Korobova EV, Naumova AO, Sedishev IP, Markova AA, Nguyen MT, Kuzmin VA, Nichugovskiy AI, Arlyapov VA, Yashtulov NA, Melnikov PV. Oligohexamethylene Guanidine Derivative as a Means to Prevent Biological Fouling of a Polymer-Based Composite Optical Oxygen Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4508. [PMID: 38231936 PMCID: PMC10708396 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of biocidal agents is a common practice for protection against biofouling in biomass-rich environments. In this paper, oligohexamethyleneguanidine (OHMG) polymer, known for its biocidal properties, was further modified with para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) to enhance its properties against microorganisms coated with a lipid membrane. The structure of the product was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. The values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis 449 were found to be 1.40 and 1.05 μg/mL, respectively. The synthesized substance was used as an additive to the polymer matrix of the composite optical oxygen sensor material. A series of samples with different contents of OHMG-PAS was prepared using a co-dissolution method implying the fabrication of a coating from a solution containing both polymers. It turned out that the mutual influence of the components significantly affects the distribution of the indicator in the matrix, surface morphology, and contact angle. The optimal polymer content turned out to be wt.3%, at which point the water contact angle reaches almost 122°, and the fouling rate decreases by almost five times, which is confirmed by both the respiratory MTT assay and confocal microscopy with staining. This opens up prospects for creating stable and biofouling-resistant sensor elements for use in air tanks or seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim D. Lisowski
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.L.); (E.V.K.); (A.O.N.); (I.P.S.); (A.I.N.); (N.A.Y.)
| | - Elizaveta V. Korobova
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.L.); (E.V.K.); (A.O.N.); (I.P.S.); (A.I.N.); (N.A.Y.)
| | - Alina O. Naumova
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.L.); (E.V.K.); (A.O.N.); (I.P.S.); (A.I.N.); (N.A.Y.)
| | - Igor P. Sedishev
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.L.); (E.V.K.); (A.O.N.); (I.P.S.); (A.I.N.); (N.A.Y.)
| | - Alina A. Markova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (M.T.N.); (V.A.K.)
- Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Minh Tuan Nguyen
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (M.T.N.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Vladimir A. Kuzmin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (M.T.N.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Artemiy I. Nichugovskiy
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.L.); (E.V.K.); (A.O.N.); (I.P.S.); (A.I.N.); (N.A.Y.)
| | - Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov
- Research Center “BioChemTech”, Tula State University, 92 Lenin Avenue, 300012 Tula, Russia;
| | - Nikolay A. Yashtulov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.L.); (E.V.K.); (A.O.N.); (I.P.S.); (A.I.N.); (N.A.Y.)
| | - Pavel V. Melnikov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.L.); (E.V.K.); (A.O.N.); (I.P.S.); (A.I.N.); (N.A.Y.)
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3
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Schwarz M, Trippel J, Engelhart M, Wagner M. Determination of alpha factors for monitoring of aeration systems with the ex situ off-gas method: experience from practical application and estimation of measurement uncertainty. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87950-87968. [PMID: 35829889 PMCID: PMC9672027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Performance of aeration systems in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) under process conditions can be monitored with off-gas tests. The ex situ off-gas method transfers activated sludge from an adjacent aeration tank into aerated columns to determine oxygen transfer parameters (e.g., the α-factor). This method is an alternative to in situ off-gas testing with hoods at the tank surface; however, its application and measurement uncertainty have not been examined yet. We outline our experience from long-term off-gas testing with two pilot-scale test reactors (8.3 m3 volume). Global variance-based sensitivity analysis using Sobol' indices revealed oxygen concentration in off-gas and dissolved oxygen as the most important input quantities to determine α-factors accurately. Measurement uncertainty of other instruments was negligible. These findings are transferable to in situ off-gas hoods because the methods are similar. Random measurement error of α-factors was estimated with uncertainty analysis and comparison measurements to a relative standard deviation of about ± 2.8% for our ex situ pilot setup. Diffuser fouling, biofilm growth, or sensor drift caused systematic errors avoidable by maintenance. Additional mixing of bubble column due to sludge inflow into ex situ tanks led to a systematic overestimation of α-factors at lower airflow rates. Hence, the ex situ off-gas method is not suitable to determine α-factors for the design of aeration systems but offers unique possibilities for research of oxygen transfer dynamics and development of aeration equipment because ex situ columns can be operated independently from a full-scale activated sludge tank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schwarz
- Institute IWAR, Chair of Wastewater Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Str. 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jana Trippel
- Institute IWAR, Chair of Wastewater Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Str. 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Engelhart
- Institute IWAR, Chair of Wastewater Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Str. 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute IWAR, Chair of Wastewater Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Str. 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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4
