1
|
Yeager J, Penacchio O. Outcomes of multifarious selection on the evolution of visual signals. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230327. [PMID: 37040810 PMCID: PMC10089717 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifarious sources of selection shape visual signals and can produce phenotypic divergence. Theory predicts that variance in warning signals should be minimal due to purifying selection, yet polymorphism is abundant. While in some instances divergent signals can evolve into discrete morphs, continuously variable phenotypes are also encountered in natural populations. Notwithstanding, we currently have an incomplete understanding of how combinations of selection shape fitness landscapes, particularly those which produce polymorphism. We modelled how combinations of natural and sexual selection act on aposematic traits within a single population to gain insights into what combinations of selection favours the evolution and maintenance of phenotypic variation. With a rich foundation of studies on selection and phenotypic divergence, we reference the poison frog genus Oophaga to model signal evolution. Multifarious selection on aposematic traits created the topology of our model's fitness landscape by approximating different scenarios found in natural populations. Combined, the model produced all types of phenotypic variation found in frog populations, namely monomorphism, continuous variation and discrete polymorphism. Our results afford advances into how multifarious selection shapes phenotypic divergence, which, along with additional modelling enhancements, will allow us to further our understanding of visual signal evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Yeager
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencas Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador
| | - Olivier Penacchio
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK
- Computer Vision Center, Computer Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
da Rocha SM, Magnusson WE, Rojas D, Lima AP. Colour, location and movement: what do models tell us about predation on colour morphs of a poison frog from eastern Amazonia? BEHAVIOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many dendrobatid frogs are known to be aposematic: brightly coloured and unpalatable to predators. To deceive predators, frog models used to test for predatory colour bias must be similar in size, colour, shape, and movement to frogs. We carried out an experiment with moving models of the species Adelphobates galactonotus, in two localities. A. galactonotus is a polytypic frog and each population of the species has a distinct colour. Birds and mammals were the vertebrates responsible for the marks on the models, but there was no difference in frequency of attacks on local-, non-local- and cryptic-colour models. Only invertebrates avoided cryptic models. Different populations of the species seem to be under different predation pressure, but colour differentiation in this species is probably related to other mechanisms, such as sexual selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulamita M.C. da Rocha
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Av. André, Araújo 2936, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - William E. Magnusson
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Av. André, Araújo 2936, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo, 2936, 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Diana Rojas
- Ecopescado, P.O. Box 37, 69640-000 Tabatinga, AM, Brazil
| | - Albertina P. Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Av. André, Araújo 2936, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo, 2936, 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan ML, Jung C, Bell RC, Nelson JL. Aposematic patterns shift continuously throughout the life of poison frogs. J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Yuan
- Center for Population Biology University of California Davis CA USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis CA USA
| | - C. Jung
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - R. C. Bell
- Department of Herpetology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco CA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yeager J, Barnett JB. Continuous Variation in an Aposematic Pattern Affects Background Contrast, but Is Not Associated With Differences in Microhabitat Use. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.803996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in aposematic signals was once predicted to be rare, yet in recent years it has become increasingly well documented. Despite increases in the frequency with which polytypism and polymorphism have been suggested to occur, population-wide variance is rarely quantified. We comprehensively sampled a subpopulation of the poison frog Oophaga sylvatica, a species which is polytypic across its distribution and also shows considerable within-population polymorphism. On one hand, color pattern polymorphism could be the result of multifarious selection acting to balance different signaling functions and leading to the evolution of discrete sub-morphs which occupy different fitness peaks. Alternatively, variance could simply be due to relaxed selection, where variation would be predicted to be continuous. We used visual modeling of conspecific and heterospecific observers to quantify the extent of within population phenotypic variation and assess whether this variation produced distinct signals. We found that, despite considerable color pattern variation, variance could not be partitioned into distinct groups, but rather all viewers would be likely to perceive variation as continuous. Similarly, we found no evidence that frog color pattern contrast was either enhanced or diminished in the frogs’ chosen microhabitats compared to alternative patches in which conspecifics were observed. Within population phenotypic variance therefore does not seem to be indicative of strong selection toward multiple signaling strategies, but rather pattern divergence has likely arisen due to weak purifying selection, or neutral processes, on a signal that is highly salient to both conspecifics and predators.
