1
|
Do SD, Haque MN, Kim J, Im DH, Rhee JS. Acute and chronic effects of triclosan on the behavior, physiology, and multigenerational characteristics of the water flea Moina macrocopa. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109810. [PMID: 38061617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan, a chlorinated biphenyl ether is widely used in industrial products and cosmetics due to its antibiotic activity. Although relatively levels of triclosan have been detected in aquatic ecosystems, limited information is available regarding the acute and chronic impacts of triclosan on aquatic invertebrates, especially planktonic crustaceans. In this study, we analyzed the acute (24 h) and chronic (14 days exposure across three generations) effects of different concentrations of triclosan [1/10 of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the NOEC, and 1/10 of the LC50] calculated from the 24 h acute toxicity value, on the water flea Moina macrocopa. In the acute exposure experiment, the 1/10 LC50 value of triclosan significantly reduced survival, feeding rate, thoracic limb activity, heart activity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. In response to the 1/10 LC50 value, intracellular reactive oxygen species increased along with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione. Enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly increased by the 1/10 LC50 value, suggesting active protection of the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress. Chronic exposure to the 1/10 NOEC and NOEC values revealed multigenerational adverse impacts of triclosan. The second generation was found to be the most sensitive to triclosan, as the NOEC value significantly reduced the survival rate, body length, and the number of neonates per brood, along with a delayed hatching period. Taken together, these results indicate that even sublethal levels of triclosan can have detrimental effects on the water flea population's maintenance through intergenerational toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Duk Do
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Md Niamul Haque
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Jaehee Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Im
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon 22012, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ngeno E, Ongulu R, Orata F, Matovu H, Shikuku V, Onchiri R, Mayaka A, Majanga E, Getenga Z, Gichumbi J, Ssebugere P. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants in Kenya, East Africa: Concentrations, removal efficiency, mass loading rates and ecological impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117076. [PMID: 37683795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the levels, mass loadings, removal efficiency, and associated ecotoxicological risks of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely, dibutylphthalate (DBP), diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), dimethylphthalate (DMP), linuron (LNR) and progesterone (PGT) in wastewater, sludge, and untreated dry biosolid (UDBS) samples from twelve wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in nine major towns in Kenya. Analysis was done using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All the wastewater influents had quantifiable levels of EDCs with DBP being the most abundant (37.49%) with a range of 4.33 ± 0.63 to 19.68 ± 1.24 μg L-1. DEHP was the most abundant in sludge and accounted for 48.2% ranging between 278.67 and 9243.49 ng g-1 dry weight (dw). In the UDBS samples, DEHP was also the most abundant (40%) of the total EDCs detected with levels ranging from 78.77 to 3938.54 ng g-1 dw. The average removal efficiency per pollutant was as follows: DMP (98.7%) > DEHP (91.7%) > PGT (83.4%) > DBP (77.9%) > LNR (72.2%) which can be attributed to sorption onto the biosolid, biological degradation, photolysis, and phytoremediation. The pH was negatively correlated to the EDC concentrations while total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and electrical conductivity (EC) were positively correlated. The mass loadings were as high as 373.33 g day-1 of DBP in the treatment plants located in densely populated cities. DEHP and PGT had their Risk Quotients (RQs) > 1, posing a high risk to biota. DMP, DBP, and LNR posed medium risks as their RQ values were between 0.1 and 1. EDCs are therefore loaded to environmental compartments through either the effluent that loads these pollutants into the receiving aquatic ecosystem or through the UDBS, which are used as fertilizers in agricultural farmlands causing potential toxicological risks to aquatic and terrestrial life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ngeno
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya; Department of Physical Sciences, Kaimosi Friends University, P.O Box 385-50309, Kaimosi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Roselyn Ongulu
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Francis Orata
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P.O Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Victor Shikuku
- Department of Physical Sciences, Kaimosi Friends University, P.O Box 385-50309, Kaimosi, Kenya
| | - Richard Onchiri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Mombasa, P.O Box 000-80100, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Abel Mayaka
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, P.O Box 15653-00503, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice Majanga
- Department of Social Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Zachary Getenga
- Department of Physical Sciences, Machakos University, P.O Box 136-90100, Machakos, Kenya