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Melnikov PV, Alexandrovskaya AY, Naumova AO, Arlyapov VA, Kamanina OA, Popova NM, Zaitsev NK, Yashtulov NA. Optical Oxygen Sensing and Clark Electrode: Face-to-Face in a Biosensor Case Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197626. [PMID: 36236726 PMCID: PMC9572888 DOI: 10.3390/s22197626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been continuous competition between two methods for detecting the concentration of dissolved oxygen: amerometric (Clark electrode) and optical (quenching of the phosphorescence of the porphyrin metal complex). Each of them has obvious advantages and disadvantages. This competition is especially acute in the development of biosensors, however, an unbiased comparison is extremely difficult to achieve, since only a single detection method is used in each particular study. In this work, a microfluidic system with synchronous detection of the oxygen concentration by two methods was created for the purpose of direct comparison. The receptor element is represented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells adsorbed on a composite material, previously developed by our scientific group. To our knowledge, this is the first work of this kind in which the comparison of the oxygen detection methods is carried out directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V. Melnikov
- M. V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Prosp. Vernadskogo 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anastasia Yu. Alexandrovskaya
- M. V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Prosp. Vernadskogo 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Research and Technical Center of Radiation-Chemical Safety and Hygiene, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, 117105 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina O. Naumova
- M. V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Prosp. Vernadskogo 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds and Biocomposites, Tula State University, Lenin Prosp. 92, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Olga A. Kamanina
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds and Biocomposites, Tula State University, Lenin Prosp. 92, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Nadezhda M. Popova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 31 k. 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nikolay A. Yashtulov
- M. V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Prosp. Vernadskogo 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Dang T, Maeda Y, Fujii Y, Takenaka N. Optimization of Procedure for Determining Dissolved Oxygen in Surface Water and Seawater Exploiting the UV-vis Absorption of Mn(III) Species. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1517-1523. [PMID: 33867404 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present an analytical method for dissolved oxygen based on the quantification of Mn(III) absorbance in a water sample. After Mn(II) reacts with the oxygen molecules in water, Mn(III) is formed and stabilized by hexa-metaphosphate under acidic conditions. The UV visible absorbance of Mn(III) is proportional to the oxygen concentration in the water sample. Compared to the Winkler method, the proposed method has the same accuracy (R = 0.9992 at 0 - 52 mg dm-3) but requires fewer reagents; furthermore, it does not involve titration. Interferences from nitrite and iodate were not observed. This procedure can be used to accurately and quickly determine the oxygen concentrations in different natural water sources, including seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Dang
- Graduated School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Yasuaki Maeda
- Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Yusuke Fujii
- Graduated School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Graduated School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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Penso CM, Rocha JL, Martins MS, Sousa PJ, Pinto VC, Minas G, Silva MM, Goncalves LM. PtOEP-PDMS-Based Optical Oxygen Sensor. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165645. [PMID: 34451087 PMCID: PMC8402405 DOI: 10.3390/s21165645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The advanced and widespread use of microfluidic devices, which are usually fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), requires the integration of many sensors, always compatible with microfluidic fabrication processes. Moreover, current limitations of the existing optical and electrochemical oxygen sensors regarding long-term stability due to sensor degradation, biofouling, fabrication processes and cost have led to the development of new approaches. Thus, this manuscript reports the development, fabrication and characterization of a low-cost and highly sensitive dissolved oxygen optical sensor based on a membrane of PDMS doped with platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) film, fabricated using standard microfluidic materials and processes. The excellent mechanical and chemical properties (high permeability to oxygen, anti-biofouling characteristics) of PDMS result in membranes with superior sensitivity compared with other matrix materials. The wide use of PtOEP in sensing applications, due to its advantage of being easily synthesized using microtechnologies, its strong phosphorescence at room temperature with a quantum yield close to 50%, its excellent Strokes Shift as well as its relatively long lifetime (75 µs), provide the suitable conditions for the development of a miniaturized luminescence optical oxygen sensor allowing long-term applications. The influence of the PDMS film thickness (0.1–2.5 mm) and the PtOEP concentration (363, 545, 727 ppm) in luminescent properties are presented. This enables to achieve low detection levels in a gas media range from 0.5% up to 20%, and in liquid media from 0.5 mg/L up to 3.3 mg/L at 1 atm, 25 °C. As a result, we propose a simple and cost-effective system based on a LED membrane photodiode system to detect low oxygen concentrations for in situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M. Penso
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.M.P.); (J.L.R.); (M.S.M.); (P.J.S.); (V.C.P.); (L.M.G.)
| | - João L. Rocha
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.M.P.); (J.L.R.); (M.S.M.); (P.J.S.); (V.C.P.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Marcos S. Martins
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.M.P.); (J.L.R.); (M.S.M.); (P.J.S.); (V.C.P.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Paulo J. Sousa
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.M.P.); (J.L.R.); (M.S.M.); (P.J.S.); (V.C.P.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Vânia C. Pinto
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.M.P.); (J.L.R.); (M.S.M.); (P.J.S.); (V.C.P.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Graça Minas
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.M.P.); (J.L.R.); (M.S.M.); (P.J.S.); (V.C.P.); (L.M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria M. Silva
- Chemistry Department and Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Luís M. Goncalves
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.M.P.); (J.L.R.); (M.S.M.); (P.J.S.); (V.C.P.); (L.M.G.)