Collapse
|
5
|
Boussens‐Dumon G, Llaurens V. Sex, competition and mimicry: an eco‐evolutionary model reveals unexpected impacts of ecological interactions on the evolution of phenotypes in sympatry. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Boussens‐Dumon
- Inst. de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle – CP50 Paris France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Inst. de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle – CP50 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rojas D, Lima AP, Momigliano P, Simões PI, Dudaniec RY, de Avila-Pires TCS, Hoogmoed MS, da Cunha Bitar YO, Kaefer IL, Amézquita A, Stow A. The evolution of polymorphism in the warning coloration of the Amazonian poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:439-456. [PMID: 31712747 PMCID: PMC7028985 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While intraspecific variation in aposematic signals can be selected for by different predatory responses, their evolution is also contingent on other processes shaping genetic variation. We evaluate the relative contributions of selection, geographic isolation, and random genetic drift to the evolution of aposematic color polymorphism in the poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus, distributed throughout eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Dorsal coloration was measured for 111 individuals and genetic data were obtained from 220 individuals at two mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) and 7963 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Four color categories were described (brown, blue, yellow, orange) and our models of frog and bird visual systems indicated that each color was distinguishable for these taxa. Using outlier and correlative analyses we found no compelling genetic evidence for color being under divergent selection. A time-calibrated mtDNA tree suggests that the present distribution of dorsal coloration resulted from processes occurring during the Pleistocene. Separate phylogenies based on SNPs and mtDNA resolved the same well supported clades, each containing different colored populations. Ancestral character state analysis provided some evidence for evolutionary transitions in color type. Genetic structure was more strongly associated with geographic features, than color category, suggesting that the distribution of color is explained by localized processes. Evidence for geographic isolation together with estimates of low effective population size implicates drift as playing a key role in color diversification. Our results highlight the relevance of considering the neutral processes involved with the evolution of traits with important fitness consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rojas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, P.O. Box 2223, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Natureza e Cultura, Rua 1º de Maio 05, Benjamin Constant, AM, 69630-000, Brazil
| | - Albertina P Lima
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil
| | - Paolo Momigliano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pedro Ivo Simões
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes 1235, Recife, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Rachael Y Dudaniec
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Marinus S Hoogmoed
- Museu Paraense Emilío Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, PA, 66017-970, Brazil
| | - Youszef Oliveira da Cunha Bitar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia UFPA/Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Igor L Kaefer
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Octávio 6200, Manaus, AM, 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Amézquita
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adam Stow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Umbers KDL, Riley JL, Kelly MBJ, Taylor‐Dalton G, Lawrence JP, Byrne PG. Educating the enemy: Harnessing learned avoidance behavior in wild predators to increase survival of reintroduced southern corroboree frogs. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate D. L. Umbers
- School of Science and HealthWestern Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
| | - Julia L. Riley
- Department of Botany & ZoologyStellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Michael B. J. Kelly
- School of Science and HealthWestern Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
| | - Griffin Taylor‐Dalton
- School of Science and HealthWestern Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Phillip G. Byrne