| | - Joel Gichumbi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Chuka University, P.O Box 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Botha TL, Bamuza-Pemu E, Roopnarain A, Ncube Z, De Nysschen G, Ndaba B, Mokgalaka N, Bello-Akinosho M, Adeleke R, Mushwana A, van der Laan M, Mphahlele P, Vilakazi F, Jaca P, Ubomba-Jaswa E. Development of a GIS-based knowledge hub for contaminants of emerging concern in South African water resources using open-source software: Lessons learnt. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13007. [PMID: 36747952 PMCID: PMC9898659 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With population growth and dwindling freshwater sources, protecting such sources has come to the forefront of water resource management. Historically, society's response to a problem is based on funding availability, current threat, and public outcry. Achieving this is largely dependent on the knowledge of the factors that are resulting in compromised water sources. These factors are constantly changing as novel contaminants are introduced into surface water sources. As we are in the information age, the interest in contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) is gaining ground. Whilst research is being conducted to identify contaminants in South African water sources, the research outputs and available information is not collated and presented to the science community and stakeholders in readily available formats and platforms. Current research outcomes need to be made known to regulators in order to develop environmental laws. By using fourth industrial revolution technology, we were able to collate available data in literature and display these in a user-friendly online format to regulatory bodies as well as researchers. A standardized excel spreadsheet was developed and uploaded to a PostgreSQL, running a PostGIS extension and was then processed in the GeoServer to allow for visualization on an interactive map which can be continuously updated. The near real-time access to information will reduce the possibility of duplication of research efforts, enhance collaboration in the discipline, and act as a CEC early warning system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Lee Botha
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Corresponding author. Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Emomotimi Bamuza-Pemu
- OptimalEnviro; Postnet Suite 073, Private Bag X21, Queenswood, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa
| | - Ashira Roopnarain
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zibusiso Ncube
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gert De Nysschen
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Busiswa Ndaba
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ntebogeng Mokgalaka
- University of Pretoria, Mamelodi Campus, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Tshwane University of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Maryam Bello-Akinosho
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa
| | - Akani Mushwana
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael van der Laan
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) – Natural Resources and Engineering, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Phedisho Mphahlele
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Fanelesibonge Vilakazi
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa
| | - Penny Jaca
- Water Research Commission, Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Water Research Commission, Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Zhan W, Ren J, Zhang F, Huang X, Ma Y. Temporal trends in risk of bisphenol A, benzophenone-3 and triclosan exposure among U.S. children and adolescents aged 6-19 years: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114474. [PMID: 36202243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenolic compounds with potential adverse health effects are gradually being replaced. Little is known about the potential health risks of BPA, BP3, and TCS exposure in children and adolescents aged 6-19 years in the United States. OBJECTIVES To determine trends and rates of change in hazard indices (HI) for three phenolics in U.S. children and adolescents for BPA, BP3, TCS, and to assess changes in gender, race/ethnicity, age, and potential health risks. METHODS Metabolic biomonitoring data from field-collected urine samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were utilized. Daily intake of three phenols (bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, and triclosan) between 2005 and 2016 in children and adolescents were obtained. Cumulative risk indicators, including hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and maximum cumulative ratio (MCR), were used for the health risk assessment of the three phenols. RESULTS During this period, the change in LSGM HI was -2.9% per cycle [95% Cl: (-3.7%, -2.2%)], and the percentage of participants with HI > 0.1 decreased from 15.6% to 10.5%. Children (6-11 years) had higher mean HI values than adolescents (12-19 years), while female had higher LSGM HI values than male. MCR values were generally low and negatively correlated with HI. However, the average value of MCR increased from 1.722 to 2.107 during this period. CONCLUSION Exposure to phenolics among U.S. children and adolescents has changed in recent decades. However, gaps in data limit the interpretation of trends but legislative activity and advocacy campaigns by nongovernmental organizations may play a role in changing trends. Moreover, there are growing concerns about the potential health risks associated with exposure to multiple phenols in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Jingyi Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li L, Dong Y, Chen Y, Jiao J, Zou X. A New Method for Environmental Risk Assessment of Pollutants Based on Multi-Dimensional Risk Factors. TOXICS 2022; 10:659. [PMID: 36355950 PMCID: PMC9697580 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollutant discharge causing the deterioration of the watershed environment has seriously threatened human health and ecosystem function. The importance of improving the risk warning system is becoming more and more prominent. Traditional chemical risk assessment methods focused on toxicity and the exposure of pollutants without considering the impact of persistent pollutants in different environmental media. In this study, a new approach was proposed to reflect multi-dimensional evaluation with a synthetic risk factor (SRF) of pollutants. The integrating parameters of SRF include toxicity endpoint values, environmental exposure level, persistent properties, and compartment features. Selected pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, organophosphate esters and endocrine disruptors were analyzed by the proposed and traditional methods. The results showed a higher risk outcome using SRF analysis for