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Dang T, Kawagishi H, Fujii Y, Okitsu K, Maeda Y, Takenaka N. Development of a Photometric Method to Measure Molecular Oxygen in Water. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:839-844. [PMID: 33071265 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A photometric method to determine molecular oxygen in water was developed. When manganese(II) is oxidized by oxygen under alkaline conditions, the presence of polyphosphate can prevent precipitation due to a coacervate reaction. The oxidized manganese later dissolves in acid to form a pink Mn(III) species, which has a stable UV/vis spectrum. Monitoring of the oxygen concentration based on the absorbance of the pink Mn(III) species at 517 nm showed a strong correlation with both the Winkler method and an optical sensor. As a result, the present method can measure not only dissolved oxygen, but also fine bubbles oxygen in in the water sample with high reliability (0 - 26 mg dm-3, r2 = 0.9995). During this process, no significant interference from nitrite or metal ions was observed. The accuracy of the measurement was steady at high temperatures of the water samples (≤ 363 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Dang
- Graduated School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | | | - Yusuke Fujii
- Graduated School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Kenji Okitsu
- Graduated School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Yasuaki Maeda
- Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Graduated School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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Photorespiration: The Futile Cycle? PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050908. [PMID: 34062784 PMCID: PMC8147352 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Photorespiration, or C2 photosynthesis, is generally considered a futile cycle that potentially decreases photosynthetic carbon fixation by more than 25%. Nonetheless, many essential processes, such as nitrogen assimilation, C1 metabolism, and sulfur assimilation, depend on photorespiration. Most studies of photosynthetic and photorespiratory reactions are conducted with magnesium as the sole metal cofactor despite many of the enzymes involved in these reactions readily associating with manganese. Indeed, when manganese is present, the energy efficiency of these reactions may improve. This review summarizes some commonly used methods to quantify photorespiration, outlines the influence of metal cofactors on photorespiratory enzymes, and discusses why photorespiration may not be as wasteful as previously believed.
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Pham TTP, Nguyen PHD, Nguyen TTV, Duong HTL. Self-build packed-bed bioreactor for rapid and effective BOD estimation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25656-25667. [PMID: 31267402 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrated a simple, low-cost, rapid, and effective biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) estimation system based on a packed-bed bioreactor that can be easily self-built on-site at a particular wastewater treatment plant for continuous monitoring of the influent and effluent. The use of natural microbial consortium that were collected from the target wastewater and immobilized on a cheap porous carrier simply by adhesion resulted in an acceptable accuracy of over 95%. The newly developed semi-continuous operating mode with peak-type signals was shown to be able to continuously estimate BOD at a high flow rate to overcome the flow dependence of the oxygen electrode, limit clogging issues, enhance the response time, and lower the limit of detection. The resulting packed-bed bioreactors could work continuously for 22 h with a coefficient of variance (CoV) of only 1.8% or for 13 h a day for several days with a maximum CoV of 1.4% and their response was observed to be stable over 80 consecutive measurements. They exhibited stable responses at a wide pH range of 6.5-8.5, which is also the recommended range for aerobic wastewater treatment, emphasizing the greater ease of use of natural microorganisms for BOD estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Phuong Pham
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1 Mac Dinh Chi Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Phuc Hoang Duy Nguyen
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1 Mac Dinh Chi Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1 Mac Dinh Chi Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Thanh Linh Duong
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1 Mac Dinh Chi Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Rivera KR, Yokus MA, Erb PD, Pozdin VA, Daniele M. Measuring and regulating oxygen levels in microphysiological systems: design, material, and sensor considerations. Analyst 2019; 144:3190-3215. [PMID: 30968094 PMCID: PMC6564678 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As microfabrication techniques and tissue engineering methods improve, microphysiological systems (MPS) are being engineered that recapitulate complex physiological and pathophysiological states to supplement and challenge traditional animal models. Although MPS provide unique microenvironments that transcend common 2D cell culture, without proper regulation of oxygen content, MPS often fail to provide the biomimetic environment necessary to activate and investigate fundamental pathways of cellular metabolism and sub-cellular level. Oxygen exists in the human body in various concentrations and partial pressures; moreover, it fluctuates dramatically depending on fasting, exercise, and sleep patterns. Regulating oxygen content inside MPS necessitates a sensitive biological sensor to quantify oxygen content in real-time. Measuring oxygen in a microdevice is a non-trivial requirement for studies focused on understanding how oxygen impacts cellular processes, including angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Quantifying oxygen inside a microdevice can be achieved via an array of technologies, with each method having benefits and limitations in terms of sensitivity, limits of detection, and invasiveness that must be considered and optimized. This article will review oxygen physiology in organ systems and offer comparisons of organ-specific MPS that do and do not consider oxygen microenvironments. Materials used in microphysiological models will also be analyzed in terms of their ability to control oxygen. Finally, oxygen sensor technologies are critically compared and evaluated for use in MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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