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Pereira FES, Jagatheesaperumal SK, Benjamin SR, Filho PCDN, Duarte FT, de Albuquerque VHC. Advancements in non-invasive microwave brain stimulation: A comprehensive survey. Phys Life Rev 2024; 48:132-161. [PMID: 38219370 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This survey provides a comprehensive insight into the world of non-invasive brain stimulation and focuses on the evolving landscape of deep brain stimulation through microwave research. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques provide new prospects for comprehending and treating neurological disorders. We investigate the methods shaping the future of deep brain stimulation, emphasizing the role of microwave technology in this transformative journey. Specifically, we explore antenna structures and optimization strategies to enhance the efficiency of high-frequency microwave stimulation. These advancements can potentially revolutionize the field by providing a safer and more precise means of modulating neural activity. Furthermore, we address the challenges that researchers currently face in the realm of microwave brain stimulation. From safety concerns to methodological intricacies, this survey outlines the barriers that must be overcome to fully unlock the potential of this technology. This survey serves as a roadmap for advancing research in microwave brain stimulation, pointing out potential directions and innovations that promise to reshape the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Senthil Kumar Jagatheesaperumal
- Department of Teleinformatics Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60455-970, Ceará, Brazil; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, 626005, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60430-160, Ceará, Brazil
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Bhartiya P, Mumtaz S, Lim JS, Kaushik N, Lamichhane P, Nguyen LN, Jang JH, Yoon SH, Choi JJ, Kaushik NK, Choi EH. Pulsed 3.5 GHz high power microwaves irradiation on physiological solution and their biological evaluation on human cell lines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8475. [PMID: 33875781 PMCID: PMC8055702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave (MW) radiation is increasingly being used for several biological applications. Many investigations have focused on understanding the potential influences of pulsed MW irradiation on biological solutions. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of 3.5 GHz pulsed MW radiation-irradiated liquid solutions on the survival of human cancer and normal cells. Different physiological solutions such as phosphate buffer saline, deionized water, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) for cell culture growth were irradiated with pulsed MW radiation (45 shots with the energy of 1 mJ/shot). We then evaluated physiological effects such as cell viability, metabolic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle, and cell death in cells treated with MW-irradiated biological solutions. As MW irradiation with power density ~ 12 kW/cm2 mainly induces reactive nitrogen oxygen species in deionized water, it altered the cell cycle, membrane potential, and cell death rates in U373MG cells due to its high electric field ~ 11 kV/cm in water. Interestingly, MW-irradiated cell culture medium and phosphate-buffered saline did not alter the cellular viability and metabolic energy of cancer and normal cells without affecting the expression of genes responsible for cell death. Taken together, MW-irradiated water can alter cellular physiology noticeably, whereas irradiated media and buffered saline solutions induce negligible or irrelevant changes that do not affect cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Bhartiya
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Sohail Mumtaz
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Jun Sup Lim
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- College of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Korea
| | - Pradeep Lamichhane
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Linh Nhat Nguyen
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Jang
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Yoon
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.
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Mumtaz S, Bhartiya P, Kaushik N, Adhikari M, Lamichhane P, Lee SJ, Kaushik NK, Choi EH. Pulsed high-power microwaves do not impair the functions of skin normal and cancer cells in vitro: A short-term biological evaluation. J Adv Res 2019; 22:47-55. [PMID: 31956441 PMCID: PMC6961216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed high power microwave (MW) at a frequency 3.5 GHz was generated. MW did not induce cell death in skin fibroblast normal cells and melanoma cells. MW did not alter the morphology of melanoma cells. Gene expression related to ATP synthesis and proliferation can get altered by MW. MW selectively stimulated viability and proliferation of only melanoma cells.
Over the past few decades, microwave (MW) radiation has been widely used, and its biological effects have been extensively investigated. However, the effect of MW radiation on human skin biology is not well understood. We study the effects of pulsed high-power microwaves (HPMs) on melanoma (G361 and SK-Mel-31) and normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells. A pulsed power generator (Chundoong) was used to generate pulsed HPMs (dominant frequency: 3.5 GHz). For treatment 1, 5, 15, and 45 shots are given to cells in which the electromagnetic energy of 0.6 J was delivered to the cells at each trigger shot. Cell viability, proliferation rate, apoptosis, cell death, metabolic activity, and oxygen-free radical regulation were evaluated after the MW exposure at low and high doses. MW exposure increased the viabilities and proliferation rates of both melanoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, while no significant effects on the fibroblast cells were observed. We found an elevated level of ATP and mitochondrial activity in melanoma cells. Also, it was observed that MW exposure did not affect cell death in melanoma and fibroblast cells. A polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the MWs induced dose-dependent proliferation markers without affecting the cell cycle and apoptotic genes in the melanoma cells. Our findings show the differential effects of the MW radiation on the melanoma cells, compared to those on the fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Mumtaz
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep Bhartiya
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Manish Adhikari
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep Lamichhane
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.,Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.,Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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Singh MM, Pati AK. Effects of radiation emanating from base transceiver station and mobile phone on sleep, circadian rhythm and cognition in humans – a review. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Azanza MJ, del Moral A, Calvo AC, Pérez-Bruzón RN, Junquera C. Synchronization dynamics induced on pairs of neurons under applied weak alternating magnetic fields. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:603-18. [PMID: 24012769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pairs of Helix aspersa neurons show an alternating magnetic field dependent frequency synchronization (AMFS) when exposed to a weak (amplitude B0 between 0.2 and 150 Gauss (G)) alternating magnetic field (AMF) of extremely low frequency (ELF, fM = 50 Hz). We have compared the AMFS patterns of discharge with: i) the synaptic activity promoted by glutamate and acetylcholine; ii) the activity induced by caffeine; iii) the bioelectric activity induced on neurons interconnected by electric synapses. AMFS activity reveals several specific features: i) a tight coincidence in time of the pattern and frequency, f, of discharge; ii) it is induced in the time interval of field application; iii) it is dependent on the intensity of the sinusoidal applied magnetic field; iv) elicited biphasic responses (excitation followed by inhibition) run in parallel for the pair of neurons; and v) some neuron pairs either spontaneously or AMF synchronized can be desynchronized under applied higher AMF. Our electron microscopy studies reveal gap-like junctions confirming our immunocytochemistry results about expression of connexin 26 (Cx26) in 4.7% of Helix neurons. AMF and carbenoxolone did not induce any significant effect on spontaneous synchronization through electric synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Azanza