- School of BiologyUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Preferences for and use of light microhabitats differ among and within populations of a polytypic poison frog. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anti-predator strategies can influence trade-offs governing other activities important to fitness. Crypsis, for example, might make conspicuous sexual display especially costly, whereas aposematism might reduce or remove such costs. We tested for correlates of anti-predator strategy in Oophaga pumilio, a polytypic poison frog with morphs spanning the crypsis–aposematism continuum. In the wild, males of visually conspicuous morphs display from conspicuous perches and behave as if they perceive predation risk to be low. We thus predicted that, given a choice of ambient light microhabitats, these males would use high ambient light conditions the most and be most likely to perch in high-light conditions. We found no evidence that differently colored male O. pumilio preferentially used bright microhabitats or that ambient light influenced perching in a morph-specific manner. Independent of light conditions, males from the most conspicuous population perched the least, but the most conspicuous individuals from a polymorphic population perched the most. These patterns suggest that preferences do not necessarily underlie among-morph differences observed in the wild. This could be explained, and remain consistent with theory, if risk aversion is shaped, in part, by experience.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang Y, Servedio MR, Richards-Zawacki CL. Imprinting sets the stage for speciation. Nature 2019; 574:99-102. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Briolat ES, Burdfield‐Steel ER, Paul SC, Rönkä KH, Seymoure BM, Stankowich T, Stuckert AMM. Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:388-414. [PMID: 30152037 PMCID: PMC6446817 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency-dependent learning. However, widespread variation in warning signals is observed across closely related species, populations and, most problematically for evolutionary biologists, among individuals in the same population. Recent research has yielded an increased awareness of this diversity, challenging the paradigm of signal monomorphy in aposematic animals. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of these disparate lines of investigation, identifying within them three broad classes of explanation for variation in aposematic warning signals: genetic mechanisms, differences among predators and predator behaviour, and alternative selection pressures upon the signal. The mechanisms producing warning coloration are also important. Detailed studies of the genetic basis of warning signals in some species, most notably Heliconius butterflies, are beginning to shed light on the genetic architecture facilitating or limiting key processes such as the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms, hybridisation, and speciation. Work on predator behaviour is changing our perception of the predator community as a single homogenous selective agent, emphasising the dynamic nature of predator-prey interactions. Predator variability in a range of factors (e.g. perceptual abilities, tolerance to chemical defences, and individual motivation), suggests that the role of predators is more complicated than previously appreciated. With complex selection regimes at work, polytypisms and polymorphisms may even occur in Müllerian mimicry systems. Meanwhile, phenotypes are often multifunctional, and thus subject to additional biotic and abiotic selection pressures. Some of these selective pressures, primarily sexual selection and thermoregulation, have received considerable attention, while others, such as disease risk and parental effects, offer promising avenues to explore. As well as reviewing the existing evidence from both empirical studies and theoretical modelling, we highlight hypotheses that could benefit from further investigation in aposematic species. Finally by collating known instances of variation in warning signals, we provide a valuable resource for understanding the taxonomic spread of diversity in aposematic signalling and with which to direct future research. A greater appreciation of the extent of variation in aposematic species, and of the selective pressures and constraints which contribute to this once-paradoxical phenomenon, yields a new perspective for the field of aposematic signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle S. Briolat
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FEU.K.
| | - Emily R. Burdfield‐Steel
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskylä, 40014Finland
| | - Sarah C. Paul
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FEU.K.
- Department of Chemical EcologyBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25, 33615, BielefeldGermany
| | - Katja H. Rönkä
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskylä, 40014Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki, 00014Finland
| | - Brett M. Seymoure
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80525U.S.A.
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80525U.S.A.
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State UniversityLong BeachCA 90840U.S.A.
