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Leoni F, Sacchini L, Pieralisi S, Angelico G, Magistrali CF, Cucco L, Massacci FR, Albini E, Duranti A, Cammà C, Secondini B, Rinaldi A, Barchiesi F. Occurrence and temporal distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in clams from the Central Adriatic, Italy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1219008. [PMID: 38029166 PMCID: PMC10657901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1219008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is a major public health issue. Bivalves are filter-feeder animals capable of bioaccumulating the microorganisms present in water. This physiological characteristic makes them both good indicators of environmental contamination and possible carriers of pathogenic bacteria, including those resistant to antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in clams (n = 308) collected from harvesting areas of the Central Adriatic Sea between 2018 and 2019. ESBL- /class C β-lactamase (AmpC)- producing E. coli and Escherichia spp. were isolated by streaking over the surface of MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime enriched broths of the initial shellfish suspension. E. coli and Escherichia spp. resistant to cefotaxime were screened for ESBL production by using the double disk synergy test. Susceptibility to different antimicrobials and confirmation of ESBL-production were determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Isolates were further characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatic analysis of genomes with different tools. Overall, ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from 3% of the samples. Of 13 ESBL- and ESBL-/AmpC-producing Escherichia spp. (n = 11 E. coli, n = 1 E. marmotae, n = 1 E. ruysiae) isolates, 13 were resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime, 9 to sulfamethoxazole, 6 to tetracycline and nalidixic acid, 4 to trimethoprim, and 3 to ceftazidime, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Moreover, the majority (8/11) of the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant. WGS showed that the isolates predominantly carried the blaCTX-M-15 gene (3/11) and blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-1 (2/11 each). The AmpC β-lactamase CMY-2 was found in two isolates. Phylogroup A was the most prevalent (5/11), followed by phylogroups D (4/11), F (1/11), and B2 (1/11). Ten different sequence types (STs) were identified. Occurrence at sampling sites ranged between 0 and 27%. To identify associations between the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli and E. coli levels, samples were divided into two groups, with E. coli at >230 MPN/100 g and E. coli at ≤230 MPN/100 g. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were significantly more commonly recovered in samples with higher E. coli levels (14%) than in those with lower levels of E. coli (2%). Moreover, the majority (3/4) of the potentially pathogenic strains were isolated in samples with higher E. coli levels. These findings provided evidence for the bacterial indicator of fecal contamination, E. coli, as an index organism for ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Leoni
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il Controllo Delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Sacchini
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il Controllo Delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Pieralisi
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il Controllo Delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Angelico
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il Controllo Delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Lucilla Cucco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Albini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Duranti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cesare Cammà
- National Reference Centre for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Data-Base and Bioinformatics Analysis (GENPAT), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Secondini
- National Reference Centre for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Data-Base and Bioinformatics Analysis (GENPAT), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Rinaldi
- National Reference Centre for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Data-Base and Bioinformatics Analysis (GENPAT), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Barchiesi
- Centro di Referenza per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Ancona, Italy
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Cutarelli A, Carella F, De Falco F, Cuccaro B, Di Nocera F, Nava D, De Vico G, Roperto S. Detection and Quantification of Nocardia crassostreae, an Emerging Pathogen, in Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Mediterranean Sea Using Droplet Digital PCR. Pathogens 2023; 12:994. [PMID: 37623954 PMCID: PMC10458358 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocardia crassostreae is a novel pathogen responsible for infections in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). N. crassostreae is also responsible for nocardiosis both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. We investigated N. crassostreae DNA in mussels grown in marine sites of the Mediterranean Sea in the Campania Region. We examined 185 mussel pooled samples by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), each pool composed of 10 mussels and 149 individual mussels. ddPCR detected N. crassostreae DNA in 48 mussel pooled samples and in 23 individual mussel samples. qPCR detected N. crassostreae DNA in six pooled samples and six individual mussel samples. The two molecular assays for the detection of N. crassostreae DNA showed significant differences both in the pooled and in individual samples. Our study demonstrated that ddPCR outperformed real-time qPCR for N. crassostreae DNA detection, thus confirming that ddPCR technology can identify the pathogens in many infectious diseases with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, in individual mussels showing histological lesions due to N. crassostreae, the lowest copy number/microliter detected by ddPCR of this pathogen was 0.3, which suggests that this dose could be enough to cause infections of N. crassostreae in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Francesca Carella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Bianca Cuccaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nocera
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Donatella Nava
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Gionata De Vico
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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Albini E, Orso M, Cozzolino F, Sacchini L, Leoni F, Magistrali CF. A systematic review and meta-analysis on antimicrobial resistance in marine bivalves. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1040568. [PMID: 36532500 PMCID: PMC9751792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalves are filter-feeding animals able to accumulate contaminants and microorganisms, either of marine or terrestrial origin. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial isolates from bivalves using a systematic review of the literature. Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were carried out, based upon a registered protocol (PROSPERO), and following the preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using a modified Hoy checklist. Meta-analyses of prevalence were carried out using random-effects models. In total, 103 articles were selected from 1,280 records and were included in the final analysis. The studies were from Asia (n = 54), Europe (n = 27), South and North America (n = 10 and n = 6, respectively), Africa (n = 2), Oceania (n = 1), and multicentre and intercontinental (n = 3). The meta-analysis of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index revealed Aeromonas spp. as the genus with the highest prevalence of AMR (37%), followed by Vibrio spp. (34%), Salmonella spp. (18%), and Escherichia coli (15%). Resistance to third/fourth/fifth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, two highest priority, critically important antimicrobials (HPCIA), was recorded in approximately 10% of E. coli isolates. Resistance to carbapenems was very low (<2%) in Salmonella spp. and in E. coli, but was found in 5% of Vibrio spp. and in more than a third of Aeromonas spp. isolates. In aquatic bacteria, resistance to carbapenems was higher in Asian than in European isolates. Our study shows the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), including bacteria resistant to HPCIA, in marine bivalves, posing a risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Albini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e Delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e Delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Cozzolino
- Health Planning Service, Regional Health Authority of Umbria, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e Delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Leoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e Delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, Perugia, Italy
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