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Gluščić V, Žužul S, Pehnec G, Jakovljević I, Smoljo I, Godec R, Bešlić I, Milinković A, Alempijević SB, Frka S. Sources, Ionic Composition and Acidic Properties of Bulk and Wet Atmospheric Deposition in the Eastern Middle Adriatic Region. TOXICS 2023; 11:551. [PMID: 37505517 PMCID: PMC10383331 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric bulk and wet deposition samples were collected simultaneously at the background coastal site in the Eastern Middle Adriatic region in order to assess the impact of major ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+) on deposition acidity and distinguish the main sources. Higher ion levels were observed during the cold period, especially for Cl-, Na+, Mg2+ and K+. Dust intrusion caused significant increases in levels of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, while open-fire events increased the levels of K+. Deposition acidity showed seasonal differences as well as the influence of dust intrusion. Low ionic balance ratios indicated acidic deposition properties and the presence of organic anions. The highest neutralization ability was found for Ca2+, Na+ and NH4+. Several natural (marine, crustal) and anthropogenic sources were determined, as well as the formation of secondary aerosols. Wet deposition was characterized by higher contribution of sea salt fraction compared to bulk deposition and lower contribution of crustal fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gluščić
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silva Žužul
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Smoljo
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Milinković
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saranda Bakija Alempijević
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Scatigno C, Prieto-Taboada N, Festa G, Madariaga JM. Soluble Salts Quantitative Characterization and Thermodynamic Modeling on Roman Bricks to Assess the Origin of Their Formation. Molecules 2021; 26:2866. [PMID: 34066114 PMCID: PMC8150792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental weathering and the formation of efflorescences on the brick walls are studied at the "Casa di Diana" Mithraeum at Ostia Antica archaeological site. Previous studies on subsoil, bedrock, hydrological systems and environmental conditions, and new ion chromatography analysis combined with ECOS-RUNSALT and Medusa-Hydra thermodynamic modelling software, had allowed us to identify the subsoil contamination related to soluble salts. The atmospheric acidic gases, CO2 and SO2, are determined as the main salt weathering species. A dry deposition after a subsequent hydration action from the shallow freshwater aquifer that reaches up to 1 m on the walls is identified as the mechanism of salt formation. An evaluation of potential sources such as the nearby Fiumicino airport, CO2-rich gases inputs from fumaroles and CO2 inputs was also debated. The risk level of contamination the surfaces of the materials should be considered mildly/very polluted with a medium/high risk of hygroscopic moisture due to the high concentration of sulphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scatigno
- CREF-Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Via Panisperna 89 a, c/o Piazza del Viminale 1, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nagore Prieto-Taboada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, UPV-EHU, P° Manuel Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia, Spain;
| | - Giulia Festa
- CREF-Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Via Panisperna 89 a, c/o Piazza del Viminale 1, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain;
- Unesco Chair of Cultural Landscapes and Heritage, UPV-EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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