| | - Adam M. M. Stuckert
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina University1000 E Fifth St, GreenvilleNC 27858U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baeckens S, Driessens T, Van Damme R. The brown anole dewlap revisited: do predation pressure, sexual selection, and species recognition shape among-population signal diversity? PeerJ 2018; 6:e4722. [PMID: 29761044 PMCID: PMC5947042 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal signalling structures are amongst the most variable characteristics, as they are subjected to a diversity of selection pressures. A well-known example of a diverse signalling system in the animal kingdom is the dewlap of Anolis lizards. Dewlap characteristics can vary remarkably among and within species, and also between sexes. Although a considerable amount of studies have attempted to disentangle the functional significance of the staggering dewlap diversity in Anolis, the underlying evolutionary processes remain elusive. In this study, we focus on the contribution of biotic selective pressures in shaping geographic variation in dewlap design (size, colour, and pattern) and dewlap display behaviour at the intraspecific level. Notably, we have tried to replicate and extend previously reported results hereof in both sexes of the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). To do this, we assembled a dataset consisting of 17 A. sagrei heterogeneous island populations from the Caribbean and specifically tested whether predation pressure, sexual selection, or species recognition could explain interpopulational variation in an array of dewlap characteristics. Our findings show that in neither males nor females estimates of predation pressure (island size, tail break frequency, model attack rate, presence of predatory Leiocephalus lizards) or sexual selection (sexual size dimorphism) could explain variation in dewlap design. We did find that A. sagrei males from larger islands showed higher dewlap display intensities than males from smaller islands, but the direct connection with predation pressure remains ambiguous and demands further investigation. Last, we could show indirect support for species recognition only in males, as they are more likely to have a 'spotted' dewlap pattern when co-occurring with a higher number of syntopic Anolis species. In conclusion, we found overall limited support for the idea that the extensive interpopulational variability in dewlap design and use in A. sagrei is mediated by variation in their biotic environment. We propose a variety of conceptual and methodological explanations for this unexpected finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Baeckens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tess Driessens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Raoul Van Damme
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Phylogeny and evolution of Müllerian mimicry in aposematic Dilophotes: evidence for advergence and size-constraints in evolution of mimetic sexual dimorphism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3744. [PMID: 29487341 PMCID: PMC5829258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple patterns and intraspecific polymorphism should not persist in mutualistic Müllerian systems due to purifying and frequency-dependent selection, but they are commonly identified in nature. We analysed molecular phylogeny and reconstructed dispersal history of 58 species of Dilophotes (Coleoptera: Lycidae) in Asia. Dilophotes colonized the Great Sundas and Malay Peninsula where they joined extensive mimetic communities of net-winged beetles. We identified the brightly bi-coloured males and females which adverged on five occasions to different autochthonous models. This is the first described case of Müllerian sexual dimorphism based on sex-specific body size. We propose that the constraint, i.e. the conservative sexual size dimorphism, forced the unprofitable prey to such complex adaptation in a multi-pattern environment. Although mimetic sexual dimorphism has frequently evolved in Dilophotes, a single pattern has been maintained by both sexes in multiple closely related, sympatrically occurring species. Some patterns may be suboptimal because they are rare, crudely resemble co-mimics, or are newly evolved, but they persist in Müllerian communities for a long time. We assume that failure to closely resemble the most common model can increase the diversity of large Müllerian communities and produce mimetic dimorphism.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dreher CE, Rodríguez A, Cummings ME, Pröhl H. Mating status correlates with dorsal brightness in some but not all poison frog populations. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10503-10512. [PMID: 29299233 PMCID: PMC5743646 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual signals are important for intraspecific communication and mate selection, but their evolution may be driven by both natural and sexual selection, and stochastic processes. Strawberry poison frogs (Oophaga pumilio) show strong color divergence among populations, but coloration also varies among individuals of the same population. The importance of coloration for female mate choice has been studied intensely, and sexual selection seems to affect color divergence in strawberry poison frogs. However, the effect of coloration on mating success under field conditions has received very little attention. Furthermore, few studies examined how phenotypic variation among individuals of the same color morph affects mate selection under natural conditions. We measured the spectral reflectance of courting and noncourting individuals and their background substrates in three geographically separated populations. In one population (Sarapiquí, Costa Rica), we found that naturally occurring courting pairs of males and females had significantly brighter dorsal coloration than individual males and females not engaged in courtship interactions. Our field observations suggest that, in the wild, females prefer brighter males while the reason for the higher courtship activity of brighter females remains unclear. Overall our results imply that brightness differences among individuals of the same color morph may actually affect reproductive success in some populations of strawberry poison frogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna E Dreher
- Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Hannover Germany
| | - Ariel Rodríguez
- Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Hannover Germany
| | - Molly E Cummings
- Section of Integrative Biology University of Texas Austin TX USA
| | - Heike Pröhl
- Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Hannover Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grant T, Rada M, Anganoy-Criollo M, Batista A, Dias PH, Jeckel AM, Machado DJ, Rueda-Almonacid JV. Phylogenetic Systematics of Dart-Poison Frogs and Their Relatives Revisited (Anura: Dendrobatoidea). SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-17-00017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taran Grant
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Amphibian Collection, Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Rada
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marvin Anganoy-Criollo
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Abel Batista
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David, Republic of Panama
- Los Naturalistas, David 0426-01459, Chiriquí, Panama
| | - Pedro Henrique Dias
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis Jacob Machado
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang Y, Richards-Zawacki CL, Devar A, Dugas MB. Poison frog color morphs express assortative mate preferences in allopatry but not sympatry. Evolution 2016; 70:2778-2788. [PMID: 27704539 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent divergence of mating traits and preferences is necessary for the evolution of reproductive isolation via sexual selection, and such coevolution has been demonstrated in diverse lineages. However, the extent to which assortative mate preferences are sufficient to drive reproductive isolation in nature is less clear. Natural contact zones between lineages divergent in traits and preferences provide exceptional opportunities for testing the predicted evolutionary consequences of such divergence. The strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) displays extreme color polymorphism in and around the young Bocas del Toro archipelago. In a transition zone between red and blue allopatric lineages, we asked whether female preferences diverged along with coloration, and whether any divergent preferences persist in a zone of sympatry. When choosing among red, blue and phenotypically intermediate males, females from monomorphic red and monomorphic blue populations both expressed assortative preferences. However, red, blue, and intermediate females from the contact zone all preferred red males, suggesting that divergent preferences may be insufficient to effect behavioral isolation. Our results highlight the complexity of behavioral isolation, and the need for studies that can reveal the circumstances under which divergent preferences do and do not contribute to speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusan Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70118.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260.,Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 2429 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
| | - Corinne L Richards-Zawacki
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70118.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republica de Panama
| | - Anisha Devar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70118
| | - Matthew B Dugas
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rojas B. Behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of diversity in frog colour patterns. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1059-1080. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Rojas
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences; University of Jyvaskyla; PO Box 35 Jyväskylä FI 40001 Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Schulte LM, Krauss M, Lötters S, Schulze T, Brack W. Decoding and Discrimination of Chemical Cues and Signals: Avoidance of Predation and Competition during Parental Care Behavior in Sympatric Poison Frogs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129929. [PMID: 26132416 PMCID: PMC4488855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of chemical communication and the discrimination between evolved functions (signals) and unintentional releases (cues) are among the most challenging issues in chemical ecology. The accurate classification of inter- or intraspecific chemical communication is often puzzling. Here we report on two different communication systems triggering the same parental care behavior in the poison frog Ranitomeya variabilis. This species deposits its tadpoles and egg clutches in phytotelmata and chemically recognizes and avoids sites with both predatory conspecific and non-predatory heterospecific tadpoles (of the species Hyloxalus azureiventris). Combining chemical analyses with in-situ bioassays, we identified the molecular formulas of the chemical compounds triggering this behavior. We found that both species produce distinct chemical compound combinations, suggesting two separate communication systems. Bringing these results into an ecological context, we classify the conspecific R. variabilis compounds as chemical cues, advantageous only to the receivers (the adult frogs), not the emitters (the tadpoles). The heterospecific compounds, however, are suggested to be chemical signals (or cues evolving into signals), being advantageous to the emitters (the heterospecific tadpoles) and likely also to the receivers (the adult frogs). Due to these assumed receiver benefits, the heterospecific compounds are possibly synomones which are advantageous to both emitter and receiver ‒ a very rare communication system between animal species, especially vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Schulte