PFOS, imazalil, testosterone, androstenedione and bisphenol A, which were different from those obtained by the traditional method, which were consistent with existing risk management. The study demonstrated that the SRF method improved the risk assessment of various pollutants in different environmental media in a more robust fashion, and also provided a more accurate decision basis for ecological environment protection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Du M, Li T, Zhu W, Shi Y, Chen X, Wang C, Fan J. In-situ formation of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the enrichment and quantitative determination of triclosan in personal care products and environmental water samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Antony S, Antony S, Rebello S, George S, Biju DT, R R, Madhavan A, Binod P, Pandey A, Sindhu R, Awasthi MK. Bioremediation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals- Advancements and Challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113509. [PMID: 35660566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), major group of recalcitrant compounds, poses a serious threat to the health and future of millions of human beings, and other flora and fauna for years to come. A close analysis of various xenobiotics undermines the fact that EDC is structurally diverse chemical compounds generated as a part of anthropogenic advancements as well as part of their degradation. Regardless of such structural diversity, EDC is common in their ultimate drastic effect of impeding the proper functioning of the endocrinal system, basic physiologic systems, resulting in deregulated growth, malformations, and cancerous outcomes in animals as well as humans. The current review outlines an overview of various EDCs, their toxic effects on the ecosystem and its inhabitants. Conventional remediation methods such as physico-chemical methods and enzymatic approaches have been put into action as some form of mitigation measures. However, the last decade has seen the hunt for newer technologies and methodologies at an accelerated pace. Genetically engineered microbial degradation, gene editing strategies, metabolic and protein engineering, and in-silico predictive approaches - modern day's additions to our armamentarium in combating the EDCs are addressed. These additions have greater acceptance socially with lesser dissonance owing to reduced toxic by-products, lower health trepidations, better degradation, and ultimately the prevention of bioaccumulation. The positive impact of such new approaches on controlling the menace of EDCs has been outlaid. This review will shed light on sources of EDCs, their impact, significance, and the different remediation and bioremediation approaches, with a special emphasis on the recent trends and perspectives in using sustainable approaches for bioremediation of EDCs. Strict regulations to prevent the release of estrogenic chemicals to the ecosystem, adoption of combinatorial methods to remove EDC and prevalent use of bioremediation techniques should be followed in all future endeavors to combat EDC pollution. Moreover, the proper development, growth and functioning of future living forms relies on their non-exposure to EDCs, thus remediation of such chemicals present even in nano-concentrations should be addressed gravely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Antony
- Department of Microbiology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, 689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Sham Antony
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thriuvalla, 689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Sharrel Rebello
- School of Food Science & Technology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Sandhra George
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thriuvalla, 689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Devika T Biju
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thriuvalla, 689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Reshmy R
- Department of Science and Humanities, Providence College of Engineering, Chengannur, 689 122, Kerala, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum, 695 014, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691 505, Kerala, India.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Occurrence and Fate of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Selected Wastewater Systems across Durban Metropolis, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116769. [PMID: 35682351 PMCID: PMC9180842 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial agents that have been used in personal care and consumer products in the past decades. In this study, influent, effluent, and sludge samples collected in selected wastewater treatment plants across the Durban metropolis were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated. It was revealed that the concentration of TCS ranged from 1.906 to 73.462 µg/L, from 1.732 to 6.980 µg/L, and from 0.138 to 2.455 µg/kg in influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. The concentrations of TCC were found to be between 0.320 and 45.261 µg/L, <LOQ−1.103 µg/L, and from 0.107 to 8.827 µg/kg in the influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. Higher concentrations of TCS as compared with TCC were observed in the aqueous samples. However, the concentrations of TCC in the sludge samples were significantly higher than the level of TCS. More water solubility of TCS could be responsible for the observed trend in the influent and effluent samples, while the trend observed in the sludge could be due to the more hydrophobicity character of TCC. The results of this study indicated that substantial amounts of TCS and TCC are been removed during the treatment process which could be a major reason for the decline in the levels recorded in the effluent samples, therefore, reducing the amount of the TCS and TCC that would eventually end up in the surface rivers. Qualitative analyses of the samples indicated the presence of caffeine, tert-butylhydroquinone, chloroxylenol, phenol, 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethyl butyl), and dimethyl-bisphenol A. Further investigative ecological risk assessment studies are crucial due to the potential threat the contaminants may pose to aquatic lives and humans.