- Laboratorio de Magnetobiología, Departamento de Anatomía e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Hinrikus H, Karai D, Lass J, Rodina A. Effect of noise in processing of visual information. NONLINEAR BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS 2010; 4 Suppl 1:S5. [PMID: 20522266 PMCID: PMC2880802 DOI: 10.1186/1753-4631-4-s1-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information transmission and processing in the nervous system has stochastic nature. Multiple factors contribute to neuronal trial-to-trial variability. Noise and variations are introduced by the processes at the molecular and cellular level (thermal noise, channel current noise, membrane potential variations, biochemical and diffusion noise at synapses etc). The stochastic processes are affected by different physical (temperature, electromagnetic field) and chemical (drugs) factors. The aim of this study was experimental investigation of hypotheses that increase in the noise level in the brain affects processing of visual information. Change in the noise level was introduced by an external factor producing excess noise in the brain. METHODS An exposure to 450 MHz low-frequency modulated microwave radiation was applied to generate excess noise. Such exposure has been shown to increase diffusion, alter membrane resting potential, gating variables and intracellular Calcium efflux. Nine healthy volunteers passed the experimental protocol at the lower (without microwave) and the higher (with microwave) noise level. Two photos (visual stimuli) of unfamiliar, young male faces were presented to the subjects, one picture after another. The task was to identify later the photos from a group of six photos and to decide in which order they were presented. Each subject had a total of eight sessions at the lower and eight at the higher noise level. Each session consisted of 50 trials; altogether a subject made 800 trials, 400 at the lower and 400 at the higher noise level. Student t-test was applied for statistical evaluation of the results. RESULTS Correct recognition of both stimuli in the right order was better at the lower noise level. All the subjects under investigation showed higher numbers of right answers in trials at the lower noise level. Average number of correct answers from n=400 trials with microwave exposure was 50.3, without exposure 54.4, difference 7.5%, p<0.002. No difference between results at the lower and the higher noise level was revealed in the case of only partly correct or incorrect answers. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental results showed that introduced excess noise reduced significantly ability of the nervous system in correct processing of visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiie Hinrikus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technomedicum, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Rd 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Deniss Karai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technomedicum, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Rd 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Lass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technomedicum, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Rd 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anastassia Rodina
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, University Campus, 265 04 Rio Patras, Greece
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Sinha RK. Chronic non-thermal exposure of modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiation alters thyroid hormones and behavior of male rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:505-13. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000802085441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pavelkić VM, Stanisavljev DR, Gopčević KR, Beljanski MV. Influence of microwave irradiation on enzyme kinetics. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024409090106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sinha RK, Aggarwal Y, Upadhyay PK, Dwivedi A, Keshri AK, Das BN. Neural network-based evaluation of chronic non-thermal effects of modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiation on electroencephalogram. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:839-51. [PMID: 18259868 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic exposure (2 h daily for 21 days) of 1 kHz square wave-modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiation (non-thermal) on sleep-EEG, open field behavior, and thyroid hormones (T(3), T(4), and TSH) have been analyzed in an animal model. Results revealed significant changes in these pathophysiological parameters (p < 0.05 or better), except body temperature, grooming behavior, and TSH levels. The sleep-EEG power spectrum data for slow wave sleep (SWS), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and awake (AWA) states in two experimental groups of rats (microwave exposed and the control) were tested by an artificial neural network (ANN), containing 60 nodes in input layer, weighted from power spectrum data from 0 to 30 Hz, 18 nodes in hidden layer and an output node. The target output values for this network were determined with another five-layered neural network (with the structure of 6-14-1-14-6). The input and output of this network was assigned with the six confirmed pathophysiological changes. The most important feature for chronic exposure of 2450 MHz microwave exposure and for control subjects was extracted from the third layer single neuron and used as the target value for the three-layered ANN. The network was found effective in recognizing the EEG power spectra with an average of 71.93% for microwave exposure and 93.13% for control subjects, respectively. However, the lower percentage of pattern identification agreement in the microwave-exposed group in comparison to the control group suggest only mild effects of microwave exposure with this experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Sinha
- Department of Biomedical Instrumentation, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India.
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Individual changes in human EEG caused by 450 MHz microwave modulated at 40 and 70 Hz. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10669-007-9069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bachmann M, Rubljova J, Lass J, Tomson R, Tuulik V, Hinrikus H. Adaptation of human brain bioelectrical activity to low-level microwave. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2007:4747-4750. [PMID: 18003066 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The experiments of adaptation of the human brain bioelectrical activity were carried out on a group of 14 healthy volunteers exposed to 450 MHz microwave radiation modulated at 40 Hz frequencies. The field power density at the scalp was 0.16 mW/cm(2). Results of the study indicate that adaptation effect of human brain to low-level microwave exposure is evident. The initial increase of EEG power was compensated and even overcompensated. The adaptation phenomena were obvious in EEG alpha and beta rhythms..
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Affiliation(s)
- Maie Bachmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering of the Technomedicum of Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Rd 5, Tallinn, 19086 Estonia.
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