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lötters
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dreher CE, Cummings ME, Pröhl H. An Analysis of Predator Selection to Affect Aposematic Coloration in a Poison Frog Species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130571. [PMID: 26110826 PMCID: PMC4481408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural selection is widely noted to drive divergence of phenotypic traits. Predation pressure can facilitate morphological divergence, for example the evolution of both cryptic and conspicuous coloration in animals. In this context Dendrobatid frogs have been used to study evolutionary forces inducing diversity in protective coloration. The polytypic strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) shows strong divergence in aposematic coloration among populations. To investigate whether predation pressure is important for color divergence among populations of O. pumilio we selected four mainland populations and two island populations from Costa Rica and Panama. Spectrometric measurements of body coloration were used to calculate color and brightness contrasts of frogs as an indicator of conspicuousness for the visual systems of several potential predators (avian, crab and snake) and a conspecific observer. Additionally, we conducted experiments using clay model frogs of different coloration to investigate whether the local coloration of frogs is better protected than non-local color morphs, and if predator communities vary among populations. Overall predation risk differed strongly among populations and interestingly was higher on the two island populations. Imprints on clay models indicated that birds are the main predators while attacks of other predators were rare. Furthermore, clay models of local coloration were equally likely to be attacked as those of non-local coloration. Overall conspicuousness (and brightness contrast) of local frogs was positively correlated with attack rates by birds across populations. Together with results from earlier studies we conclude that conspicuousness honestly indicates toxicity to avian predators. The different coloration patterns among populations of strawberry poison frogs in combination with behavior and toxicity might integrate into equally efficient anti-predator strategies depending on local predation and other ecological factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna E Dreher
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Molly E Cummings
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Heike Pröhl
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dugas MB, Halbrook SR, Killius AM, del Sol JF, Richards-Zawacki CL. Colour and Escape Behaviour in Polymorphic Populations of an Aposematic Poison Frog. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Dugas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans LA USA
| | - Susannah R. Halbrook
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans LA USA
| | - Allison M. Killius
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans LA USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dugas MB, Richards-Zawacki CL. A captive breeding experiment reveals no evidence of reproductive isolation among lineages of a polytypic poison frog. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Dugas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; 400 Lindy Boggs Building New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Corinne L. Richards-Zawacki
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; 400 Lindy Boggs Building New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Paluh DJ, Kenison EK, Saporito RA. Frog or Fruit? The Importance of Color and Shape to Bird Predators in Clay Model Experiments. COPEIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-13-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Rojas DP, Stow A, Amézquita A, Simões PI, Lima AP. No predatory bias with respect to colour familiarity for the aposematic Adelphobates galactonotus (Anura: Dendrobatidae). BEHAVIOUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aposematic colouration deters visually oriented predators because conspicuous signals are easier to detect and associate with unpalatability. Consequently, brightly coloured prey that are novel are predicted to be preyed on more than those with bright but typical colours. Here we evaluated whether predatory bias is associated with the colour differences observed at two different localities for a large, conspicuously coloured and poisonous Amazonian frog, Adelphobates galactonotus. At each locality predation experiments were carried out using frog models of two naturally occurring colours of the study species (blue and orange) and a control (brown). We found no evidence that novel colours were more vulnerable to predation than local colours. These results do not therefore support our hypothesis that predatory bias explains the geographic variation of colour in A. galactonotus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Patricia Rojas
- aCoordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, P.O. Box 2223, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adam Stow
- bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adolfo Amézquita
- cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pedro Ivo Simões
- aCoordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, P.O. Box 2223, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- dLaboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Albertina Pimentel Lima
- aCoordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, P.O. Box 2223, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Molina-Zuluaga C, Restrepo A, Flechas SV, Daza JM. Short-Term Population Dynamics of Three Frog Species in the Northern Andes, Colombia. SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-14-00009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