Collapse
|
9
|
Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed Artemia franciscana and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5030038. [PMID: 35645346 PMCID: PMC9149995 DOI: 10.3390/mps5030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture, a mass supplier of seafood, relies on plastic materials that may contain the endocrine disruptors bisphenol-A (BPA) and tert-octylphenol (t-OCT). These pollutants present toxicity to Artemia, the live aquaculture feed, and are transferred through it to the larval stages of the cultured organisms. The purpose of this work is the development and validation of an analytical method to determine BPA and t-OCT in Artemia and their culture medium, using n-octylphenol as the internal standard. Extraction of the samples was performed with H2O/TFA (0.08%)–methanol (3:1), followed by SPE. Analysis was performed in a Nucleosil column with mobile phases A (95:5, v/v, 0.1% TFA in H2O:CH3CN) and B (5:95, v/v, 0.08% TFA in H2O:CH3CN). Calibration curves were constructed in the range of concentrations expected following a 24 h administration of BPA (10 μg/mL) or t-OCT (0.5 μg/mL), below their respective LC50. At the end of exposure to the pollutants, their total levels appeared reduced by about 32% for BPA and 35% for t-OCT, and this reduction could not be accounted for by photodegradation (9–19%). The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision, demonstrating the uptake of BPA and t-OCT in Artemia.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dar OI, Aslam R, Sharma S, Jia AQ, Kaur A, Faggio C. Biomolecular alterations in the early life stages of four food fish following acute exposure of Triclosan. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 91:103820. [PMID: 35123018 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of acute concentrations of triclosan (TCS; 96 h exposure and 10d post exposure) on the free amino acid, primary (SDS-PAGE) and secondary (FT-IR) structure of proteins in the embryos/larvae of Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. A concentration dependent increase in free amino acids, upregulation of polypeptides (100 and 70 kDa in C. carpio, C. idella and L. rohita, 55, 45, 36 kda in C. idella and L. rohita and 22 kDa in all the fish) and a decline in percent area of all the selected peaks of the FT-IR spectra was observed after exposure and recovery period. The decline in percent area was greatest for L. rohita at peak 1080 - 1088 cm-1 (-75.99%) after exposure and at peak 2854 - 2855 cm-1 (-53.59%) after recovery. Curve fitting analysis revealed a decrease in α-helices and increase in β-sheets in all fish after exposure and recovery period. The results suggest that TCS elicits alterations in biomolecules of fish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India.
| | - Raouf Aslam
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Ai-Qun Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Panieri E, Buha-Đorđevic A, Saso L. Endocrine disruption by PFAS: A major concern associated with legacy and replacement substances. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-34197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perand poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been used for decades in a great variety of processes and products by virtue of their exceptional properties, versatility and chemical stability. Nevertheless, it is increasingly recognized that these substances can represent a serious hazard to human health and living organisms due to their persistence, long-range transport potential and tendency to accumulate in biota. For this reason, some efforts have been made across the EU to identify alternative molecules, with a shorter carbon chain and theoretically safer profile, that might replace the previous generation of legacy PFAS. Unfortunately, this strategy has not been entirely successful and serious concerns are still posed by PFAS in different human populations. Among others, an emerging aspect is represented by the adverse effects that both legacy and alternative PFAS can exert on the human endocrine system, with respect to vulnerable target subpopulations. In this review we will briefly summarize PFAS properties, uses and environmental fate, focusing on their effects on human reproductive capacity and fertility, body weight control and obesity as well as thyroid function.
Collapse
|