26
|
Differential detectability of polymorphic warning signals under varying light environments. Behav Processes 2014; 109 Pt B:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
27
|
Galarza JA, Nokelainen O, Ashrafi R, Hegna RH, Mappes J. Temporal relationship between genetic and warning signal variation in the aposematic wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4939-57. [PMID: 25211063 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many plants and animals advertise unpalatability through warning signals in the form of colour and shape. Variation in warning signals within local populations is not expected because they are subject to directional selection. However, mounting evidence of warning signal variation within local populations suggests that other selective forces may be acting. Moreover, different selective pressures may act on the individual components of a warning signal. At present, we have a limited understanding about how multiple selection processes operate simultaneously on warning signal components, and even less about their temporal and spatial dynamics. Here, we examined temporal variation of several wing warning signal components (colour, UV-reflectance, signal size and pattern) of two co-occurring colour morphs of the aposematic wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis). Sampling was carried out in four geographical regions over three consecutive years. We also evaluated each morph's temporal genetic structure by analysing mitochondrial sequence data and nuclear microsatellite markers. Our results revealed temporal differences between the morphs for most signal components measured. Moreover, variation occurred differently in the fore- and hindwings. We found no differences in the genetic structure between the morphs within years and regions, suggesting single local populations. However, local genetic structure fluctuated temporally. Negative correlations were found between variation produced by neutrally evolving genetic markers and those of the different signal components, indicating a non-neutral evolution for most warning signal components. Taken together, our results suggest that differential selection on warning signal components and fluctuating population structure can be one explanation for the maintenance of warning signal variation in this aposematic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Galarza
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, Jyväskylä, 40500, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hegna RH, Mappes J. Influences of geographic differentiation in the forewing warning signal of the wood tiger moth in Alaska. Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
29
|
Reproductive isolation related to mimetic divergence in the poison frog Ranitomeya imitator. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4749. [PMID: 25158807 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In a mimetic radiation--when a single species evolves to resemble different model species--mimicry can drive within-species morphological diversification, and, potentially, speciation. While mimetic radiations have occurred in a variety of taxa, their role in speciation remains poorly understood. We study the Peruvian poison frog Ranitomeya imitator, a species that has undergone a mimetic radiation into four distinct morphs. Using a combination of colour-pattern analysis, landscape genetics and mate-choice experiments, we show that a mimetic shift in R. imitator is associated with a narrow phenotypic transition zone, neutral genetic divergence and assortative mating, suggesting that divergent selection to resemble different model species has led to a breakdown in gene flow between these two populations. These results extend the effects of mimicry on speciation into a vertebrate system and characterize an early stage of speciation where reproductive isolation between mimetic morphs is incomplete but evident.
Collapse
|
30
|
Qvarnström A, Rudh A, Edström T, Ödeen A, Løvlie H, Tullberg BS. Coarse dark patterning functionally constrains adaptive shifts from aposematism to crypsis in strawberry poison frogs. Evolution 2014; 68:2793-803. [PMID: 24990085 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ecological specialization often requires tight coevolution of several traits, which may constrain future evolutionary pathways and make species more prone to extinction. Aposematism and crypsis represent two specialized adaptations to avoid predation. We tested whether the combined effects of color and pattern on prey conspicuousness functionally constrain or facilitate shifts between these two adaptations. We combined data from 17 natural populations of strawberry poison frogs, Oophaga pumilio with an experimental approach using digitalized images of frogs and chickens as predators. We show that bright coloration often co-occurs with coarse patterning among the natural populations. Dull green frogs with coarse patterning are rare in nature but in the experiment they were as easily detected as bright red frogs suggesting that this trait combination represents a transient evolutionary state toward aposematism. Hence, a gain of either bright color or coarse patterning leads to conspicuousness, but a transition back to crypsis would be functionally constrained in populations with both bright color and coarse patterning by requiring simultaneous changes in two traits. Thus, populations (or species) signaling aposematism by conspicuous color should be less likely to face an evolutionary dead end and more likely to radiate than populations with both conspicuous color and coarse patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Qvarnström
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Neotropical poison frogs: evolution’s guide to parenting, fashion and communication in a dynamic world. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
|